Physics Laboratory Activities

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PHYSICS
PhysicsPhysics, formally called natural philosophy, is the science of energy and matter and the
interactions between the two. Physics includes the study of material and energy as related to motions,
heat, light, and force. Modern extensions of physics has expanded to include nuclear physics, particle
physics, plasma physics, and cryogenics.
All projects
1.Additive Colors
To discover how white light is made.

Purpose
To discover how white light is made.
Additional information
What exactly is the color white, and is it truly a color? It's a question that's been asked many times
before. In this experiment we'll explore what the color what is and how to create it using a few
sheets of cellophane and three flashlights.
White is a representation of additive color mixing. The overlapping projection of the primary color
lights of red, green, and blue (RGB) combine to form the color white at the appropriate intensities. In
other words, to form the color white, we need to combine red, green and blue lights in an
overlapping pattern and at the correct offset.
Required materials
3 flashlights of the same size and light intensity
Red cellophane
Green cellophane
Blue cellophane
Tape
Estimated Experiment Time
About 10 minutes
Step-By-Step Procedure
1. Attach the red cellophane over the top of the first flashlight using your tape.
2. Attach the blue cellophane over the top of the second flashlight using your tape.
3. Attach the green cellophane over the top of the third flashlight using your tape.
4. Turn on the flashlights
5. Place the flashlights on a table, about 4 inches apart and shine them onto a white wall.
6. This part may take some patience. Arrange the flashlights so that the light from each flashlight
overlaps with the other flashlights. The easiest way to achieve this is to place the center flashlight on a
shoebox, so it's slightly higher than the flashlights to the left and right of it.
7. When you finally have the colors overlapping, look closely at the wall. What do you see?
Note
The image in figure A will help you to visualize the resulting pattern that should appear on your wall
when you have the flashlights lined up correctly. Use it to help guide you in placing the flashlights in
the appropriate pattern.
Figures & Illustrations
Figure A
Observation
Take a close look at the pattern on the wall. Can you spot anything interesting? Take a look at the
overlapping colors from the corners of each light. What can you derive from the patterns?
Result
When the experiment is set-up correctly, you will see a white center and three surrounding circles of
varying colors. The full intensity of all three colors gives a white color.
The pinkish color produced when the blue overlaps with the red is called magenta. The color
produced when the green overlaps with the blue is called cyan. The color produced when the red
overlaps with the green is called Yellow. Magenta, cyan and yellow (CYMK, where K is key black) are
known as subtractive colors.
2. Balloon Rocket Car

To demonstrate Newton's Third Law of Motion by constructing a balloon-
powered rocket car.
Purpose
To demonstrate Newton's Third Law of Motion by constructing a balloon-
powered rocket car.
Newton's Third Law of Motion (law of reciprocal actions) states: "Whenever a particle A exerts a force
on another particle B, B simultaneously exerts a force on A with the same magnitude in the opposite
direction. The strong form of the law further postulates that these two forces act along the same
line." This law is often summed up in the very cliché saying "Every action has an equal and opposite
reaction".
Required materials
 Large Styrofoam tray to construct the car body and wheels from (or any flat Styrofoam piece)
 4 pins (to serve as wheel axels)
 Cellophane tape
 Flexi-straw
 Scissors
 Drawing compass
 Marker pen
 Small to medium party balloon
 Ruler

Approximately an hour to construct the car and conduct the experiment
 1. Using your ruler, drawing compass, and marker, draw a rectangle on the Styrofoam tray that's
7.5cm by 18cm. Draw an additional 4 circles at 7.5cm in diameter.
 2. Use the scissors to cut the rectangle and 4 circles from the Styrofoam tray.
 3. Stretch the balloon by inflating it several times and letting the air out.
 4. Insert the balloon nozzle over the short end of the flexi-straw (nearest to the bendable section).
Secure the balloon nozzle to the straw with tape. Make sure to seal it tight while ensuring the balloon
can be inflated by blowing into the straw.
 5. Tape the straw to the rectangle. To do this properly, place the straw so it's in the center of
the width of the rectangle. Allow the section of the straw with the balloon attached to be raised
slightly while the end without the balloon should extend about an inch or two over the rectangle (see
illustration)
 6. Push a pin into the center of the circles and then push into the Styrofoam rectangle to make four
wheels. Make sure to leave some room for the wheels to spin (too tight and the wheels won't rotate).
 7. Inflate the balloon through the straw. Pinch the straw nozzle, place the car on a flat smooth
surface, and then release the straw. Weeeee!!!!!
Note
If you're having trouble getting the wheels to stay on, you may need either a thicker piece of
Styrofoam or thicker pins. Make sure when inserting the wheels you leave some of the pin sticking
out so the wheels don't slide off. Also, feel free to construct cars of varying shapes and sizes to see
how their affected by the experiment. Originality and creativity in car construction is encouraged!
Observation
Make careful note of the movement of the car in relation to the balloon size. You should record your
observations in a journal. Some questions that may be answered are: What happens when the
balloon nozzle is released? Can you explain why and how the car is propelled across the floor? Can
you explain how Newton's Third Law is being applied in this project?
Result
When the straw is released, the car is thrust forward and propelled across the floor. This project
satisfies Newton's Third Law of Motion of "Every action has an equal and opposite reaction". In this
case, the air escaping through the straw (the thrust) is the action while the car's propulsion across
the room in the opposite direct is the reaction.
3. Build an Electromagnet
To find out how electromagnetism works by constructing an electromagnet and be able to answer the
question “How does electromagnetism work?”
Build an Electromagnet
Purpose
To find out how electromagnetism works by constructing an
electromagnet and be able to answer the question “How does
electromagnetism work?”
Do you ever wonder how the telephone, electric bell, and electric
motors that run most of our appliances at home work? Electricity can be transformed into energy of
motion or mechanical energy and it is all because of the discovery made by Professor Hans Christian
Oersted in 1820. Professor Oersted is a physics professor who discovered that a wire carrying electric
current generated a magnetic field. He referred to this phenomenon as electromagnetism. An
electromagnet operates only when there is a flow of electricity in the coil of the wire. Its magnetism
can be turned on and off at will. It is made up of an iron core, wire, and source of electrical energy.
Required materials
half meter copper wire
one dry cell
1iron nail about four centimeters in length
electrical tape
iron filings

About fifteen minutes
1. Get a half meter long copper wire and remove the insulation at both ends.
2. Wound the wire around the nail.
3. Attach the ends of the poles to the dry cell.
4. Trace the path of electricity in this device.
5. Bring the nail near some iron filings.
6. Observe how the iron filings behave.
7. Predict what would happen if the wire was detached from the dry cell.
8. Detach one wire from one terminal of the dry cell.
9. Observe what happens.
Note
Be careful in removing the insulation of the copper wire to make sure you don’t damage it. Nails and
ion filings are sharp so do not play with them. Wound the wire tightly and securely around the nail
for positive results.
Observation
When you attached the ends of the wires to the poles of the dry cell, was the circuit close or open?
What happened when you brought the nail near some iron filings? What happened to the iron filings
when you detached one wire from one terminal of the dry cell? What property is exhibited by the nail
when electricity flows along its wire?
Result
The circuit was closed when you attached the ends of the wires to the poles of the dry cell. When you
brought the nail near the iron filings, they reacted to the nail as shown by their movements. After
detaching one of the wires from the dry cell, the iron filings no longer showed any reaction to the
nail. The nail in this experiment acted like a magnet. Electricity flowing in a conductor like the nail
produces a magnetic field which results to magnetism. The nail attracts magnetic objects like the
iron filings. The strength of an electromagnet is influenced by the number of turns it has on its coil,
the material used and the amount of electricity in the wire. Electromagnets are found inside the
telephone, washing machine, and many others.
4. Build an Inclinometer
To build a device that will trace the lines of the Earth's magnetic field.
Build an Inclinometer
Purpose
To build a device that will trace the lines of the Earth's magnetic field.
An inclinometer, also commonly known as a clinometer, tilt meter, and
gradient meter, is a device used to measure angles of slope, inclination,
and elevation in relation to gravitational pull. Measuring both incline (upward / positive slopes) and
decline (downward / negative slopes), this device is used in a number of areas, such as astronomy,
surveying, and engineering.
Required materials
Small Styrofoam ball (available at any crafts store)
Wire hanger
Wire clippers
Knitting needle
Compass
2 glasses (tumblers) of equal size
Protractor
Wood block that is at least a couple inches larger than the protractor
Strong bar magnet
Tape
About 30 minutes
1. Clip a straight piece of wire from the wire hanger. Do so by clipping the left-bottom of the hanger with
the wire clippers and then doing the same on the right-bottom of the hanger. Discard the reaming hanger.
2. Push the hanger through the center of the Styrofoam ball. The ball should rest in the center of the
wire, with equal lengths of wire exposed on each side. See Figure 1.
3. Carefully stick the needle through the Styrofoam ball at an angle that is perpendicular to the wire. The
needle will need be placed slightly above-center or below-center so it's insertion does not get blocked by
the hanger wire. See Figure 2.
4. Place the glasses (tumblers) on a flat surface a few inches apart. Place your compass assembly on top
of the glasses so that the compass needle is resting on each glass. The Styrofoam ball and wire should be
suspending in the air between the glasses. See Figure 3.
5. Adjust the glasses so that the hanger is pointing in the north-south position.
6. Now it's time to charge up the hanger with the magnet. Rub the northern pole end of the magnet
several times on the north side of the hanger. The northern tip of the hanger will become polarized
(charged) as a north-seeking compass needle.
7. Set the woodblock on a flat surface. Use tape to attach the protractor to the wood block in an upside
down position, so that the flat edge of the protractor rests against the top of the wood block.
9. Move the wood block, with the curved end of the protractor facing down, between the glasses so that it
is located beside the Styrofoam ball.
10. Wait and allow the hanger (compass needle) to settle into position. Observe the angle that it rests at.
Note
The configuration of the Inclinometer could be tricky the first time. Don't rush through the project!
Follow the steps carefully and take your time. If your first Inclinometer doesn't quite work out, try
again until you get it right.
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
Observation
In which direction would your needle point if you were to take your inclinometer to the North Pole?
How about the South Pole? Why is it that a north seeking needle can point to the North Pole when
like poles repel and opposite poles attract?
Result
The earth's magnetic force causes the magnetized needle to dip between the glasses at a 45 degree
angle. This phenomenon mimics the function of an Inclinometer. If you were to take your compass to
the North Pole and charge it, the needle would point upward.
5.Create Lightening
To create your own lightening using just a few simple tools – things that you are likely to find already
in your home or at the grocery store. You will be able to see and possibly hear the lightening as it’s
created!
Create Lightening
Purpose
To create your own lightening using just a few simple tools – things that
you are likely to find already in your home or at the grocery store. You
will be able to see and possibly hear the lightening as it’s created!
Lightening is a beautiful and frightening natural element. You can hear its
boom from miles and miles away and see it light up a completely dark sky – if only for a moment.
You don’t have to wait for the next thunderstorm to see lightening – here’s how you can make your
very own lightening in your own home!
Required materials
Foil pie plate
Writing pen (ball point will work very well)
Tack
Sock (must be wool)
Styrofoam block
Glue (if necessary)
Video camera, if you have one
Notebook paper or journal

