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The process of photosynthesis probably originated _____.

A) in plants

B) in prokaryotes B) in prokaryotes
C) in fungi

D) three separate times during evolution

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In autotrophic bacteria, where is chlorophyll located?

A) in chloroplast membranes

B) in the ribosomes D) in the infolded plasma membrane

C) in the nucleoid

D) in the infolded plasma membrane

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Plants photosynthesize _____.

A) only in the light but respire only in the dark

B) only in the dark but respire only in the light C) only in the light but respire in light and dark
C) only in the light but respire in light and dark

D) and respire only in the light

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Early investigators thought the oxygen produced by photosynthetic
plants came from carbon dioxide. In fact, it comes from _____.

A) water

B) glucose A) water
C) air

D) electrons from NADPH

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If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO2 containing
heavy oxygen (18O), later analysis will show that all of the
following molecules produced by the algae contain 18O EXCEPT
_____.

A) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

D) O2
B) glucose

C) ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

D) O2

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Every ecosystem must have _____.

A) autotrophs and heterotrophs

B) producers and primary consumers D) autotrophs

C) photosynthesizers

D) autotrophs

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When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct
by-product of _____.

A) splitting water molecules

B) chemiosmosis A) splitting water molecules

C) the electron transfer system of photosystem I

D) the electron transfer system of photosystem II

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Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between
autotrophs and heterotrophs?

A) Cellular respiration is unique to heterotrophs.

C) Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can
B) Only heterotrophs have mitochondria. nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and
C) Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves other nutrients that are inorganic.
beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic.

D) Only heterotrophs require oxygen.

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The figure shows the absorption

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spectrum for chlorophyll a and the
action spectrum for photosynthesis.
Why are they different?

A) Green and yellow wavelengths

inhibit the absorption of red and blue C) Other pigments absorb light in addition to
wavelengths. chlorophyll a.
B) Oxygen given off during
photosynthesis interferes with the
absorption of light.

C) Other pigments absorb light in

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What wavelength of light in the figure
is most effective in driving
photosynthesis?

A) 420 mm
A) 420 mm

B) 575 mm

C) 625 mm

D) 730 mm

Theodor W. Engelmann illuminated a filament of algae with light that11

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passed through a prism, thus exposing different segments of algae to
different wavelengths of light. He added aerobic bacteria and then noted in
which areas the bacteria congregated. He noted that the largest groups
were found in the areas illuminated by the red and blue light.

What did Engelmann conclude about the congregation of bacteria in the B) Bacteria congregated in these areas because
red and blue areas? these areas had the most oxygen being released.
A) Bacteria congregated in these areas due to an increase in the
temperature of the red and blue light.

B) Bacteria congregated in these areas because these areas had the most
oxygen being released.
Theodor W. Engelmann illuminated a filament of algae with light that12
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passed through a prism, thus exposing different segments of algae to
different wavelengths of light. He added aerobic bacteria and then noted in
which areas the bacteria congregated. He noted that the largest groups
were found in the areas illuminated by the red and blue light.

An outcome of Engelmann's experiment was to help determine the C) wavelengths of light and the rate of
relationship between _____. photosynthesis
A) wavelengths of light and the rate of aerobic respiration

B) wavelengths of light and the amount of heat released

C) wavelengths of light and the rate of photosynthesis

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A spaceship is designed to support animal life for a multiyear voyage
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the outer planets of the solar system. Plants will be grown to provide
oxygen and to recycle carbon dioxide. Since the spaceship will be too far
from the sun for photosynthesis, an artificial light source will be needed.

What wavelengths of light should be used to maximize plant growth with a

minimum of energy expenditure?
C) a mixture of blue and red light
A) full-spectrum white light

B) green light

C) a mixture of blue and red light

D) UV light
A spaceship is designed to support animal life for a multiyear voyage
front to
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the outer planets of the solar system. Plants will be grown to provide
oxygen and to recycle carbon dioxide. Since the spaceship will be too far
from the sun for photosynthesis, an artificial light source will be needed.

Suppose a plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment and the leaves of this
plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are
absorbed by this pigment? B) blue and violet
A) red and yellow

B) blue and violet

C) green and yellow

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Halobacterium has a photosynthetic membrane that appears purple. Its
photosynthetic action spectrum is the inverse of the action spectrum for
green plants. (That is, the Halobacterium action spectrum has a peak
where the green plant action spectrum has a trough.) What wavelengths of
light do the Halobacterium photosynthetic pigments absorb?

A) red and yellow C) green and yellow

B) blue, green, and red

C) green and yellow

D) blue and red

Why are there several structurally different pigments in the reaction

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centers of photosystems?

A) Excited electrons must pass through several pigments before they can
be transferred to electron acceptors of the electron transport chain.

