D. J. Weatherall. A. C. Allison Eric Elguero and H. Ackerman S.

Genetic variation Protection Lucrèce M. Usen M. Jallow

and Afforded by Délicat- F. Sisay‐Joof M.
susceptibility to Sickle-cell Trait Loembet. Pinder D. P.
infection: the red Against Malaria Kwiatkowski. A
cell and malaria. Subtertian continues to Comparison of
09 April 2008 Malarial select for sickle Case‐Control
Lucio Luzzatto, Infection. 1954 cell trait in and Family‐
E.S.Nwachuku- Feb 6 Central Africa. Based
Jarrett, and June 2, 2015 Association
S.Reddy. Methods: The
INCREASED Example of
SICKLING OF Sickle‐Cell and
PARASITISED Malaria.
ERYTHROCYT 05 April 2005
ES AS
MECHANISM
OF
RESISTANCE
AGAINST
MALARIA IN
THE SICKLE-
CELL TRAIT.
14 February
1970

Criteria Study examining Study examining Study examining Study examining

a lengthy(above a lengthy(above a lengthy(above a lengthy(above
100) group. 100) group. 100) group. 100) group.
Compared Compared Compared Compared
variables within variables within variables within variables within
each study each study each study each study
consist of an consist of an consist of an consist of an
equal equal equal equal
examination examination examination examination
group: Check. group: Check group: As there group: As there
Total 200 Total 290 were not equal were not equal
variables within variables within
the groups being the groups being
compared, I used compared, I used
the proportions the proportions
determined from determined from
the data and the data and
applied them to a applied them to a
 group with the group with the
same number of same number of
participants. participants.
Adjusted Adjusted
Total(1000) Total(583)

Data Malaria induced Patients without Diagnosis of Those with

cells experienced Sickle Cell heterozygous Sickle Cell have
2 to 8 times experienced Sickle Cell has demonstrated
more sickling in diagnosis of been increasing decreased
Sickle Cell different in younger susceptibility to
induced patients. versions of the generations Malaria. Several
Sickling Malaria compared to examples of this
demonstrated Plasmodium in older exist. The first
linear growth great amounts. generations. This example that
when induced to One examples can be shown as demonstrates
an anaerobic includes patients in individuals this would exist
environment. diagnosed with 65+, 23.1% of with Severe
Conditions M2B1(strain of them were Malaria
allowed for data Malaria). 8 days diagnosed with infections among
to be collected. after the study heterozygous those without
Possible began, 3 sickle cell. In Sickle Cell and
conclusions to individuals were individuals 55- those with
this increased diagnosed with 64, 23.3% were heterozygous
sickling and M2B1. 12 days diagnosed with Sickle Cell. 5%
what it results in after the study heterozygous of those with
made in began, 7 sickle cell. This heterozygous
upcoming individuals were demonstrates an Sickle Cell had
studies. diagnosed with increase in the severe Malaria
M2B1. 14 days younger while 54% of
after the study generation. non sickle cell
began, 25 people Another example patients had
were diagnosed of this is shown severe Malaria.
with the strain. with Another example
16 days after the generations(age of this exists
study began, 50 groups) 35-44 with fatal cases
individuals were and 15-24. With of Cerebral
diagnosed with 35-44, 20.8% Malaria. 2% of
the strain. On the were diagnosed heterozygous
other hand, by heterozygous Sickle Cell
Patients with Sickle Cell. In patients had fatal
Sickle Cell 15-24, 21.1% cases of Cerebral
experienced were diagnosed Malaria while
significantly low by heterozygous 12% of non
diagnosis of Sickle Cell. This Sickle Cell
different shows an patients had fatal
 versions of the increases in the cases of Cerebral
Malaria younger Malaria.
Plasmodium. generation.
With M2B1,
throughout the
whole
experiment(40
days) no
individuals were
diagnosed with
the strain.
Another example
with people
without Sickle
Cell is present
with the strain
B4. In 8 days, 2
people were
diagnosed with
this strain. In 10
days, 50 people
were diagnosed
with this strain.
In 12 days, 100
people were
diagnosed with
this strain. On
contrary, with
people with
Sickle Cell, with
the strain B4, no
one was
diagnosed with
the strain during
the duration of
the study

Meta analysis is the data collection strategy that was picked for this experiment.