About thirty to sixty minutes.
1. Gather your materials on the kitchen counter or on the table.
2. Begin by placing your tack in the pie plate from the bottom up. The sharp point should be sticking out
of the top of the pie plate.
3. Place the pen in the pie plate, using the tack to anchor it. You may need to use a drop or two of glue to
get the pen anchored really well. If you do use glue, let it dry before proceeding.
4. After this, do not touch the pie plate with your hands! You will not be able to conduct the experiment if
you do.
5. Take the sock and rub the block of Styrofoam quickly. This will create the negative charge you need to
create the lightening spark.
6. Pick up the pie plate by holding on to the pen and push it down on top of the Styrofoam block so the
tack is lodged into the Styrofoam and anchors it in place.
7. Turn out the lights. If you have a video camera, you can film the lightening spark.
8. Bring your hand towards the pie plate slowly, without touching it. This will complete the experiment.
Note
You may want to have an adult with you as you perform the experiment to supervise.
Observation
Record each step of the experiment in your journal or on a piece of notebook paper. Be sure to
describe everything in detail if you do not have a video camera to record the experiment.
Result
When you bring your hand close to the pie plate, an electric spark will be created. You will see and
hear it and possibly even feel it! What you have created is tiny lightening!
6.Egg in a Bottle
To put an egg into a bottle and take it out intact using the properties of air pressure.
Egg in a Bottle
Purpose
To put an egg into a bottle and take it out intact using the properties of
air pressure.
Variations in air pressure has widespread effects on every facet of our
lives. While this phenomenon governs changes in weather, it also determines a variety of aspects
pertaining to aerodynamics which are vital to modern day living.
Required materials
Egg
Bottle
Matchbox and matches

Approximately 15 minutes
1. Boil the egg until it becomes hard-boiled (simmer for approximately 5to 7 minutes after the water
comes to a boil)
2. Cool and remove the shell of the hard-boiled egg
3. Place the empty bottle on a flat surface

4. Drop a burning match into the bottle just before placing the egg on the mouth of the bottle
Note
Use a bottle with a mouth that is narrower than the girth of the egg.
Observation
The hard-boiled egg gets sucked into the bottle. On blowing into the bottle holding it upside down so
that the egg falls into its neck, the egg pops out.
Result
The varied effects of variations in air pressure are clearly demonstrated here. By dropping a burning
match into the bottle just before placing the boiled egg on its mouth, the flame burns up all the
oxygen inside the bottle. This in turn creates a vacuum inside the bottle that sucks the egg into the
bottle.
7.Floating Ball Experiment
To demonstrate the dynamics of air pressure
Floating Ball Experiment

Purpose
To demonstrate the dynamics of air pressure
As per the principles of air pressure, a moving stream exerts less pressure
than the air surrounding the moving stream and a quick air stream has a
lower pressure than a slow moving one.
Required materials
Plastic straw
Table-tennis ball

Less than five minutes
1. From one end of a plastic straw cut a 10 cm piece

2. Put one end of the straw in your mouth and tip back your head
3. Hold a table-tennis ball a few inches above the other end of the straw
4. Blow as air hard as you can through the straw while releasing the ball simultaneously
Note
The harder you blow, the higher the ball will float above the straw.
Observation
As long as you blow air through the straw, the ball remains suspended in mid-air.
Result
The reason why the ball remains suspended in air is because it is actually ‘imprisoned’ by the column
of upward rushing air. The air that is in rapid motion has a lower pressure as compared to its
surroundings and owing to this, as soon as the ball moves even slightly to one side, the greater
pressure outside the air stream forces it back into the fast moving air stream again.
8.Floating Balloon
To demonstrate the principle of buoyancy of warm air.
Floating Balloon
Purpose
To demonstrate the principle of buoyancy of warm air.
The density variation between warm and cool air can be used to explain
why warm air possesses higher buoyancy. As hot air contain atoms and
molecules with higher kinetic energy than cold air, it has a lower density and rises up while the
colder air goes downwards. In other words, cool air ‘sinks down’ displacing the warm air.
Required materials
Balloon
Cardboard
String
A pair of scissors
Less than 5 minutes
1. Inflate a balloon with warm air and secure tightly with the string
2. Tie a small piece of cardboard to the end of the balloon’s string
3. Adjust the size of the cardboard so that it is heavy enough to keep the balloon from rising
4. Use a pair of scissors and start trimming off small pieces of the cardboard so that the balloon rises
above the surface but does not float away and touch the roof
Note
Use a closed room where air currents will not alter the course of the experiment.
Ensure the pieces of cardboard you cut are extremely small in order to save time redoing the exercise!
Observation
When the right amount of cardboard is cut away, the balloon remains suspended in midair.
Result
The principle behind the experiment is that cool air is heavier and denser than warm air which has a
greater degree of buoyancy. The balloon thus remains suspended in the lower part of the room
where the air is denser as compared to the areas around the roof which will have comparatively
warmer air. The piece of cardboard balances the weight of air contained in the balloon making it too
light to sink into denser air (near the surface / floor of the room) and is too heavy to rise into the
warmer air (towards the roof of the room).
9.Friction And Vibration
To determine if friction can cause a glass to vibrate. After this experiment you will be able to answer
the question, “Why did the glass vibrate when you rubbed your index finger against the rim of the
glass?”
Friction And Vibration

Purpose
To determine if friction can cause a glass to vibrate. After this experiment
you will be able to answer the question, “Why did the glass vibrate when
you rubbed your index finger against the rim of the glass?”
Friction is a form of contact force. It is the force that acts against the
motion of one surface on the other. Contact forces are resent when
surfaces of objects act on each other like when the palms are rubbed or a
pencil is pushed. When two objects are in contact, friction is present. Friction is necessary and very
useful in some situations. The presence of friction is important in walking and in holding things
together. For examples, screws and nails are held in place because of friction. Even adobe stones can
be piled one on top of the other and won’t fall because of friction. Friction is present when two
surfaces remain at rest and are in contact. When friction and the force causing the movement are
equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, the object does not move. The amount of friction
increases when objects move along a rough surface. On the other hand, the amount of friction
decreases when objects move on a smooth surface just like when you add lubrication to make the
surface slippery.
Required materials
Dishwashing liquid (any variant)
Large pan
Vinegar
Water
Thin glassware
Small shallow bowl

1. Pour a generous amount of the dishwashing liquid to make a soapy water solution in a large pan.
2. Wash the glass and your hands in the soapy solution and rinse thoroughly.
3. Place the glass on the table.
4. In a small bowl, pour just enough vinegar where you can dip your finger.
5. Hold the base of the glass against the table with your left hand.
6. Wet the index finger of your right hand with vinegar.
7. Using your wet index finger, gently rub it around the rim of the glass.
Note
Avoid spilling vinegar all over your work area by carefully pouring it on the bowl. Hold the glass
firmly when washing it and rinse well to avoid slipping. Do not taste the vinegar or play with the
water.
Observation
What happened when you rubbed the rim of the glass with your index finger? What were you trying
to remove when you washed your hands and the glass? Is friction between your wet index finger and
the glass increased or decreased? Why did the glass turn or vibrate when you rubbed your index
finger against the rim?
Result
The rim of the glass vibrated because of the presence of friction which allows it to resist motion. You
need to remove the dishwashing liquid which acts as lubricant by washing your hands thoroughly to
decrease friction. In this experiment, friction resists motion which caused the glass to vibrate.
9.Galileo's Experiment
To demonstrate Galileo's falling objects experiment that states "What goes up, must come down".
After this experiment you'll be able answer the question "Do larger objects fall faster than lighter
ones under the same conditions?"
Homemade Windmill
Purpose
To construct a homemade windmill
A windmill in a tall structure that converts wind into energy. Windmills
were invented in eastern Persia as early as the 9th century and were
often developed for using in milling grains for means of food production. In modern days, wind
turbines (a form of windmill) are used to generate electricity.
Required materials
Half-gallon milk or juice container (the paper kind, not the plastic kind)
Rocks or sand
Sharp pencil or pen
Straight straw (do not use the ones that bend at the top)
Wine bottle cork
Pinwheel toy
Paperclip
White thread
25 - 30 minutes
1. Wash the inside of your 1/2 gallon carton with warm water. Rinse several times and leave upside-down
to dry.
2. Once the carton is dry, turn it up-right and place your sand or rocks in the opening at the top. You'll
want to put enough sand or rocks so that it fills the container about 1/3 of the way to form a sturdy base.
3. Using your pencil or pen, poke a hole in the carton about half way up from the base. Make sure the
pencil or pen pokes through to the other side of the carton, forming two parallel holes at the same height.
Your windmill base is now complete!
4. Push one end of your plastic straw into the middle of your wine cork, making sure it has a tight enough
fit that the cork does not slide off. NOTE: Depending on the strength of your straw, you may need to push
partially into the cork with your pencil or pen to carve out a circle.
5. Insert the straw through the parallel holes on your carton. Push the straw as far as it will go.
6. Using a paperclip (or super glue), attach the pinwheel toy to the end of the straw that does not have
the cork attached to it. The pinwheel needs to be attached so it does not slide off from the straw, but still
must spin freely.
7. Cut a length of thread that is between 24 - 36 inches in length and tie one end to the cork. Tie the
other loose end to a paperclip.
8. Your windmill is now complete! Blow on the pinwheel and observe what happens to the paperclip
attached to the thread.
Note
Pinwheels can be found at your local toy store or dollar store. Finding the right size pinwheel is
important. Too small and the pinwheel may not be able to turn when blowing on it, too large and it
may cause your windmill to topple. Go medium.
Observation
As you blow on the pinwheel, the pinwheel spins causing the thread to wrap around the cork. As the
thread wraps around the cork, the paperclip moves upward and then back down after it's gone
through enough rotations to have wrapped the entire thread.
Result
Typical windmills are made up of a base, a shaft, blades, and a generator. The base (milk or juice
carton) is the structure vertical structure that is planted to the ground. The shaft (your straw) is the
piece that holds the blades to the windmill base. The blades (pinwheel) are what generates energy
through rotation. Another key component to a windmill that is absent from the experiment is the
generator. The generator is the component that converts the mechanical energy of the rotating
blades into electricity. Your paperclip attached to the cork is used to illustrate how the spinning
blades of the windmill generate wind energy.
10.Homemade Windmill
Homemade Windmill
Purpose
A windmill in a tall structure that converts wind into energy. Windmills
were invented in eastern Persia as early as the 9th century and were
often developed for using in milling grains for means of food production. In modern days, wind
turbines (a form of windmill) are used to generate electricity.
Required materials
Half-gallon milk or juice container (the paper kind, not the plastic kind)
Rocks or sand
Sharp pencil or pen
Straight straw (do not use the ones that bend at the top)
Wine bottle cork
Pinwheel toy
Paperclip
White thread
25 - 30 minutes
1. Wash the inside of your 1/2 gallon carton with warm water. Rinse several times and leave upside-down
to dry.
2. Once the carton is dry, turn it up-right and place your sand or rocks in the opening at the top. You'll
want to put enough sand or rocks so that it fills the container about 1/3 of the way to form a sturdy base.
3. Using your pencil or pen, poke a hole in the carton about half way up from the base. Make sure the
pencil or pen pokes through to the other side of the carton, forming two parallel holes at the same height.
Your windmill base is now complete!
4. Push one end of your plastic straw into the middle of your wine cork, making sure it has a tight enough
fit that the cork does not slide off. NOTE: Depending on the strength of your straw, you may need to push
partially into the cork with your pencil or pen to carve out a circle.
5. Insert the straw through the parallel holes on your carton. Push the straw as far as it will go.
6. Using a paperclip (or super glue), attach the pinwheel toy to the end of the straw that does not have
the cork attached to it. The pinwheel needs to be attached so it does not slide off from the straw, but still
must spin freely.
7. Cut a length of thread that is between 24 - 36 inches in length and tie one end to the cork. Tie the
other loose end to a paperclip.
8. Your windmill is now complete! Blow on the pinwheel and observe what happens to the paperclip
attached to the thread.
Note
Pinwheels can be found at your local toy store or dollar store. Finding the right size pinwheel is
important. Too small and the pinwheel may not be able to turn when blowing on it, too large and it
may cause your windmill to topple. Go medium.
Observation
As you blow on the pinwheel, the pinwheel spins causing the thread to wrap around the cork. As the
thread wraps around the cork, the paperclip moves upward and then back down after it's gone
through enough rotations to have wrapped the entire thread.
Result
Typical windmills are made up of a base, a shaft, blades, and a generator. The base (milk or juice
carton) is the structure vertical structure that is planted to the ground. The shaft (your straw) is the
piece that holds the blades to the windmill base. The blades (pinwheel) are what generates energy
through rotation. Another key component to a windmill that is absent from the experiment is the
generator. The generator is the component that converts the mechanical energy of the rotating
blades into electricity. Your paperclip attached to
11. Inertia of an Egg
To identify a hard-boiled egg from among a dozen, the remainder being uncooked eggs and thereby
demonstrate the Inertia of an Egg
Inertia of an Egg
Purpose
To identify a hard-boiled egg from among a dozen, the remainder being
uncooked eggs and thereby demonstrate the Inertia of an Egg
Inertia is defined as the property of matter by which it resists changes in
velocity (speed and / or direction). The tendency of a moving object to remain moving at a constant
speed and a stationery object to remain motionless is called inertia.
Required materials
Raw & boiled eggs
Glass plate

