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Na+ +1
Cl – -1
Al3+ +3
S2– -2
2
2. For free elements, oxidation number on each
atom = 0
Example: Atom/molecule oxidation number
Na 0
O2 0
Br2, P4,S8 0
3. For most cases, oxidation number for;
O = -2
H = +1
Halogens : F, Cl, Br, I = -1
Exception:
1. H bonded to metal
4
3. In a neutral compound
The total oxidation number of each atoms that
made up the molecule is zero.
xA + yB zC + wD
(reactant) (product)
a) Inspection b) Ion-electron
method method
10
Inspection Method
2. Balance element/atom
i. Balance the metallic element,
followed by non-metallic
atoms.
Al + H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + H2
1 Al atom 2 Al atoms
Balance polyatomic ions as a unit
2 Al + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3 H2
Balance H.
Reactants Products
2 Al 2 Al
6H 6H
3S 3S
12 O 12 O
Exercises 3:
3. C2H5OH + O2 CO2 +
H2O
Oxidation Reduction
An increase in A decrease in
oxidation number oxidation number
Loss of electrons Gain of electrons
reduction
reducing
0 agent -1
Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2
-1 0
oxidising
agent
oxidation
reduction
reducing +2
+7
agent
MnO4- + 8H++ 5Fe2+ Mn2++ 5Fe3++ 4H2O
+2 +3
oxidising
agent
oxidation
EXAMPLE 3: Balance the chemical equation in acidic
solution using the Ion–electron Method /
Half – Reaction Method
Reduction
STEPS:
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e-
+2 +3 –1
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e- X 6
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e-
5(Fe2+ Fe3+ + e-)
-1 + 10 + 8 = +17 +2 + 15 + 0 = +17
(Oxidation)
Answer
Reduction : MnO4- MnO2
-1 + 4 = +3 0
-2 -4 +4 = 0
4H2O
- - 2-
2MnO4 + 3C2O42- + 2H2O + 4OH 2 MnO2 + 6CO3 + 4H2O
2
Combine two half-reactions and cancel out the species that appear on
both sides of the equation.
2MnO4- + 3C2O42- + 2H2O 2 MnO2 + 6CO32- + 4H+
2. S2O32- + I2 S4O62- + I-
Mass-to-Mass Conversions
g of Mg g MgO
20.0 g
Moles of Mg =
24.3 g mol-1
= 0.823 mol
2 Mg(s) + O2(g) 2 MgO(s)
From eq:
= 33.17 g
2 Mg(s) + O2(g) 2 MgO(s)
iii. How many moles of O2 gas are used when
40.0 g of MgO formed ? Determine the gas
volume at STP
Mass-to-gas volume Conversions
g of MgO V O2
40.0 g
Moles of MgO =
40.3 g mol-1
= 0.9926 mol
2 Mg(s) + O2(g) 2 MgO(s)
From eq:
2 mol of MgO equivalent to 1 mol of O2
0.9926 of MgO equivalent to 0.9926 mol MgO
1 mol O2
2 mol MgO
= 0.4963 mol O2
reactants
A slices of cheese
2 slices of Bread
Cheese Sandwich
The Cheese Sandwich Analogy
3 slices of cheese
Excess
Reactant: Limiting reactant:
bread reactants cheese
9 slices of Bread
product
xA + yB zC + wD
reactants products
Determining Limiting Reactant
Stoichiometric Method
1. Write complete equation
2. Calculate moles of reactants, A and B.
3. Calculate amount of reactant B required
to react completely with reactant A
4. Compare the amount of B required
(needed) with that available in the system.
1 mol H2
= 3 mol F2 (needed)
H2 (g) + F2 (g) 2HF (g)
Limiting reactant = F 2
Excess reactant = H2
Example 8 :
n 18.0 g
= = 1.059 mol (given)
NH3
17.0 g mol-1
n 90.0 g
CuO = = 1.131 mol (given)
79.6 g mol-1
2NH3(g) + 3CuO(s) N2(g) + 3Cu(s) + 3H2O(l)
From eq:
2 mol NH3 react with 3 mol CuO
1.059 mol NH3 react with 1.059 mol NH3 3 mol CuO
2 mol NH3
= 1.5885 mol CuO (needed)
mole of CuO needed (1.5885 mol ) > mole of CuO given(1.131 mol)
= 0.377 mol N2
From eq:
= 12.818 g
= 5.182 g
PERCENTAGE YIELD
The amount of product predicted by a balanced
equation is the theoretical yield
The theoretical yield is never obtain because:
1. The reaction may undergo side reaction
2. Many reaction are reversible
3. There may be impurities in the reactants
4. The product formed may react further to form
other product
5. It may be difficult to recover all of the product from
the reaction medium
The amount product actually obtained in a
reaction is the actual yield 57
Percentage yield is the percent of the actual
yield of a product to its theoretical yield
actual yield
% yield x 100
theoretical yield
58
Example 9 :
SK016
2 mol Na
= 0.08 mol Cl2 (needed)
mole of Cl2 needed (0.08 mol) > mole of Cl2 given (0.061 mol)
5.5 g
= x 100
7.137 g
= 77.0 %
PURITY OF SAMPLES
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)
MgCl2 + H2 (g)