B) This arrangement enables the plant to absorb light energy of a variety B) This arrangement enables the plant to absorb
of wavelengths. light energy of a variety of wavelengths.
C) They enable the plant to absorb more photons from light energy, all of
which are at the same wavelength.

D) They enable the reaction center to excite electrons to a higher energy

level.

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If pigments from a particular species of plant are extracted and subjected back 17
to paper chromatography, which of the following is most likely?

A) Paper chromatography for the plant would isolate a single band of

pigment that is characteristic of that particular plant.
B) Paper chromatography would separate the pigments from a particular
plant into several bands.
C) The isolated pigments would be some shade of green.
B) Paper chromatography would separate the
pigments from a particular plant into several
bands.

D) Paper chromatography would isolate only the pigments that reflect

green light.

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In autumn, the leaves of deciduous trees change colors. This is

because chlorophyll is degraded and _____.

A) carotenoids and other pigments are still present in the leaves

A) carotenoids and other pigments are still
B) the degraded chlorophyll changes into many other colors present in the leaves
C) water supply to the leaves has been reduced

D) sugars are sent to most of the cells of the leaves

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What event accompanies energy absorption by chlorophyll (or
other pigment molecules of the antenna complex)?

A) ATP is synthesized from the energy absorbed.

B) A carboxylation reaction of the Calvin cycle occurs. D) An electron is excited.

C) Electrons are stripped from NADPH.

D) An electron is excited.

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As electrons are passed through the system of electron carriers
associated with photosystem II, they lose energy. What happens to
this energy?

A) It excites electrons of the reaction center of photosystem I.

C) It is used to establish and maintain a proton
B) It is lost as heat. gradient.
C) It is used to establish and maintain a proton gradient.

D) It is used to phosphorylate NAD+ to NADPH, the molecule that

accepts electrons from photosystem I.

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The final electron acceptor associated with

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photosystem I is _____.

A) oxygen

B) water C) NADP
C) NADP

D) NADPH
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The electrons of photosystem II are excited and transferred to
electron carriers. From which molecule or structure do the
photosystem II replacement electrons come?

A) the electron carrier, plastocyanin

B) photosystem I
C) water
C) water

D) oxygen

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In the thylakoid membranes, the pigment molecules in a light-
harvesting complex _____.

A) split water and release oxygen from the reaction-center

chlorophyll
B) absorb and transfer light energy to the
B) absorb and transfer light energy to the reaction-center reaction-center chlorophyll
chlorophyll

C) synthesize ATP from ADP and i

D) transfer electrons to ferredoxin and then NADPH

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Which of the following are directly associated with photosystem I?

A) receiving electrons from the thylakoid membrane electron

transport chain
A) receiving electrons from the thylakoid
B) generation of molecular oxygen membrane electron transport chain
C) extraction of hydrogen electrons from the splitting of water

D) passing electrons to the cytochrome complex

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Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack
photosystem II, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the
lack of photosystem II in these organisms would be to _____.

A) determine if they have thylakoids in the chloroplasts

B) test for liberation of O2 in the light
B) test for liberation of O2 in the light

C) test for CO2 fixation in the dark

D) do experiments to generate an action spectrum

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What are the products of linear electron flow?

A) heat and fluorescence

B) ATP and P700 C) ATP and NADPH

C) ATP and NADPH

D) ADP and NADP+

As a research scientist, you measure the amount of ATPfront

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NADPH consumed by the Calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find that
30,000 molecules of ATP were consumed, but only 20,000
molecules of NADPH were consumed. Where did the extra ATP
molecules come from?

A) photosystem II C) cyclic electron flow

B) photosystem I

C) cyclic electron flow

D) linear electron flow

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Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of
the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage
will most directly affect the _____.

A) splitting of water

B) flow of electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I

C) synthesis of ATP
C) synthesis of ATP

D) reduction of NADP+

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In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located?

A) thylakoid membrane only

B) inner mitochondrial membrane only

C) thylakoid membrane and inner
mitochondrial membrane
C) thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane

D) thylakoid membrane and plasma membrane

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In mitochondria, chemiosmosis moves protons from the matrix into
the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis
moves protons from the _____.

A) matrix to the stroma

B) stroma to the thylakoid space
B) stroma to the thylakoid space

C) intermembrane space to the matrix

D) thylakoid space to the stroma

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Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between
photosynthesis and respiration?

A) Respiration runs the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis in

reverse.
B) Photosynthesis stores energy in complex
B) Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules; respiration organic molecules; respiration releases energy
releases energy from complex organic molecules
from complex organic molecules
C) Photosynthesis occurs only in plants; respiration occurs only in
animals.