Less than 5 minutes
1. Spin each egg and then touch the egg to stop it moving and let go.
2. Observe how each spun egg behaves.
Note
N/A
Observation
The hard-boiled egg will spin readily and stops soon after it is touched. But the fresh egg is difficult
to get spinning and once it starts moving it is difficult to stop it from moving.
Result
Only the hard boiled egg spins readily since the mass inside it is solid and evenly distributed. In the
case of the raw egg, the liquid within causes a drag effect that resists the spin initially and once the
liquid is moving it resists coming back to the state of being motionless. The egg that spins readily
and comes to a stop as soon as it is touched is the hard-boiled egg hence.
12.Jar Compass
To demonstrate the earth's magnetic force by creating our very own compass in a jar.
Jar Compass
Purpose
To demonstrate the earth's magnetic force by creating our very own compass in a
jar.
A compass is an instrument used for navigation relative to the earths magnetic
poles. It's magnetized pointer aligns itself to the earths magnetic field to calculate
heading, allowing for safer and more efficient maritime travel. Compasses are often built as stand
alone instruments, sealed with a magnetized bar and freely turning needle upon a pivot. Most
compasses highlight the four cardinal directions or cardinal points of north, south, east, and west.
Required materials
 Needle
 Magnet
 Scissors
 Small piece of card
 Jar
 Thread
 Pencil
 Compass

Approximately 15 to 20 minutes
 1. Stroke the needle with the magnet several times to give it a magnetic charge.
 2. Tie one end of the thread to the small piece of card and the other to the center of the pencil. Tying
the thread to the card can be tricky, but carefully poke a small whole into the top end of the card
that's just wide enough to run the thread through. Loop it around the card and tie in a knot.
 3. Push the needle through the center of the card, stop when the needle is dead-center in the middle
of the card.
 4. Suspend the piece of card inside the jar by laying the pencil across the mouth of the jar so the card
is dangling in the center of the jar. Do not allow the card to hit the bottom of the jar!
 5. The needle should lie horizontally. Make sure to get the middle of the needle to rest in the middle
of the card.
 6. Place the jar on a flat surface next to your compass and leave it to stand freely. The needle in the
jar should point in the same direction as your compass.
Note
Setting up the jar compass can be tricky the first time. You can refer to the following figure to get a
general idea on how your compass should be set-up.
Observation
What happens when you turn your compass and your jar in another direction? Does the needle in
your jar point in the same direction as your compass?
If your needle doesn't seem to be spinning with your compass, you may need to re-magnetize it.
Result
The magnetized needle is free to turn on its own and will always point north and south. The needle is
acting as a magnet and is attracted to the earth’s magnetic force
13.Levers And Force
To demonstrate how levers use force.
Levers And Force

Purpose
To demonstrate how levers use force.
The principle behind levers is leverage, which is derived using Newton's
laws of motion. These laws state:
 First Law: "A particle will stay at rest or continue at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an
external unbalanced net force."
 Second Law: "F = ma: the net force on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by
its acceleration."
 Third Law: "Every action has an equal and opposite reaction."
The work done through use of a lever can be calculated by force times distance. The stationary point
of a lever is known as its fulcrum. The area where force is applied is called the effort. The resulting
effect of applying force on a source is called the load. To use a lever to lift or pull a certain amount of
weight, the distance between the fulcrum and the area where the force is applied must be twice the
distance between the weight and the fulcrum.
Required materials
 Nails
 Wood
 Small hammer

Less than 10 minutes.
 1. Use your hammer to hit a nail into a piece of wood. Hit it so it's about 2/3rds deep into the wood.
 2. Try to pull the nail out only using your hands and fingers. What happens?
 3. Now use the end to he hammer to pull the nail out of the wood. What happens?
Note
Get the help of an adult for this experiment.
Observation
Why do you suppose you were unable to pull the nail out with your hands? Why did it work using the
back of the hammer? Can you explain the science that makes this experiment work?
Result
The back-end of the hammer acts as a lever, which is a simple machine used to overcome resistance
at a second point by application of force. When you pulled out the nail with the hammer, you put in
the same amount of effort as the load of the nail, and so were able to pull
14.Lift an Ice Cube
To lift an ice cube from a glass of water using a string.
Lift an Ice Cube

Purpose
To lift an ice cube from a glass of water using a string.
When ice and water come in contact, they are said to be in dynamic equilibrium with
each other. During this phase, two processes take place simultaneously – the
molecules on the surface of the ice escape into the water by the process of melting
and the water molecules are captured on the surface of the ice by way of the
process of freezing.
Required materials
 Ice cubes
 Glass
 Water
 String
 Salt shaker
Less than 10 minutes
 1. Fill the glass with water

 2. Put an ice cube into the glass
 3. Place the string over the ice cube
 4. Sprinkle salt on the portion of the ice cube where the string makes contact with it
 5. Lift the string after a minute or two.
Note
Place the string on the ice cube in such a manner that the mid portion of it makes contact with the
ice cube; leave both ends of the string on either side of the glass for an easy grasp.
Observation
The string will adhere to the ice cube at the area where salt was sprinkled on it.
Result
The ice surrounding the string starts to melt and as it extracts heat from the surrounding water,
which in turn refreezes around the string. Subsequently the cube adheres tightly to the string and it
can easily be lifted using this string.
15.Long Lasting Bubbles
To explore how one can create bubbles that are long lasting or permanent.
Long Lasting Bubbles

Purpose
To explore how one can create bubbles that are long lasting or
permanent.
None
Required materials
 Measuring device that will measure out CC’s of liquid (most likely will be a syringe – do not use one
with a needle)
 Tablespoon measuring tool
 1 gallon distilled water (you will not use it all)
 Stove
 Pan
 Wooden, plastic or metal spatula or spoon to stir
 Thermometer that reads in Celsius degrees (you can also use a traditional thermometer and simply
convert)
 1 bottle glycerin
 1 box Knox Gelatin
 1 small bottle Joy dishwashing detergent
 Camera
 Bubble wand or other bubble blowing device
 Journal, logbook or notebook paper

A few hours at most.
 1. Turn the stove on low and place the pan with 60cc’s of distilled water on the burner.
 2. Add 1 tablespoon of Knox Gelatin, mixing gently with the wooden or metal spoon or spatula. Be
careful not to stir too vigorously!
 3. Heat mixture to 90 degrees Celsius.
 4. Add 9cc’s of glycerin. Stir gently to disperse.
 5. Add 3cc’s of Joy dishwashing detergent. Stir gently to disperse.
 6. Use the bubble wand or other bubble making device to make your bubbles, but do so while the
mixture is still warm. The bubbles will cool instantly once they are blown, making them permanent.
Note
You may need an adult to help you with the measurement of the liquids and with operating the
stove.
Observation
Make sure you have your camera ready – you’ll want to take lots of pictures of the bubble making
process and of the end results! Make sure to write everything down on paper for your project to
verify step by step why you obtained the results you did.
Result
You should end up with at least a few really cool, long lasting bubbles. You can keep your bubbles in
a jar or just leave them out – they’re durable, unlike traditional bubbles! Try experimenting with
different amounts of each solution. Are the bubbles weaker when more water is added? Are they
stronger if you use more glycerin or less water? What do you think would happen if you added food
coloring to the mixture? Do you think it would change the strength of the bubbles or simply change
the color?
16.Magnified Light
To demonstrate how sunlight can be intensified through a magnifying glass, concentrating energy to
melt an ice cube.
Magnified Light
Purpose
To demonstrate how sunlight can be intensified through a magnifying
glass, concentrating energy to melt an ice cube.
It's a hot day and you're bored. This makes for a perfect opportunity to
conduct the Magnified Light experiment! In this experiment we'll harness the energy of the sun to
melt an ice cube at an accelerated rate by concentrating a beam of sunlight on it. How long will it
take for you to melt your ice cube? Let's find out!
Required materials
 Direct sunlight
 Magnifying glass
 2 ceramic bowls
 2 ice cubes
 Pen or pencil (optional)
 Journal to record results (optional)

