HEAT :

the quality of being hot; high temperature.

Work:
In thermodynamics, work performed by a system is energy transferred by the system to its
surroundings

System:
Any thing which is under focus to study the thermodynamics properties is called system.

Absolute pressure:
Absolute pressure is zero-referenced against a perfect vacuum, so it is equal to
gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure. Gauge pressure is zero-referenced against
ambient air pressure, so it is equal to absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure.
Negative signs are usually omitted.

gauge pressure
the amount by which the pressure measured in a fluid exceeds that of the atmosphere.

Bourdon gauge
a pressure gauge employing a coiled metallic tube which tends to straighten out when pressure
is exerted within it

specific volume:

In thermodynamics, the specific volume of a substance is the ratio

of the substance's volume to its mass.

Intrinsic energy:
Intrinsic energy of a body. (Physics) the work it can do in virtue of its actual condition, without
any supply of energy

Gas thermometer:
A gas thermometer measures temperature by the variation in volume or pressure of a gas.

Working fluid:
Definition of working substance. : a usually fluid substance that through changes of
temperature, volume, and pressure is the means of carrying out thermodynamic processes or
cycles (as in a heat engine)

Reversible process:
In thermodynamics, a reversible process is a process whose direction can be "reversed" by
inducing infinitesimal changes to some property of the system via its surroundings.
Irreversible process:
a process that is not reversible is called irreversible.

Thermodynamics cycle:
A thermodynamic cycle consists of a linked sequence of thermodynamic processes that involve
transfer of heat and work into and out of the system, while varying pressure, temperature, and
other state variables within the system, and that eventually returns the system to its initial state.

Conservation of energy and first law of thermodynamics:

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that heat is a form of energy,
and thermodynamic processes are therefore subject to the principle of conservation of
energy. This means that heat energy cannot be created or destroyed. ... "So, it's a restatement
of conservation of energy."

Non flow equation :

Non flow process : It is a process in which only the energy enters and leaves the system but
not mass. It is also called controlled mass approach or closed system. Here the volume may
vary and hence the boundary is movable.

Specific internal energy:

steady flow equation :

The Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE) is used for open systems to determine the total
energy flows. It is assumed that the mass flow through the system is constant. It is also
assumed that the total energy input to the system is equal to the total energy output.
 Chapter no 2
Specific enthalpy of vaporization:
Specific Enthalpy is the total energy in a system due to pressure and temperature per unit of
mass in that system. ... For a given mole of liquid water, there is a certain change
in enthalpy that has to occur for that mole of water to change state to a gas. This is known as
the enthalpy of vaporization for water

Critical point:
In which saturated water is converted into saturated steam.

Wet vapour:
A mixture of saturated liquid and saturated vapour is called wet vapour.

Saturated vapor line:

a vapor whose temperature and pressure are such that any compression of its volume at
constant temperature causes it to condense to liquid at a rate sufficient to maintain a constant
pressure.

Saturated liquid line:

A line connected by all the saturated liquid states is called saturated liquid line.

Saturated temperature line:

The term saturation defines a condition in which mixture of vapor and liquid can exist together
at a given temperature and pressure. The temperature at which vaporization (boiling) starts to
occur for a given pressure is called the saturation temperature or boiling point.

Degree of super heat:

The Degree of Superheat can be defined as the amount by which the temperature of a
superheated vapor/steam exceeds the temperature of the saturated vapor/steam at the same
pressure

Wetness fraction:

a fraction expressing the ratio of the weight of free water

particles to that of the whole in a quantity of wet steam..
specific enthalpy:
Specific Enthalpy is the total energy in a system due to pressure and temperature per unit of
mass in that system.

SPECIFIC entropy;
Specific entropy is the entropy per unit mass of a system. The units of entropy are kJ/K, and
for specific entropy kJ/kg K.

Wet vapour
The wet vapour state, where the fluid consists of a mixture of a liquid and dry vapor and.
The superheated state where no liquid particles are present.

Perfect gas:
In physics, a perfect gas is a theoretical gas model that differs from real gases in ways that
makes certain calculations easier to handle. Its behaviour is also simplified compared to an
ideal gas. In perfect gas models, intermolecular forces are neglected.

Specific heat capacity:

the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given
amount (usually one degree).