D) Photosynthesis is catabolic; respiration is anabolic.

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In photosynthetic cells, synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic
mechanism occurs during _____.

A) photosynthesis only

B) respiration only C) photosynthesis and respiration

C) photosynthesis and respiration

D) neither photosynthesis nor respiration

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Carbon dioxide is split to form oxygen gas and carbon compounds
_____.

A) during photosynthesis

B) during respiration D) in neither photosynthesis nor respiration

C) during photosynthesis and respiration

D) in neither photosynthesis nor respiration

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What is the relationship between the wavelength of light and the

quantity of energy per photon?

A) They have a direct, linear relationship.

B) They are inversely related. B) They are inversely related.

C) They are logarithmically related.

D) They are separate phenomena.

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P680+ is said to be the strongest biological oxidizing agent. Given back 35
function, why is this necessary?

A) It is the receptor for the most excited electron in either photosystem of

photosynthesis.
D) It obtains electrons from the oxygen atom in
B) It is the molecule that transfers electrons to plastoquinone (Pq) of the a water molecule, so it must have a stronger
electron transfer system.
attraction for electrons than oxygen has.
C) It transfers its electrons to reduce NADP+ to NADPH.

D) It obtains electrons from the oxygen atom in a water molecule, so it

must have a stronger attraction for electrons than oxygen has.

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Carotenoids are often found in foods that are considered to have
antioxidant properties in human nutrition. What related function do they
have in plants?

A) They serve as accessory pigments to increase light absorption.

B) They protect against oxidative damage from excessive light energy.

B) They protect against oxidative damage from
excessive light energy.
C) They shield the sensitive chromosomes of the plant from harmful
ultraviolet radiation.

D) They reflect orange light and enhance red light absorption by

chlorophyll.

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In a plant, the reactions that produce molecular oxygen (O2) take
place in _____.

A) the light reactions alone

B) the Calvin cycle alone A) the light reactions alone

C) the light reactions and the Calvin cycle

D) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle

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The accumulation of free oxygen in Earth's atmosphere began with
the origin of _____.

A) life and respiratory metabolism

B) cyanobacteria using photosystem II B) cyanobacteria using photosystem II

C) chloroplasts in photosynthetic eukaryotic algae

D) land plants

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In its mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to _____.

A) substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis

B) oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration

B) oxidative phosphorylation in cellular
respiration
C) the Calvin cycle

D) reduction of NADP+

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Which process is most directly driven by light energy?

A) creation of a pH gradient by pumping protons across the

thylakoid membrane
D) removal of electrons from chlorophyll
B) carbon fixation in the stroma molecules
C) reduction of NADP+ molecules

D) removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules

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A gardener is concerned that her greenhouse is getting too hot from

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too much light and seeks to shade her plants with colored
translucent plastic sheets, the color of which allows passage of only
that wavelength. What color should she use to reduce overall light
energy but still maximize plant growth?

A) green B) blue
B) blue

C) orange

D) Any color will work equally well.

A flask containing photosynthetic green algae and a control flask
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containing water with no algae are both placed under a bank of lights,
which are set to cycle between 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark. The
dissolved oxygen concentrations in both flasks are monitored. Predict what
the relative dissolved oxygen concentrations will be in the flask with algae
compared to the control flask. The dissolved oxygen in the flask with algae
will _____. D) be higher in the light, but lower in the dark
A) always be higher

B) always be lower

C) be higher in the light, but the same in the dark

D) be higher in the light but lower in the dark

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Which of the following are products of the light reactions of
photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?

A) CO2 and glucose

B) H2O and O2 D) ATP and NADPH

C) ADP, i, and NADP+

D) ATP and NADPH

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Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

A) stroma of the chloroplast

B) thylakoid membrane A) stroma of the chloroplast

C) interior of the thylakoid (thylakoid space)

D) outer membrane of the chloroplast

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What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?

A) use NADPH to release carbon dioxide

B) split water and release oxygen

D) synthesize simple sugars from carbon
dioxide
C) transport RuBP out of the chloroplast

D) synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide

In the process of carbon fixation, RuBP attaches a CO2 to produce

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a six-carbon molecule, which is then split to produce two
molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. After phosphorylation and
reduction produces glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), what more
needs to happen to complete the Calvin cycle?

A) addition of a pair of electrons from NADPH C) regeneration of RuBP

B) regeneration of ATP from ADP

C) regeneration of RuBP

D) regeneration of NADP+
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Refer to the figure. If the carbon atom
of each of the incoming CO2 molecules
is labeled with a radioactive isotope of
carbon, which organic molecules will
be radioactively labeled after one cycle?