About 10 minutes.
 1. Take 2 pieces of ice from the freezer and place each one in a separate ceramic bowl.
 2. Carry the bowls outside to a clearing where there is direct sunlight, beaming down at it's strongest
point. You'll need to be clear of any shade or trees for this to work most effectively. Place the two
bowls on the ground next to each other.
 3. Take the magnifying glass and hold it up above one of the bowls so that it catches the sunlight.
This part can be tricky at first, but if you hold it at the correct height and angle it should make a small
beam of light on the ice cube. You may have to adjust your magnifying glass position to get the best
beam. Smaller beams are the most effective.
 4. Make sure the beam stays directed on one of the pieces of ice in the bowl. What starts to happen?
Is it melting at a faster rate than the ice cube without the beam of light on it? Record the results in
your journal, noting how long it takes the ice to melt. Also record the condition of the other ice cube
that was left untouched by your bream. How far melted was it when your first ice cube was completely
melted? Record all results. for comparison.
Note
This experiment will only work on a sunny and cloudless day where the strength of the sun is strong.
It's recommended you wear sunglasses to protect your eyes.
Once you get the hang of getting the beam aligned and focused, you can actually use it to burn your
name or initials into a 2x4 piece of wood. As you move the beam across you'll see the smoke rise
and a brown burn mark left in its wake. A slow and steady hand can produce names, art, designs,
and more.
WARNING! The beam of light will be VERY hot! Do not attempt to place your hand under the
magnifying glass. Also be careful where you direct the light. The beam can be intense enough to
ignite loose, dry ground brush.
Observation
How long did it take your ice to melt with the beam of light on it? Move the magnifying glass around
the ice to find the beam that works the most efficiently. The smaller the beam, the more intense the
heat. How long does it take for the ice to melt with the smallest, most intense beam? How about with
a larger beam that covers a greater area on the ice but is less intense?
Result
When the sunlight passes through the magnifying glass its intensified as a concentrated energy
through a single focal point
17.Make a Fuse Model
To make a model of a fuse. After this experiment, you will realize the importance of the fuse and be
able to answer the question, “How can a fuse help prevent fire caused by faulty electrical wiring?”
Make a Fuse Model

Purpose
To make a model of a fuse. After this experiment, you will realize the
importance of the fuse and be able to answer the question, “How can a
fuse help prevent fire caused by faulty electrical wiring?”
Many devastating fires have been caused by faulty electrical wiring. An
overloaded circuit or short circuit can cause fire. Sometimes, there are many devices connected to
the outlet. The current drawn by the outlet increases and produces heat that causes the wire to
become hot. The hot wiring may ignite the materials surrounding it and start a fire. To prevent fires
caused by faulty electrical wiring or devices, fuses are installed in homes, offices, and other
infrastructures. A fuse is found in a fuse box. The electric current from the power line fuses to the
electric meter and then to the fuse box and so to the establishment wires. A fuse contains a thin
piece of metal. When the circuit becomes overloaded, the metal strip melts and destroys the fuse.
The current will no longer flow through the circuit unless the burnt fuse is replaced. A short circuit
may occur when bare wires come into contact and more current moves in the circuit. It can be
caused by damaged or worn out electrical wiring. Sometimes, small animals like rats and rodents
chew off parts of the insulation.
Required materials
 two dry cells

 flashlight bulb with socket
 two thumbtacks
 two metal paper clips
 13 x 18 cm wooden block
 3cm aluminum foil
 half a meter copper wire cut into four
 screw driver
 electrical tape
 scissors

Around 30 minutes
 1. Get two paper clips and tack them on one side of the wooden block.
 2. Insert the strip of aluminum foil between the paper clips (this acts as the fuse).
 3. Connect the dry cells by taping one wire to the positive side of the first cell and the other end
attached to the negative side of the second cell.
 4. Get another wire, remove a part of the insulation in the middle, and tape the end on the positive
side of the second cell.
 5. Then attach the other end to the left thumbtack on the wooden block.
 6. Attach another wire to the negative side of the first dry cell and connect it to the left side of the
light bulb.
 7. Remove a part of the insulation in the middle wire and attach the end to the right side of the light
bulb.
 8. Then wound the other end to the right thumbtack on the wooden block.
Note
Remove the insulation slowly to avoid damaging the wires. Do not play with the thumbtacks to avoid
being pricked.
Observation
Did the bulb light up? What happens when you place a screw driver across the bare wires? What
happens to the aluminum foil?
Result
Placing a screw driver across the bare wires caused a short circuit because the aluminum which
serves as the fuse heats up and breaks the circuit. Safety devices like the fuse can help prevent
uncontrolled fires caused by faulty electrical wiring.
18.Make a Parallel Circuit
To construct a parallel circuit. After this experiment, you will be able to construct your own parallel
circuit and answer the question, “Why are the electrical devices and appliances in the home
commonly connected in parallel?”
Make a Parallel Circuit

Purpose
To construct a parallel circuit. After this experiment, you will be able to
construct your own parallel circuit and answer the question, “Why are the
electrical devices and appliances in the home commonly connected in
parallel?”
You can connect two or more bulbs or appliances in a circuit. There are two basic ways to connect
electrical devices like bulbs in a circuit. The devices can be connected through series or parallel
wiring. In a series connection, electricity flows through each electrical device. A problem arises if one
device used in the circuit fails to function correctly and will stop the flow of electricity. No part of the
series circuit can be switched on or off without affecting the other devices connected to the circuit.
On the other hand, in a parallel circuit the electric current flows and only part of the total current in
the circuit goes through each bulb or electrical device. Each has a circuit of its own so the electric
current flowing through each device moves in a different path in the circuit.
Required materials
 two flashlight bulbs with sockets

 dry cell
 half a meter copper wire
 electrical tape
 switch
 scissors

 1. Cut the wire into five parts.

 2. Remove half a centimeter of insulation from both ends of the wires.
 3. Attach a wire to the positive side of the dry cell and wound the other end to the left side of a light
bulb.
 4. Attach another wire to the negative side of the dry cell and connect it to the switch.
 5. Get another wire and connect the switch to the right side of the light bulb.
 6. Add one more bulb to the setup by wounding another wire to the left side of the first light bulb and
connecting the other end to the left side of the second light bulb.
 7. Wound another wire to the right side of the first light bulb and connect it to the right side of the
second light bulb.
Note
In removing insulations, do it slowly and carefully to avoid damaging the wires. Secure your
connections with electrical tapes. Do not play with the light bulbs since they are easily broken.
Observation
Does adding a bulb in the setup affect the brightness of the bulb? What happened when you remove
one of the light bulbs? Why does turning off one light bulb not break the circuit? Why is parallel
circuit better than series circuit?
Result
When you added one more light bulb to the circuit, it did not affect the brightness of the first light
bulb. The connection was not broken even when you removed one of the light bulbs in the circuit.
The circuit did not break because a parallel circuit has more than one pathway for the electricity. This
way, it is better than series circuit since the devices can be switched on and off separately without
breaking any circuits.
19.Make An Elevator
To demonstrate how elevators work through a series of pulleys by constructing our own elevator
system.
Make An Elevator
Purpose
To demonstrate how elevators work through a series of pulleys by constructing our
own elevator system.
Elevators are vertical lift transportation systems that effectively move people
between floors of buildings. Most are powered by eclectic motors that pull steel
cables along pulleys.
The first known reference to an elevator comes from the Roman architect Vitruvius. He reported that
mathematician and inventor Archimedes built the first elevator in 236 B.C. Elevators in this time
period were mentioned to have been constructed from hemp rope and powered by hand or animals.
Prototypes of elevators were later found in palaces of both England and France.
By the middle of the 1800's, there were dozens of crude elevators that were designed to carry both
freight and human. These ancient elevators worked through hydraulic systems, the first every using
a plunger below the elevator car to raise or lower it. To assist in lifting the enormous weight of the
elevator, a counter-balancing system was implemented.
Required materials
 Piece of plywood (or other suitable hard surface wood)

 Six empty spindles
 A cardboard box (we'll use this to create our small elevator)
 String or thread
 Six nails
 A small weight, such as a heavy screw
 Tape
 Scissors
 Ruler
 Pen or Pencil
 Hammer

Between 1 and 2 hours
 1. First we'll need to construct our tiny elevator car from the cardboard box. Using your ruler and pen,
draw five six-inch by six-inch squares on your cardboard box. Cut the squares from the box with your
scissors. Tape the squares in a manner that will make an open box. Do this by aligning the squares at
their edges and joining them together with some tape. Once complete your elevator should look like
the example in Figure A.
 2. Attach the spindles to the wooden frame using the nails. The spindles should be aligned so that
four are spread evenly at the top of the wood, about four inches apart for each spindle. Two additional
spindles should be placed at the bottom of the box, also four inches apart. See Figure B as a
placement guideline.
 3. Tie a piece of string to the bottom of your cardboard elevator car. Tie two additional strings to the
top of your elevator car. See Figure A for an example.
 4. Pass the string attached to the bottom of the elevator car over the spindles 4, 3, 2, and 1. When
you get to spindle 2, loop the string over the spindle twice. Tie the end of string to the string on the
top of the box once it loops over spindle 1 (see Figure B).
 5. Attach the other string on the top of the elevator car around spindles 5 and 6. Make sure the string
lays over the spindles tightly and attach your counterweight (a large nut, screw, heavy key, or any
other weight that's appropriate).
 6. Make sure all strings are tight and all spindles are firmly in place.
 7. Turn the second spindle with your fingers (labeled 2 in the Figure B). What happens to the elevator
car? If constructed correctly, the elevator car should move up or down, depending on the direction you
rotate the spindle.
Note
Positioning the spindles and getting them to stay on your wood piece may be tricky at first, but keep
trying! The positioning doesn't have to be perfect. You just want to make sure that the spindles are
positioned in a way that the string will be able to sit atop them snugly, while still allowing them to
rotate. It may take several tries before you get everything just right.
Figure A Figure B
Observation
What happens when you turn the spindle? Does your elevator car move up? Does it move down?
How do you think the counterweight affects the movement of the elevator car? What do you think
would happen if you added some weight (to mimic people) inside the elevator car?
Result
When you turn spindle 2, the string attached is wound or unwound, resulting in the elevator car
moving up or down. The counterweight is used to balance the weight of the elevator car so it's easier
to pull up. As the elevator is lifted up, the counterweight moves down.
20.Make Electric Circuits
To construct a simple electric circuit and identify its parts. After this experiment, you will be able to
name the parts of the simple electric circuit and answer the question, “When does electricity flow in
the circuit?”
Make Electric Circuits

Purpose
To construct a simple electric circuit and identify its parts. After this
experiment, you will be able to name the parts of the simple electric
circuit and answer the question, “When does electricity flow in the circuit?”
Current electricity is a form of electricity that flows out of electrical outlets. It delivers great amount
of electricity that can harm you just like lightning. Electric current consists of electrons flowing in a
conductor such as a metal wire. Electricity is a form of energy and it can also be transformed. An
electric current moves along a conductor. The complete path taken by electric current is called a
circuit. A simple electric circuit is made up of several parts. For electrons to flow in the wire there
must be a source of power to give them a push just like a dry cell. It will allow electrons to flow in
the wire. In return, the metal wire acts as a conductor that allows the electrons to move easily to
and from the dry cell. The switch controls the flow of electron through the circuit and at the same
time opens and closes the circuit. The bulb is the device which transforms electricity to light. The
circuit is closed or complete when the electrons flow from the source and back again. On the other
hand, the circuit is open when there is a break in the circuit and electricity does not reach the bulb.
Required materials
 half meter copper wire cut into three

 dry cell
 small flashlight bulb with socket
 switch
 electrical tape
 scissors

 1. Get three pieces of copper wire and remove about half a centimeter of insulation at both ends.
 2. Attach one wire to the positive side of the dry cell and secure it with electrical tape.
 3. Then attach the other end to the right side of the light bulb.
 4. Get another wire and tape it on the negative side of the dry cell.
 5. Attach the other end to the left side of the switch.
 6. Get the last piece of wire and wound it to the right side of the switch.
 7. Next, attach it to the left side of the light bulb.
Note
Remove the insulator slowly to avoid cutting or damaging the wires. Do not play with the light bulb;
it is made of very light materials. Avoid touching the bulb especially if it lights up because its surface
can become hot.
Observation
How did you open and close the circuit? When you loosen the bulb and turned on the switch, what
happened? What happened when you tighten the bulb and remove one of the wires? Does the bulb
light up or not? What happens to the flow of electricity if a part in the circuit is missing?
Result
The parts of a circuit are the dry cell or the source, connecting wires, switch, and the device that
uses the electricity just like the light bulb. You can open and close the circuit using the switch. When
one part is missing, electricity will not flow. Electricity will only flow in the circuit if all parts are
present or functioning well and when the circuit is closed or complete.
21.Make Objects Float
To demonstrate how water displacement causes objects (such as ships) to float rather than sink.
Make Objects Float