Originally, experimental data collection was going to be used to compile data that would be able
to prove the thesis. Practically, carrying out experiments or studies of populations to get the data

that is required would be impossible to do with the resources I have. So instead of carrying out

my own experiments or studies, I compiled data from a multitude of studies and experiments in

order to accomplish the same goal of supporting my thesis and proving my side of the argument.

There were very particular reasons why this strategy were picked over the others. Firstly,

experimental data collection would not work for the reason given above. Observational data

collection was not picked as once again I do not have the resources to observe Sickle Cell and

Malaria and collect data based on those observations. Data collection based on questionnaires,

surveys, and interviews was not picked because the collection of opinions of a population will

not prove my thesis nor argument.

Beginning with results, results from study 1 demonstrate the idea that individuals

diagnosed with a heterozygous sickle cell genotype experience increased sickling in cells

infested with the Malaria Parasite. This data does not surprise me as the mechanism in which

cells sickle support the results of this data. The results were caused by this mechanism. Upon

stimulation through Malaria infiltration, for heterozygous individuals, hormone proteins are

released that interact with the cellular membrane of cells with detected plasmodium infiltration.

The interaction acts as a promoter and causes sickling. This supports the data. Alone, the results

mean nearly nothing to my research question. Support with the upcoming studies alongside the

results of this study demonstrate how Sickle Cell is a superior solution to the Malaria argument.

Continuing on with the results from study 2, the results from study 2 demonstrate that Sickle Cell

provides near perfect immunity to all strains of Malaria as demonstrated through non induced

sickle cell patients being diagnosed for Malaria much more than sickle cell patients. This is also

demonstrated through study 4 with different severities of Malaria. In general, sickle cell patients
demonstrate almost perfect immunity to all severities of Malaria. Study 4 and 2 were not

surprising as the scientific mechanism with Sickle Cell Disease supports these findings. The

results are as a result of the characteristics of Sickle Cell. As a result of the shape of sickled cells,

less oxygen is provided to these cells. In Malaria infected cells, this decrease in oxygen causes

the death of the plasmodium. This results in immunity as demonstrated in the data. Here is where

the results of study 1 come into play. As the results of study 2 and 4 determined that sickling of a

patient’s cells provide immunity and study 1 determined that malaria induced cells are sickled at

a greater degree, the conclusion from these 3 studies is that Sickle Cell focuses Malaria induced

cells with increased sickling, kills these cells with decreased oxygen, and provides almost perfect

immunity to the Plasmodium. This supports the thesis and my argument. Finally, the results of

study 3 determine that younger generations when compared with older generations exhibit

increase genotypic features incorporating heterozygous sickle cell traits. This was not surprising

as it makes sense according to the mechanism of evolution and natural selection. A trait that

makes an organism better fit for an environment will result in the more fit organism surviving at

a greater rate than the less fit organisms. This will eventually result in the population with this fit

trait increasing due to the increased rate of survival. Based on this reasoning, since those with

heterozygous sickle cell are surviving at greater rates than those that do not have heterozygous

sickle cell and therefore increasing in population, heterozygous sickle cell must make the human

organism more fit for a Malaria environment. This supports my thesis and my argument. Study

3’s results ultimately combine with the results of study 1,2, and 4 and ultimately, support my

argument.

The limitations of my data collection, meta analysis, derive from the point that articles

are not suited for each other and are distinctive in their own manner. This makes it difficult to
connect all of them. If I were to do this again, I would attempt to find articles even better suited

for each other in order to connect them even more.

These results ultimately support my thesis and argument which states implementing a

Sickle Cell environment would be the superior way to deal with Malaria. This may warrant

future research into the topic and allow for a possible cure to the disease through genome editing.

The new knowledge that can be extrapolated from my results include implementing a Sickle Cell

environment would be the superior way to deal with Malaria.