A) C only B) B, C, D, and E
B) B, C, D, and E

C) C, D, and E only

D) B and C only

Refer to the figure. To identify the48

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molecule that accepts CO2, Calvin and
Benson manipulated the carbon-fixation
cycle by either cutting off CO2 or
cutting off light from cultures of
photosynthetic algae. They then C) The CO2 acceptor concentration would
measured the concentrations of various increase when the CO2 is cut off, but decrease
metabolites immediately following the
manipulation. How would these when the light is cut off.
experiments help identify the CO2
acceptor?

A) The CO2 acceptor concentration

would decrease when either the CO2 or

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Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of
electrons during photosynthesis?

A) NADPH → O2 → C O2

B) H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle B) H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle

C) NADPH → chlorophyll → Calvin cycle

D) NADPH → electron transport chain → O2

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Which of the following does NOT occur during the Calvin cycle?

A) oxidation of NADPH

B) release of oxygen B) release of oxygen

C) regeneration of the CO2 acceptor

D) consumption of ATP

What compound provides the reducing power

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for Calvin cycle reactions?

A) ATP

B) NADH D) NADPH
C) NADP+

D) NADPH
What would be the expected effect on plants if the atmospheric
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CO2 concentration was doubled?

A) All plants would experience increased rates of photosynthesis.

B) C3 plants would have faster growth; C4 plants would be

minimally affected.
B) C3 plants would have faster growth; C4
plants would be minimally affected.
C) C4 plants would have faster growth; C3 plants would be
minimally affected.

D) C3 plants would have faster growth; C4 plants would have

slower growth.

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Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent
photorespiration?

A) They do not participate in the Calvin cycle.

B) They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix
B) They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2. CO2
C) They conserve water more efficiently.

D) They exclude oxygen from their tissues.

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CAM plants keep stomata closed in the daytime, thus reducing loss
of water. They can do this because they _____.

A) fix CO2 into organic acids during the night

B) fix CO2 into sugars in the bundle-sheath cells A) fix CO2 into organic acids during the night
C) fix CO2 into pyruvate in the mesophyll cells

D) use photosystem I and photosystem II at night

The alternative pathways of photosynthesis using the C4 orfront

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systems are said to be compromises. Why?

A) Each one minimizes both water loss and rate of photosynthesis.

B) C4 compromises on water loss and CAM compromises on

photorespiration.
C) Both minimize photorespiration but expend
more ATP during carbon fixation.
C) Both minimize photorespiration but expend more ATP during
carbon fixation.

D) CAM plants allow more water loss, while C4 plants allow less
CO2 into the plant.
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If plant gene alterations cause plants to be deficient in
photorespiration, what would most probably occur?

A) Photosynthetic efficiency would be reduced at low light

intensities. C) There would be more light-induced damage
B) Cells would carry on the Calvin cycle at a much slower rate. to the cells.
C) There would be more light-induced damage to the cells.

D) Less oxygen would be produced.

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Compared to C3 plants, C4 plants _____.

A) can continue to fix CO2 even at lower CO2 concentrations and

higher oxygen concentrations
A) can continue to fix CO2 even at lower CO2
B) have higher rates of photorespiration concentrations and higher oxygen
C) do not use rubisco for carbon fixation concentrations
D) make a four-carbon compound, oxaloacetate, which is then
delivered to the citric acid cycle in mitochondria

Which of the following statements

front is
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true concerning the accompanying
figure?

A) It represents a C4 photosynthetic
system.

B) It represents an adaptation that A) It represents a C4 photosynthetic system.

maximizes photorespiration.

C) It represents a C3 photosynthetic
system.

D) It represents a CAM photosynthetic

system
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Referring to the accompanying figure,
oxygen would inhibit the CO2 fixation
reactions in _____.

A) cell I only

B) cell II only
B) cell II only
C) neither cell I nor cell II

D) both cell I and cell II

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Photorespiration _____.

A) generates carbon dioxide and consumes ATP and oxygen

B) generates ATP and sugars and consumes oxygen and carbon

dioxide A) generates carbon dioxide and consumes ATP
C) generates oxygen and consumes ATP, carbon dioxide, and
and oxygen
sugars

D) consumes carbon dioxide and generates ATP, sugars, and

oxygen

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Students conducted an experimentfront to
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determine the effect of light intensity on
the rate of photosynthesis. They
punched 40 leaf disks from spinach
leaves and used a syringe partially filled
with water to pull the gases from the
leaf disks so that all leaf disks sunk to
D) Cup 4 had the slowest rate of photosynthesis
the bottom of the syringe. Ten (10) leaf because it had the least baking soda.
disks from the syringe were placed in
each of four cups and covered with 50
ml of the solutions as indicated below.
All leaf disks were resting on the
bottom of the cups when the experiment
b Th l f li id i h

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