Purpose
To demonstrate how water displacement causes objects (such as ships)
to float rather than sink.
Sink or swim! Displacement specifies the position of a point in reference
to an origin or to a previous position. Boats manage to stay afloat because their weight is equal or
less than the water it displaces.
Required materials
 Very large jar * (note: should be an old jar as you'll need to mark it)
 Empty soda bottle
 Water
 Black permanent marker
 Notepad and pen to record results

Less than an hour to set-up and conduct
 1. Pour some water into the large jar so that it's approximately 1/2 filled
 2. Mark a point on the jar at the top of the water-line using your black marker (note: you may also
use tape to mark the point)
 3. Pour some water into the soda bottle so it too is approximately 1/2 filled
 4. Mark a point on the bottle at the top of the water-line using your black marker
 5. Drop the soda bottle into the large jar (the bottle should float)
 6. Record the results in your journal
 7. Fill the soda bottle completely with water and again place it in the large jar
 8. If the bottle does not completely sink, mark the new water-line on the jar
 9. Record the results in your journal
Note
Depending on the size of your jar (and your soda bottle) the bottle may not sink when it's completely
full. If that's the case, try using a slightly smaller jar or larger soda bottle.
Observation
Make sure to make careful observations of what's happening each time you drop in the bottle.
Marking the bottle and jar allows you to track the differential of water displacement. Be sure to
record the variance in your journal so you can answer questions about the experiment. For example:
What happened when you dropped in the bottle of soda when it was 1/2 full? How much water was
pushed up in the jar? Did the bottle sink? What happened the second time when the bottle was filled
with water? Can you describe the process of displacement in relation to this experiment?
Result
When the bottle with 1/2 water was dropped into the jar, the weight of the bottle caused the water
to rise by pushing it away from itself. The difference between the marked water-line on the jar and
the new one is how much water was pushed away or displaced. The second time when you filled the
soda bottle with water and dropped it into the jar, it sank to the bottom because it became heavier
than the water it was pushing away.
22.Make Static Electricity
To find out how static electricity is produced. After this experiment you will be able to differentiate
static electricity from current electricity and answer the question, “What kind of electricity is
produced when you rub two materials of different kinds?”
Make Static Electricity

Purpose
To find out how static electricity is produced. After this experiment you will be
able to differentiate static electricity from current electricity and answer the
question, “What kind of electricity is produced when you rub two materials of
different kinds?”
There are two kinds of electricity namely static and current electricity. Static
electricity or electricity at rest is a kind of electricity produced when you rub and
stroke two different materials especially non-metals. They attract light objects such as small bits of
paper and cotton thread to them. It is a form of electricity that does not flow but stays fixed on a
certain location. It is very different from electricity that flows in wires like the one used to operate
our appliances at home. Rubbing materials causes electrons to move. This results in materials
becoming positively or negatively charged. Objects having opposite charges attract while those with
the same charges repel. In addition, static electricity is produced by friction and is only present
temporarily.
Required materials
 comb
 small pieces of paper
 dry woolen cloth
 inflated balloon
 sand

Around 15 minutes.
 1. Bring your comb near small pieces of paper and observe what happens.
 2. Now rub your comb briskly with a dry woolen cloth.
 3. Bring the comb towards some tiny pieces of paper and write down your observation.
 4. Rub an inflated balloon with a woolen cloth.
 5. Put the balloon against the wall and observe what happens.
 6. Rub the balloon with the woolen cloth again.
 7. Hold the balloon over very dry fine sand.
Note
Make sure you perform the experiment in an enclosed area to prevent sand and paper from getting
carried away by wind. Be careful not to play with the sand since it can get into your eyes.
Observation
What happened when you bring your comb near small pieces of paper? What happened when you
rubbed your comb with the cloth and brought it near the pieces of paper? Compare your observation
with the first step. What caused the balloon to stick on the wall? Do you think the same thing will
happen without rubbing the balloon on the cloth first? What happens to the sand when you bring the
balloon near it? What kind of electricity is produced?
Result
The pieces of paper did not react to the comb in the first step but after rubbing the comb with the
cloth, the comb gained negative electrons so it becomes negatively charged and attracted the pieces
of paper. The balloon stuck on the wall because it is negatively charged while the wall is positively
charged. It will not do so if it is not rubbed with a woolen cloth. The same thing happened when in
rubbing the balloon and holding it over fine sand. The balloon attracted the sand. This kind of
electricity that stays fixed on a location is known as static electricity or electricity at rest.
23.Matchbox Guitar
To demonstrate how string instruments work by building our very own miniature guitar from a
matchbox.
Matchbox Guitar
Purpose
To demonstrate how string instruments work by building our very own
miniature guitar from a matchbox.
Traditional guitars are played acoustically, where the sound produced is a
result of the vibration of the strings and modulated by a hollow body. Electric guitars produce an
electronically manipulated tone when played through amplifiers. As the guitar strings are plucked,
the guitar pickup senses the vibrations from the strings and sends along an electronic signal to the
amplifier. The amp reads the signal and converts it into an adjustable audible sound by boosting it
through a speaker system.
Traditionally, guitar strings were made from cat intestines. These days strings are made from nylon,
horse hair, bronze, and steel.
Required materials
 Empty matchbox
 4 small rubber bands
 Balsa wood (very soft and light wood with a coarse open grain, suitable for carving)
 Craft knife

About 15 to 30 minutes
 1. Cut the piece of balsa wood into a flat triangular shape so that its length is a little longer than the
width of the matchbox.
 2. Place the triangle across the width of the matchbox so that the pointed end is hanging over. You
don't need the piece that is hanging over, so cut it off. You now have what is called the "bridge".
 3. Lay the bridge on the closed matchbox. Open the matchbox so it's about three-fourths open.
 4. Put the rubber bands over the matchbox lengthwise and space them evenly. Make sure the rubber
bands are tight. This can be done by opening the matchbox a little more.
 5. Raise your bridge so that it stands up. Play your guitar!
Note
If you're having trouble getting the bands to fit tightly around the matchbox, smaller rubber bands
may need to be used. Also, if you find your bands slipping off the bridge, you can create small grooves
on the edge of the bridge where the rubber bands can rest. Refer to illustration for a basic idea on
what your matchbox guitar should look like.
Observation
What else could you have used in this experiment to create a more varied sound on your matchbox
guitar? Do you think you can use some of the principles you've learned here to create a bowed string
(violin, cello, etc) instrument out of some common household items?
Result
The matchbox guitar is an example of a plucked string instrument, which also includes mandolins,
balalaikas, and bass guitars. The instrument works by plucking the string with your finger tips. The
different pitches are created by placing your finger at different points along the string to either
shorten the pitch or lengthen it based on the vibration. The strength at which the strings are plucked
also affects the frequency and pitch of the sound as it can create a larger vibration or a smaller
vibration.
24.Missing Reflection
To demonstrate how light rays interact with smooth surfaces to form reflections.
Missing Reflection
Purpose
To demonstrate how light rays interact with smooth surfaces to form
reflections.
Mirrors perform the most common means of specular light reflection.
Mirrors are typically constructed of a smooth panel of glass that is in front
of a metallic coating. The reflection is enhanced in the metals by suppression of wave propagation
beyond their skin depths.
When light rays hit a rough or granular surface, the rays are bounced off in all directions. This is due
to the microscopic anomalies of the surface, causing an image (reflection) not to form. This behavior
is best known as diffuse reflection, where the energy is retained but the image is not.
When light hits a black object and can't pass through, it is absorbed and changed into heat energy. If
light hits a white object and can't pass through, it is reflected back. You can actually feel this
phenomena in summer time. If you wear black clothing in the hot sun, you'll feel hotter than if you
were wearing light colors or white.
Required materials
 Roll of aluminum foil

 Scissors

 1. Cut a 12 inch length of foil from the aluminum foil roll. Be careful to keep the surface of the foil
smooth.
 2. Lay the foil on a flat surface, such as a table or tile floor.
 3. Look at your reflection on the shinny side of the foil. Even though it's a bit blurred and jagged,
you'll still see your reflection clearly.
 4. Scrunch and wrinkle the foil until the surface is no longer smooth.
 5. Spread the foil back onto a smooth surface.
 6. Look at your reflection again. Like magic, your reflection has disappeared!
Note
Make sure to keep the foil smooth when rolling it out and cutting it.
Observation
The disappearing reflection can also be witnessed when a mirror surface is broken and cracked.
When the surface is smooth, you can see a clear reflection. As soon as the mirror gets spider-web
cracks, your reflection is distorted or goes away completely.
Can you think of other instances when you can see a clear reflection, only to have it disappear when
the surface is disturbed? How about ponds and other bodies of water?
Result
Light reflects from a surface in straight lines. When the surface is smooth the light rays reflect back
at you. When the surface is scrunched and wrinkled, the reflected light bounces in all directions and
your image seems to have disappeared.
25.Musical Bottles
To demonstrate how different pitched sounds are made.
Musical Bottles
Purpose
To demonstrate how different pitched sounds are made.
Pitch is one of the three primary auditory attributes of sound, along with
loudness and timbre. It represents the perceived natural frequency (also
called fundamental frequency) of sound and can be perceived differently by different people. It's also
affected by the amplitude of the sound, especially at lower frequencies where a low note will sound
lower in pitch when it's played at a louder level.
Required materials
 5 to 8 identical glass bottles. These could be thin jars, beakers, or even empty glass soda bottles.
 Water
 A spoon, fork, or butter knife