Joule law:
Joule's second law states that the internal energy of an ideal gas is independent of its volume
and pressure, depending only on its temperature.
 Chapter no 9
Gas turbine cycle:
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of continuous combustion, internal
combustion engine. There are three main components:

1. An upstream rotating gas compressor;

2. A downstream turbine on the same shaft;
3. A combustion chamber or area, called a combustor, in between 1. and 2. above.
A fourth component is often used to increase efficiency (turboprop, turbofan), to convert power into
mechanical or electric form (turboshaft, electric generator), or to achieve greater power to
mass/volume ratio (afterburner).
The basic operation of the gas turbine is a Brayton cycle with air as the working fluid. Fresh
atmospheric air flows through the compressor that brings it to higher pressure. Energy is then added
by spraying fuel into the air and igniting it so the combustion generates a high-temperature flow. This
high-temperature high-pressure gas enters a turbine, where it expands down to the exhaust
pressure, producing a shaft work output in the process. The turbine shaft work is used to drive the
compressor; the energy that is not used for compressing the working fluid comes out in the exhaust
gases that can be used to do external work, such as directly producing thrust in a turbojet engine, or
rotating a second, independent turbine (known as a power turbine) which can be connected to a fan,
propeller, or electrical generator. The purpose of the gas turbine determines the design so that the
most desirable split of energy between the thrust and the shaft work is achieved. The fourth step of
the Brayton cycle (cooling of the working fluid) is omitted, as gas turbines are open systems that do
not use the same air again.
Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical generators, pumps, gas
compressors, and tanks.[1]

Intercooler:
Intercooler is used to decrease the compressor work.its not increase the efficiency the efficiency is just
increased by regenerator.

Reheating:
The network out put can be increase by the by increasing turbine work and IT IS obtain by several stage
of expansion with reheating between the stages.

Regeneration is a process in which high temperature gases at the exit of turbine are utilized for heating
the air coming out from compressor and entering in the combustion chamber.regeneration increase the
efficiency of the cycle.
Ideal bryton cycle:
The ideal Brayton cycle is made up of four internally reversible processes. The P-v and T-s
diagrams of an ideal Brayton cycle are shown on the left. In an ideal Brayton cycle, heat is
added to thecycle at a constant pressure process (process 2-3). Heat is rejected at a constant
pressure process (process 4 -1).

Non ideal bryton cycle:

Is actually the realistic process of the bryton cycle.
 Lectures
Thermodynamics:
the branch of physical science that deals with the relations between heat and
other forms of energy (such as mechanical, electrical, or chemical energy), and, by extension, of
the relationships between all forms of energy.

Properties of thermodynamics:
Thermodynamic property is a point fuction. It define the state of a system. It is independent
of the path followed.

Pressure, temperature , speccific volume etc are thermodynamics property.

There are two types

1. Intensive property ( doesn’t depend on mass of the system) like pressure,

temperature
2. Extensive property ( depend on mass of the system). Like volume, mass , energy
Specific enthalpy:
Specific Enthalpy is the total energy in a system due to pressure and temperature per unit of
mass in that system. Specific enthalpy is used in thermodynamic equations when one wants to
know the energy for a given single unit mass of a substance. The SI units for specific
enthalpy are kJ/kg (kilojoules per kilogram).

SPECIFIC ENTROPY:
Entropy is a thermodynamic parameter that is related to the disorder of a system. It is an
extensive property, i.e. it depends upon the mass of the system. Specific entropy is
the entropy per unit mass of a system. The units ofentropy are kJ/K, and for specific
entropy kJ/kg.K.

SPECIFIC ENTERNAL ENERGY:

INTERNAL ENERGY PER UNIT MASS.

SPECIFIC VOLUME:
VOLUMER PER UNIT MASS .
CAROT CYCLE:
Definition of Carnot cycle. : an ideal reversible closed thermodynamic cycle in which the
working substance goes through the four successive operations of isothermal expansion to a
desired point, adiabatic expansion to a desired point, isothermal compression, and adiabatic
compression back to its initial state.

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:

ENERGY CAN NEITHER BE CREATED NOR DESTORY HOWEER IT CAN BE TRANSFORM TO ONE FORM TO
ANOTHER.

DELATA U= Q - W

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:

KELVIN STATEMENT:

WE CAN NOT DESIGN SUCH TYPE OF ENIGNE WHICH CONVERT TOTAL HEAT INTO TOTAL WORK
SOME ENERGY MUST BE LOSS IN THE PROCESS.
CLASIUS STATEMENT:
WE CAN NOT DESIGN SUCH TYPE OF DEVICE WHICH AUTOMATICALLY TRANSFERE HERE FROM COLD
BODY TO HOT BODY. IF WE WANT TO TRANSFERE HEAT FROM COLD TO HOT BODY THAN WE USE SUCH
TYPE OF DEVICE WHICH DO WORK TO CARRY THE HEAT FROM COLD BODY TO HOT.

Modification of the bryton cycle

Regeneration
Regeneration is a process in which high temperature gases at the exit of turbine are utilized for heating
the air coming out from compressor and entering in the combustion chamber.regeneration increase the
efficiency of the cycle.

Intercooling
Intercooler is used to decrease the compressor work.its not increase the efficiency the efficiency is just
increased by regenerator.

Reheat
The network out put can be increase by the by increasing turbine work and IT IS obtain by several stage
of expansion with reheating between the stages.