Less than 5 minutes to set-up, as much time as you want to make music!
 1. Place the bottles in a straight line, about 2 to 4 inches apart from each other.
 2. Fill the bottles one-by-one until the water level is staggered. For example, fill the first bottle with a
small amount of water. Fill the second bottle with more water than the first bottle. Fill the third bottle
with more water than the second bottle, and so forth and so on until all of your bottles have a varying
amount of water. when your done the first bottle should have the least amount of water and the last
bottle the most.
 3. Take your spoon, fork, or knife, and strike the tops of each bottle one after the other and listen to
the different pitches.
 4. Strike the bottles in any order to make music.
Note
The pitch created is dependant not only on the amount of water, but the size and type of bottle being
used. It's important to use the same types of bottle for the best musical result.
If you want to make a musical scale, place the bottles in order from the one that makes the lowest
sound to the one that makes the highest sound (you may need to remove or add water to some of
the bottles).
Observation
Can you play a tune on your musical bottles, such as "Mary Had a Little Lamb?". Hit the bottles with
your fork and listen to the pitch from each one. Try to associate it to the notes of "Mary Had a Little
Lamb" to the pitch of the bottles. You can even label your bottles from 1 to 5 or 1 to 8 (depending on
the number of bottles you used) and use tape to mark the water levels. This way you can your notes
(the bottle numbers) down on paper and perform the same musical concert each time you conduct
the experiment!
Result
The more water in the bottle, the lower the pitch will be when played. This is because the sound
vibrations you can hear come from the actual bottle, as you add water it takes on greater vibrating
mass. The less water that's in the bottle means there is less weight that vibrates and the pitch is
higher.
26.Paper Bridge
To construct a paper bridge that is strong enough to support several "vehicles" while demonstrating
the force of tension.
Paper Bridge
Purpose
To construct a paper bridge that is strong enough to support several
"vehicles" while demonstrating the force of tension.
Structures, such as bridges, are anything that can support it's own weight
in addition to weight of other objects against gravity. There are two kinds of forces provided by
weight: compression and tension. Compression is the force that causes the pushing down and
tightening of the structure. Tension is opposite of compression and is the pull that causes the
stretching of the structure. Triangles support both compression and tension. As compression is
pushing down on the sides of the triangle, the base is pulled up equally in two directions, causing
tension.
Required materials
 Two even sized wooden blocks

 Several standard sheets of writing paper
 Several coins (pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters)

5 or more minutes (depending on how many bridges you need to construct).
 1. Place the blocks on a solid surface, such as a floor or table. Place them about 6 inches apart.
 2. Create a paper bridge using one of the sheets of paper. You can fold the bridge any way you like!
The goal is to make it sturdy enough to hold several coin "vehicles".
 3. With your bridge folded, place it on the wooden blocks so that it spans the length of the bridge
evenly.
 4. One by one, place your coin "vehicles" in the center of the bridge on your "roadway". Do not place
the coins on the wooden blocks.
 5. How many coins was your bridge able to support before it collapsed?
 6. Repeats steps 2 through 5, this time folding the bridge in a different manner. The goal is to find
the best fold of the bridge so that it will support the most coin "vehicles" before it collapses.
 7. Which one of your paper bridges was the strongest and could hold the most coin "vehicles"?
Note
Do not put any weights or support on the ends of the wooden blocks to hold the bridge down. The
bridge should be placed to lie freely across the blocks. Also make sure to stack the coins only in the
center of the bridge.
Observation
What would happen if you were to move the blocks further apart or closer together? What other
materials could you use to form your bridge?
Result
Did you create a bridge with a corrugated roadway, similar to the folds of a paper fan? If so, you
created a very sturdy bridge! The alternating bends and folds form triangular ridges which form the
strongest structure as all three sides equally bear the load.
27.Pascal’s Law
To demonstrate Pascal’s Law
Pascal’s Law
Purpose
To demonstrate Pascal’s Law
Pascal’s Law states that when you apply pressure to confined fluids (contained in
a flexible yet leak-proof enclosure so that it can’t flow out), the fluids will then
transmit that same pressure in all directions within the container, at the same
rate.
The simplest instance of this is stepping on a balloon; the balloon bulges out on all sides under the
foot and not just on one side. This is precisely what Pascal’s Law is all about – the air which is the
fluid in this case, was confined by the balloon, and you applied pressure with your foot causing it to
get displaced uniformly.
Pascal’s Principle and Hydraulics
Hydraulic systems use an incompressible fluid, such as oil or water, to transmit the force applied
within the fluid from one location to another. Most aircrafts use hydraulics in the braking systems as
well as landing gear.
Pneumatic systems use compressible fluids such as air for their operation. Some aircrafts also utilize
pneumatic systems for their brakes, landing gear as well as the movement of wing flaps.
Required materials
 Matchsticks
 Bottle
 Rubber balloon
 Twine

Less than 5 minutes
 1. Prepare the matchsticks by cutting off the heads of the matches and discarding the tail ends
(portions without the combustible head).
 2. Fill the bottle to the brim with water
 3. Drop the matchstick-heads into the bottle
 4. Cover the mouth of the balloon tightly over the bottle’s opening.
 5. Press your finger on the balloon ‘diaphragm’ covering the mouth of the bottle.
Note
Ensure that the balloon you choose will fit tightly around the mouth of the bottle you choose for the
experiment. You may use twine to secure the balloon to the mouth of the bottle if necessary.
Observation
The match heads will float on top of the water initially but as soon as the finger is pressed on the
balloon diaphragm, they will begin to sink slowly to the bottom. However, when the finger is lifted,
the matchstick-heads float up again.
Result
The match heads move down owing to the pressure that is transmitted through the water. When the
finger is pressed down on the balloon diaphragm, a small quantity of water penetrates into each
match head, which adds enough weight it causing it sink. When the finger is removed, there is ample
air pressure inside the match heads to force out the water and make the match heads rise again.
Pascal’s Law is proven hence.
28.Pythagorean Tuning
To demonstrate how the length of a piece of string can affect sound.
Pythagorean Tuning
Purpose
To demonstrate how the length of a piece of string can affect sound.
Pythagoras of Samos, born between 580 and 572 BC, was an Ionian
Greek mathematician whom was revered for his contributions to math and science. He was the first
man to dub himself a philosopher and lover of wisdom. He founded the religious movement called
Pythagoreanism and his followers were aptly named Pythagoreans. With a devote following of music,
Pythagoras and his Pythagoreans set out to improve the music of there day, which was criticized by
Pythagoras as being too hectic and non-harmonious.
It so happened that one day Pythagoras was passing by a Blacksmith's when he heard the sounds of
hammers ringing down on anvils. Pythagoras thought the sound to be beautiful and harmonious and
determined whatever scientific law caused the sound to be produced must be mathematical. It was
through this epiphany that Pythagoras discovered that musical notes could be translated into
mathematical equations. Each anvil was a simple ratio of the other. That is, one anvil was half the
size of the first anvil and the second was 2/3 the size, and so forth and so on. Soon the system of
musical tuning in which frequency relationships are intervals based on a 3:2 ratio was born. This is
the Pythagorean Tuning system.
Required materials
 Hard string or fishing line about 6 feet in length. You may also consider using a pack of steel or nylon
guitar strings, which can be found at any instrument store or large retailer (such as Walmart).
 2 bricks
 Ruler
 Pen or pencil (optional)
 Journal (optional)

About 10 or 15 minutes
 1. Take the string and wrap some of it around one of the bricks as tightly as possible.
 2. Measure out 3 ruler lengths of string (about 3 feet) and wrap the rest of the string around the
other brick.
 3. Move the bricks apart until the string is very tight and can be plucked.
 4. Pluck the string. What sound does it make?
 5. Shorten the length of the string between bricks by rolling move of it around one of the bricks. Once
again move the bricks apart to keep the string tight.
 6. Pluck the string. What sound does it make?
 7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 several times until, noting the sound each time the string is plucked. Keep
repeating until the bricks are only a few inches apart.
Note
You may optionally track the variance of sound in your journal. Create a chart with two columns, the
first column reading "String Distance", and the second reading "Description". As you pluck
Observation
Can you explain why this experiment is similar to the tuning of a guitar or other string instrument?
How do you think the size (thickness) of the string effects the sound produced? What would the
sound be like if you plucked the string harder? What about if you plucked it softer? Can you produce
sounds from your string without actually plucking it?
Result
Sound is produced by vibrations through the air. The longer strings produces a longer vibration,
resulting in a lower pitch note. As the string shortens, the vibration is reduced and the sound
produced is at a higher pitch.
29.Rollercoasters & Loops
To demonstrate how much height a marble will need (when funneled through a foam channel
designed to mimic a rollercoaster) to make a complete loop of a certain size.
Rollercoasters & Loops

Purpose
To demonstrate how much height a marble will need (when funneled
through a foam channel designed to mimic a rollercoaster) to make a
complete loop of a certain size.
You may need an adult’s help to cut the foam tube and you’ll need a
surface high enough to secure the starting point of the “rollercoaster” so it will make a complete
loop.
Required materials
 6 feet or more of foam pipe insulation, about 4 cm in diameter

 Knife or sharp pair of utility scissors
 Marbles
 Tape (masking or duct)
 Tape measure

One to three days.
 1. Have an adult help you cut the foam pipe insulation lengthwise and then cut the tube to form two
separate types of “slides” for the marble.
 2. Begin taping the channels together to make a rollercoaster “track” as long as you want.
 3. Decide on a certain diameter for your loop. You may want to do some research to find out what
diameter will work best, but you don’t have to. You can experiment with different diameters to find
the best one – just don’t make the diameter of the loop too large or you may not find a height in your
house that is high enough for the starting point that will enable your marble to complete the loop.
 4. Raise the starting end to a high point, such as on a bookshelf, and tape it down. You will also want
to tape down the loop and other parts of the track to the floor to stabilize the track.
 5. For each height, roll the marble down the track 12 times. Does the marble ever complete the loop?
If it does, how many times?
 6. Work with different starting point heights until you find the lowest height that will cause the marble
to complete the loop almost all the time.
Note
You may need to experiment with different marble sizes as well to find the best combination of track
height, marble weight and loop diameter.
Observation
Once you’ve found the perfect formula, measure the diameter of the loop and the height of the
starting point of the track.
Result
After some experimentation, you should be able to find a successful formula for both loop diameter
and starting point height to get the marble to roll down the track and complete the loop successfully
most of the time.
30.Rubber Heat Reaction
To demonstrate how rubber material reacts when exposed to high levels of heat (rubber-band
thermodynamics).
Rubber Heat Reaction
Purpose
To demonstrate how rubber material reacts when exposed to high levels
of heat (rubber-band thermodynamics).
Patented in Australia on March 17, 1845 by Stephen Perry, the rubber
band has become an important part of our lives. We use rubber bands to organize papers, keep
things shut tight, and for the occasional slingshot. Rubber bands originated from the sap of rubber
trees, which are found mostly near the equator in humid climates. Most of the rubber bands today
are made from synthetic materials, combining petroleum byproducts in a reactor with soapsuds to
produce a milky liquid latex.
Entropy is a theoretical concept applied across physics, mathematics, and various branches of
science. It's a way of measuring the amount of disorder in any given system. The thermodynamics of
rubber bands is entirely entropy-driven.
Required materials
 Several large rubber bands

 Hair dryer
 A small toy or solid item that can be attached to the rubber band and that isn't made of rubber
 Doorknob or hook (such as a picture hook... something to hang the rubber band from)
 Tape measure
 Pen
 Journal (to record your results)

 1. Hang the rubber band on a doorknob or hook.

 2. Attach the toy or small object to the rubber band (make sure it's not made of rubber). It should be
attached in a manner that allows the item to "hang" from the band. At this point you should have a
dangling object hanging from the middle of the band that's attached to the doorknob or hook.
 3. Use the tape measurer to measure the distance from the floor to the bottom of the dangling toy or
object. Record the result in your journal.
 4. Carefully heat the rubber band with your hair dryer, making sure that the heat is focused on the
rubber band as much as possible. This step shouldn't take too long, so be careful not to melt the band
(or your dangling object).
 5. Use your tape measure to once again measure the distance from the floor to the bottom of the
dangling object. Record the results in your journal.
 6. Compare the results from the first measurement against the results from the second
measurement. Can you explain your findings? Were they what you expected?
Note
Needless to say, using the hair dryer on the rubber band will cause it (and everything around it) to
get HOT! Take extreme care Whenever dealing with electricity or heat. If you're a younger scientist,
you may want to get a parent or grownup involved.
Observation
Why do rubber bands contract when heated instead of expanding? Can you explain the phenomenon?
What would happen if you hung the object with a piece of string? What about if you used a metal
wire? Can you give some examples of real-life situations where heat can affect rubber objects? What
about rubber tires on hot pavement in summer?
Result
The thermodynamics of rubber bands are most unusual. Unlike most materials, rubber shrinks when
it's heated rather than expanding. When you stretch a rubber band, it gives off heat as the entropy
goes down and the molecules become less disordered. When the band is relaxed it's entropy goes up
as the molecules become more disordered. So, contraction of the rubber band is entropy-driven.
31.Secondary Colors
To discover how secondary colors are derived from primary colors
Secondary Colors
Purpose
To discover how secondary colors are derived from primary colors
There are seven colors defining wavelengths of visible light. These colors
are red, yellow, green, blue, orange, indigo and violet. This "visible light"
corresponds to a wavelength range of 400 - 700 nanometers (nm). From
shortest to longest wavelength, the visible colors are ordered as follows: violet, blue, green, yellow,
orange, and red.
Additive Color Models There are three primary colors for additive colorizations. These are red,
green, and blue and are often referred to as RGB in the digital world. All computer images use a
combination of these three primary colors. When added together, these component colors form the
color white.
Subtractive Color Models The primary colors for subtractive coloration, as in art, are cyan, yellow,
and magenta. When combined these colors form the color black.
In this experiment we'll create an array of secondary colors that are derived from primary colors red,
yellow, and blue using sheets of cellophane (a thin, transparent sheet made of regenerated
cellulose).
Required materials
 Flashlight
 Red cellophane
 Blue cellophane
 Yellow cellophane
 Tape
 Pen
 Journal or notebook (to record results)

As little as 5 minutes or as long as your creativity will allow.
 1. Find an area in your house where there is a white wall. The wall needs to be solid white, not off-
white or colored.
 2. Cover the top of the flashlight with a sheet of red cellophane. Now cover the red cellophane with a
sheet of yellow cellophane. Shine the flashlight on the wall. What color do you see? Record the results
in your journal.
 3. Remove the yellow cellophane sheet from the previous step.
 4. Now cover the sheet of red cellophane with a sheet of blue cellophane. Shine the flashlight on the
wall. What color do you see? Record the results in your journal.
 5. Remove both the blue AND red cellophane sheets from the previous step. You should now have an
uncovered flashlight.
 6. Cover the top of the flashlight with a sheet of blue cellophane. Now cover the blue cellophane with
a sheet of yellow cellophane. Shine the flashlight on the wall. What color do you see? Record the
results in your journal.
 7. What other colors can you make with the flashlight and the cellophane? Try different combinations
and find out!
Note
If your cellophane is not self-adhesive, you'll need to use tape to get the cellophane to attach over
the top of the flashlight.
Observation
What colors did you create with the flashlight and cellophane? Did you expand the experiment and
try to make your own secondary colors? Do you think you can make black with the cellophane
sheets? Give it a try and find out!
Result
Primary colors for subtractive colorization in art are made up of red, blue, and yellow. When
combinations of these colors are put together, they form secondary colors such as green, orange, or
purple. When you place the cellophane combinations on the flashlight and shine it on the wall, you're
creating secondary colors!
32.Separate Salt And Pepper
To demonstrate how static electricity can be used to separate pepper from a salt and pepper mix.
Separate Salt And Pepper

Purpose
To demonstrate how static electricity can be used to separate pepper
from a salt and pepper mix.
All matter is made up of tiny atoms, which in turn are made of even
smaller parts called protons, electrons and neutrons. While protons have a positive (+) charge,
electrons have a negative (-) charge and neutrons have no charge at all. Usually, atoms have the
same number of electrons and protons making them devoid of any charge or ‘neutral.’
Required materials
 Comb
 Salt
 Pepper
 Cloth or material that can create a strong static charge, preferably wool.
 Inflated balloon (optional)

Less than 5 minutes
 1. Shake some salt onto a flat surface with a table cloth.

 2. Shake some pepper over the salt.
 3. Mix the salt and pepper together with your fingertips until there is an even mixture of salt and
pepper.
 4. Set your comb with a static charge by rubbing it against some cloth or your inflated balloon (if you
have one).
 5. With your comb charged slowly lower it above the salt and pepper mixture, teeth side down until
it's about 1 inch away.
 6. Like magic the pepper particles separate from the salt particles and cling to the comb!
Note
Be careful not to get salt or pepper in your eyes. You may want to wear safety goggles to ensure
100% eye protection.
Observation
What would happen if you were to charge the balloon against the wool or cloth and then use that in
place of the comb? What would happen if you quickly moved the balloon over the mixture? What if
you got really close to the mixture?
Result
When the comb is rubbed against the cloth or balloon, it becomes negatively charged. The salt and
pepper are both positively charged, which means they will form a natural attraction to the static from
the comb. When the comb is slowly placed above the mixture, the pepper particles fly up and attract.
Why do the pepper particles attract while the salt doesn't? Pepper particles are much lighter than the
salt, so they're quicker to attract to the comb. If you were to bring the comb closer to the mixture,
the heavier salt would eventually cling to it as well.
33.Snappy Sounds
To demonstrate how colliding particles from vibration bang into one another to produce sound.
Snappy Sounds
Purpose
To demonstrate how colliding particles from vibration bang into one
another to produce sound.
There are two types of vibration that can be classified, free vibration and
forced vibration. Free vibration occurs when a system is set off and then allowed to vibrate freely.
For example, hitting a tuning fork or the top of a glass with a metal instrument and letting it ring.
The mechanical system will at its natural frequency before it eventually dampens down to zero.
Forced vibration occurs when alternating forces are applied to a system. For example, imbalanced
washing machines "shakiness" is a forced vibration. The swaying of buildings during an earthquake is
another example of a forced vibration. With forced vibration the frequency of the vibration is the
frequency of the force or motion applied.
Sound and vibration are closely related as sound is comprised of vibration frequencies that are
capable of being detected by ears. Sound waves are characterized by the generic properties of
waves, which are frequency, wavelength, period, amplitude, intensity, speed, and direction.
Additionally, polarization is a property of Transverse waves.
Required materials
 Plastic or metal ruler (or both)

 Table edge

Less than 5 minutes
 1. Take the ruler and place it so one-half is on the table and the other half is over the edge of the
table.
 2. Firmly hold the half of the ruler on the table with your hand (hold it tightly). Use your other hand
to pull up on the part of the ruler hanging over the table.
 3. Let go of the ruler and listen to the sound it makes. Keep repeating this action. What are you
hearing? Move the ruler further off the table. Try again with the ruler further on the table.
Note
Make sure to keep your face clear of the ruler when snapping it! Also ensure there is nothing around
the ruler that could break if it accidentally slipped out of your grasp.
Observation
Can you make higher or lower sounds by moving the ruler? Why is this happening? How could you
adjust the ruler position to make musical tunes? Try setting up several rulers in a row. Place each
one so the part of the ruler that hangs off the edge of the table varies from long to short. Place
heavy objects to keep the rulers in place or tape them down with packing tape. Now try and
compose a "musical" tune.
Result
When an object (in this case, the ruler) vibrates through the air, particles bang into each other and
sound is produced. Pitch is how high or how low a sound is. When the ruler vibrates at a slower
speed, the air particles around it are not agitated and so the sound is at a lower pitch.
34.Sound Waves
To demonstrate how sound waves can penetrate various types of materials.
Sound Waves
Purpose
To demonstrate how sound waves can penetrate various types of
materials.
Sound is transmitted through gases, liquids, solids, and plasma as longitudinal waves. The energy
carried by longitudinal waves, also known as compression waves, converts back and forth between
potential energy of the compression and the kinetic energy of the oscillations within the medium.
This displacement of the sound wave results in oscillation.
There are many modern and classic technological achievements that take advantage of sound waves.
Doctors and scientists use sound waves to see into our bodies. Stethoscopes are used to amplify
sound waves so doctors can listen to our heartbeats while ultrasounds are used to create images of
our hearts and stomachs. Other equipment that is used for generating, manipulating, or amplifying
sound waves include hearing aids, musical instruments, and sonar systems.
Required materials
 Three drinking glasses of the same size

 Water
 Ice Cubes
 Slinky
 Pen or pencil
 Journal (to record results)

About 15 minutes.
 1. Place the three glasses in a row on a table or other solid surface.

 2. Fill the first glass about two-thirds full with water.
 3. Fill the second glass about two-thirds full with the ice cubes.
 4. Leave the third glass empty.
 5. Tap the glass by giving it a flick with your finger. What sound does it make? If you shake your
hand while tapping the glass can you see the vibration?
 6. Tap the glass that has the water in it. Note the sound that it makes.
 7. Tap the glass with the ice cubes in it. What sound does it make? Note the difference between the
other glasses.
 8. To demonstrate how the sound is traveling when you tap your glasses, you'll use your slinky.
Stretch the slinky out and give one end a push or shake. The wave that travels the slinky from one
end to the other demonstrates a "longitudinal wave", which demonstrates how sound travels.
 9. Higher pitched sounds travel at a faster rate while the lower pitched ones travel at a lower rate.
Now tap your glasses again, each time giving your slinky a shake to demonstrate faster and slower
sound wave travel. Note in your journal the sound waves for each glass.
 10. You can explore other sound waves around your house by finding various objects and tapping
them. Each time give your slinky a shake to visually see how the sound is traveling. Notate your
results in your journal so you can compare and contrast the results.
Note
If you don't have a slinky, you can try using any large spring to demonstrate the longitudinal waves
that occur when you tap the glasses.
Observation
Can you give some examples of advanced technology that primarily uses sound waves?
Result
Sound is vibration that travels in longitudinal waves and travels through matter - liquid, air, gas, and
solids. When you make a sound, the vibration moves the matter particles around it, which in turn
move the next set of particles, carrying the pulse of the vibration in a wave. When you tap the glass
and shake the slinky, it demonstrates how the sound waves travel through the different materials.
35.Spectrum through Water
To create a spectrum using a beam of light passing through water
Spectrum through Water

Purpose
To create a spectrum using a beam of light passing through water
A glass simple prism can be used to split a beam of white light into its
component colors. The phenomenon due to which white light splits into
component colors is called dispersion.
Required materials
 Shallow bowl
 Water
 Mirror
 Torch

Less than 5 minutes
 1. Fill a shallow bowl with water

 2. Place a mirror in this shallow bowl containing water so that it is at an angle of about 30 degrees to
the surface of the water
 3. Make the room dark (switch off lights / cover windows with dark cloth or paper)
 4. Shine the torch on the mirror
Note
The angle at which the mirror is placed is crucial to the formation of the spectrum on the ceiling.
Observation
When a beam of light from the torch is shone on the mirror immersed in water, a small spectrum of
rainbow colors appears on the ceiling.
Result
The experiment proves that white light is composed of different colors of the spectrum, each
possessing different wave lengths. Each water molecule acts as a simple prism causing the refraction
of each wave length of light at a different angles ultimately leading to the formation of the colors of
the spectrum on the surface on which the reflected beam of light falls.
36.Static Electricity
To use static electricity to separate a mixture of salt and pepper
Static Electricity
Purpose
To use static electricity to separate a mixture of salt and pepper
All matter is made up of tiny atoms, which in turn are made of even
smaller parts called protons, electrons and neutrons. While protons have
a positive (+) charge, electrons have a negative (-) charge and neutrons have no charge at all.
Usually, atoms have the same number of electrons and protons making them devoid of any charge
or ‘neutral.’
Required materials
 Salt
 Pepper (ground)
 Plastic comb
 Cloth

Less than five minutes
 1. Shake some salt on a tablecloth

 2. Shake some pepper on top of it
 3. Mix well with your finger
 4. Rub the comb a few times on the cloth
 5. Bring the comb to about an inch above the salt and pepper mixture
Note
Use clean dry wool cloth to rub the plastic comb for best results.
Observation
The pepper particles are attracted to the comb and attach themselves to it.
Result
By rubbing the plastic comb with cloth, a static electric charge was developed on the comb which
causes it to attract particles towards itself. The pepper particles being lighter than salt, are attracted
to the comb and attach themselves to it.
37.Super Strength Egg
To demonstrate the strength of an eggshell when weight and pressure is applied to it.
Super Strength Egg

Purpose
To demonstrate the strength of an eggshell when weight and pressure is applied to
it.
The hardest natural substance on earth is a diamond. It's made from layers of
compacted carbon and can only be scratched by another diamond. Diamonds form
by carbon being exposed to high temperatures and pressures for millions of year’s
deep underground. Eggshells are certainly no substitute for diamonds, but you
may be surprised at just how strong they really are. In this experiment we'll explore the strength of
eggshells by exerting pressure that gradually increases. How much weight will your eggshell handle
before it cracks under pressure?
Required materials
 Two raw eggs of the same size

 Masking tape
 Fingernail scissors
 Several Large cans of food
 Several small cans of food
 Rigid cardboard
 Kitchen scales
 Cup
 Pen and journal to record results (optional)
About 15 to 20 minutes
 1. Wrap a strip of masking tape around the middle of each egg. Keep a gap between the ends of the
masking tape. In other words, do not wrap the tape so it touches end-to-end.
 2. Carefully make a small hole in each egg shell between the gaps in the tape. You can do this with
the sharp tip of your fingernail scissors.
 3. Empty the contents of each egg into a cup. Do this by pouring the contents of the egg through the
holes you created.
 4. Place the end of your fingernail scissors in the center of the holes you created. Cut around the
middle of the eggshell covered with the masking tape. Separate the halves and trim off all jagged
pieces until it's smooth and flat. You'll have 2 halves per egg (4 halves in total) of equal size. (NOTE:
It's recommended to wash your egg shells at this point).
 5. Place the half-eggshells on a hard flat surface (such as a table or tile floor), dome-side up. Place
them in an arrangement so that they are close together and make a square.
 6. Cut a square from your rigid cardboard that's about 1 inch larger on all sides than your egg
formation.
 7. Lay the square cardboard on top of the egg formation.
 8. Place your largest can gently on the cardboard.
 9. Stack on several additional cans one at a time. How many cans are you able to stack before one or
more of the eggs starts to crack?
 10. When one of the eggs crack, STOP! Take the cans off the egg platform and weigh them on your
kitchen scale. Add the total to see how much weight your egg platform was able to withstand before
cracking.
 11. Write your results in a journal.
Note
It's recommended you wear latex gloves as touching raw eggs can pose a health risk. It's also
recommended that you wash the inside of your eggs shells once you've cut them open. This will
allow you to remove any access eggs whites and yolk from the interior walls of the shell.
Observation
How much weight did your egg platform withstand? Do you think it would have made a difference if
you used more eggs for your platform? For example, 8 eggs instead of 4. What color eggs did you
use? What if you were to use eggs of a different color (for example, white as opposed to brown).
Would the result be the same?
Result
The strength of the egg is within its dome shape. No single point of the dome supports the whole
weight of the cans on top of it. The weight spreads along the curved walls to the wide base, allowing
the eggshells to support more weight. The principles in this demonstration are valuable to architects
who strive to design safe buildings and structures that must support thousands of tons of weight.
38.Vibrating Coin
To demonstrate the expansion of air when heated.
Vibrating Coin
Purpose
To demonstrate the expansion of air when heated.
The temperature of a gas is directly proportional to the speed with which its
molecules move. Increasing the temperature of a gas results in an increase of the
average speed (and therefore the kinetic energy) of its molecules. This in turn
causes the molecules to ‘spread out’ by virtue of a phenomenon known as thermal
expansion.
Required materials
 Coin
 Bottle
 Refrigerator
 Water

Approximately 15 to 20 minutes
 1. Place an empty bottle in a refrigerator to cool

 2. Place the cooled bottle outside
 3. Dip your finger in water and place a few drops around mouth of the bottle and the edge of the coin
 4. Place a coin on the mouth of the bottle
 5. Place both your hands around the bottle; hold firmly
 6. Remove your hands after a while
Note
 Use a bottle with a mouth narrow enough to be closed completely with a coin.
 Applying water on the rim of the bottle mouth and the coin’s edge will help seal the bottle.
Observation
In approximately fifteen seconds from covering the bottle with your hands, the coin will start to
vibrate up and down. When you do remove your hands after a short while, the coin continues to
vibrate.
Result
As soon as the bottle is taken out of the refrigerator the temperature of the gas inside the bottle
begins to rise; encasing the bottle with your hands increases the temperature further. When the
bottle is heated, the air molecules inside it start moving faster and these molecules collide with the
coin with more energy. This results in increased pressure which in turn is caused by the expanding
air that escapes though the rim of the coin and makes it vibrate.
39.Water Displacement
To demonstrate how water levels are affected by objects of various mass. This phenomenon is
commonly known as water displacement.
Water Displacement
Purpose
To demonstrate how water levels are affected by objects of various mass. This
phenomenon is commonly known as water displacement.
Archimedes of Syracuse was an ancient philosopher, inventor, astronomer, engineer,
and one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. One day Archimedes was
summoned to determine the volume of a new crown that had been made for King
Hiero II. He was asked to ensure it was made from solid gold and did not contain
silver or other imperfect materials by the goldsmith who fashioned it. The crown was in the shape of
a laurel wreath, a most irregular shape and one whose volume could not be easily measured by
traditional means. Archimedes was puzzled on how to solve the problem without damaging the
crown. One day while taking a bath Archimedes noticed that the water level raised as he entered the
bathtub and lowered back to it's original level when he got out of the bathtub. He realized that this
effect could be used to determine the volume of the crown. When submerged, the crown would
displace water that was equal to its volume. The density could be calculated by dividing the weight of
the crown by the volume of water it displaced. Archimedes could then determine if the density was
lower than that of solid gold, which would occur if cheaper quality metals were used. With this
discovery, Archimedes jumped from the bathtub and took to the streets naked yelling "Eureka!"
(Geek for "I have found it!"), forgetting all about the fact that he left his robe behind.
Required materials
 Glass jar with a lid

 water
 Bucket
 Pen or pencil
 Journal to record results
About 10 to 15 minutes.
 1. Fill the bucket with water so it's about three-fourths full.

 2. Make sure the jar has it's lid attached. Place the jar into the water. What happens? Write it in your
journal.
 3. Now, slowly push the jar to the bottom of the bucket. Look at the level of water on the side of the
bucket. What happens? Does the water level rise or fall? Record the result in your journal.
 4. Remove the jar from the bucket and fill it completely with water. Secure the lid on the jar. Place
the jar back into the bucket of water. Does the water level rise, fall, or stay the same? Record the
results in your journal.
Note
You can use other objects to experiment with in addition to the jar. Try finding various household
(but waterproof) items that you can put into the bucket.
Observation
What did you discover by conducting the experiment? Look through your notes in your journal. Can
you find a pattern? Can you describe another instance where you see the same effect? Try to find
several examples where you witness this phenomenon just about every day.
Result
When the jar is immersed in the bucket of water it results in displacement of the water, pushing the
water out of the way and taking it's place. When the jar was first placed in the bucket, it floated. This
is because the weight of the jar was less than the weight of the water it displaced. When the water
was pushed to the bottom (or filled with water), the jar sunk as the amount of water it displaced was
equal to the jar's volume. Archimedes' Principle states the amount of liquid displaced is directly
related to its weight.
Once displacement occurs the volume of the water can be easily measured, as can the volume of the
immersed object (in this case, our jar). As you may expect, the volume of the immersed object is
equal to that of the water which it displaced.

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To discover how white light is made.

2. Balloon Rocket Car

Estimated Experiment Time

Estimated Experiment Time

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

Foil pie plate

Writing pen (ball point will work very well)

Sock (must be wool)

Glue (if necessary)

Video camera, if you have one

Notebook paper or journal

Estimated Experiment Time

1. Gather your materials on the kitchen counter or on the table.

Estimated Experiment Time

2. Cool and remove the shell of the hard-boiled egg

3. Place the empty bottle on a flat surface

7.Floating Ball Experiment

To demonstrate the dynamics of air pressure

Floating Ball Experiment

Estimated Experiment Time

1. From one end of a plastic straw cut a 10 cm piece

To demonstrate the principle of buoyancy of warm air.

2. Tie a small piece of cardboard to the end of the balloon’s string

9.Friction And Vibration

Friction And Vibration

Estimated Experiment Time

3. Place the glass on the table.

6. Wet the index finger of your right hand with vinegar.

To construct a homemade windmill

11. Inertia of an Egg

Estimated Experiment Time

Estimated Experiment Time

13.Levers And Force

To demonstrate how levers use force.

Levers And Force

Estimated Experiment Time

14.Lift an Ice Cube

To lift an ice cube from a glass of water using a string.

Lift an Ice Cube

 1. Fill the glass with water

15.Long Lasting Bubbles

Long Lasting Bubbles

Estimated Experiment Time

Estimated Experiment Time

17.Make a Fuse Model

Make a Fuse Model

 two dry cells

Estimated Experiment Time

18.Make a Parallel Circuit

Make a Parallel Circuit

 two flashlight bulbs with sockets

Estimated Experiment Time

 1. Cut the wire into five parts.

 Piece of plywood (or other suitable hard surface wood)

Estimated Experiment Time

Figures & Illustrations

20.Make Electric Circuits

Make Electric Circuits

 half meter copper wire cut into three

Estimated Experiment Time

21.Make Objects Float

Make Objects Float

Estimated Experiment Time