PSA Unit-4

Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, Puducherry
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Subject Name : POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS (PSA)
Subject Code : EE T61
Prepared by :
Verified by: Approved by:
UNIT – IV SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Symmetrical Faults: Thevenin’s theorem and applications, short circuit analysis – Short circuit
capacity –circuit breaker selection. Un-symmetrical Faults: Derivation of fault current for LG, LL,
LLG short circuits and development of interconnection of sequence networks.
Two Marks Questions:
1. What is meant by a fault?

A fault in a circuit is any failure which interferes with the normal flow of current. The
faults are associated with abnormal change in current, voltage and frequency of the
power system. The faults may cause damage to the equipment if it is allowed to persist
for a long time.
2. How the faults are classified? NOV-13
1. Shunt fault. 2. Series fault
Another method
1. Symmetrical fault. 2.Unsymmetrical fault

3. List the various types of shunt and series faults? (APR
(a).Shunt fault
i) Line-to-ground fault ii) Line-to-line fault
iii) Double line-to-ground fault iv) Three phase fault
(b). Series fault
i) One open conductor fault
ii) Two open conductor fault
4. List the Symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults? (NOV’12APR-13)
Power System Analysis: Unit-4 – Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis

A. Symmetrical faults
i.) Three phase fault
B. Unsymmetrical faults
i) Line-to-ground fault
ii) Line-to-line fault
iii) Double line-to-ground fault
iv) One or two open conductor faults
5. What is symmetrical fault? (APR-15)
The fault is called symmetrical fault if the fault current is equal in all the phases
6. What is Unsymmetrical fault?
The fault is called unsymmetrical fault if the fault current is not equal in all the phases.
7. Name any two methods of reducing short circuit current?
i.) By providing neutral reactance
ii.) By introducing a large value of shunt reactance between buses
8. Write the relative frequency of occurrence of various types of faults?
Type of fault Relative frequency of occurrence
i.) 3ɸ faults - 5%
ii.) Double line-to-ground fault - 10%
iii.) Line-to-line fault - 15%
iv.) Single line-to-ground fault - 70%
9. What is meant by fault calculations?
The fault condition of the power system can be divided into sub transient, transient and
steady state periods. The current in the various parks of the system and in the faults are
different in these periods. The estimation of these currents for various types of faults at various
locations in the system are commonly to as fault calculations
10. What is the need for fault analysis?
The fault analysis are essential in order to design or develop the protective schemes for
various parts of the system the protective scheme consists of current and voltage sensing
devices, protective relays, circuit breakers. The selection of these devices mainly depends on
various currents that may flow in the fault condition.
11. What is synchronous Reactance?

The synchronous reactance is the ratio of induced emf and steady state rms current. It is the
sum of leakage reactance and the reactance representing armature reaction.
12. Define Sub transient Reactance?
The sub transient reactance is the ratio of induced emf on no-load and the subtransient
symmetrical rms current.
13. Define Transient Reactance?
The Transient reactance is the ratio of induced emf on no-load and the transient symmetrical
rms current.
14. Write the equation to find the Sub transient current?
‫׀‬I ‫=׀‬
‫ ׀‬I ‫ = ׀‬Sub transient symmetrical fault current
= RMS voltage from one terminal to neutral at no load
= Direct axis Sub transient Reactance
15. What is circuit breaker?
The circuit breaker in a protective device which is used in power system to automatically
open the faulty part of the system in the event of the fault. In the normal working condition it can
be used as switch.
16. What are the main two functions of circuit breaker?
a.) To act as a switch for normal load condition
b.) To automatically isolate or open the faulty part in the events of fault.
17. Define the speed of the circuit breaker?
The speed of the circuit breaker is defined as the time between the occurrence of the fault to
the extinction of the arc.
18. What is the momentary current rating of the circuit breaker?
The momentary current rating is the maximum current that may flow through the circuit for
the short duration. It is estimated by multiplying the symmetrical sub transient fault current by a
factor of 1.6.
19. Name the fault in which positive, negative and zero sequence component currents are
equal? (APR-12)
In Single line-to-ground fault the positive, negative and zero sequence component current are
equal.
20. Name the fault in which positive, negative component currents together is equal to
zero sequence current in magnitude?

Double line-to-ground fault .
21. In what type of fault the positive sequence component current is equal in magnitude
but opposite in phase to negative sequence components of current?
Line-to-line fault
22. In which fault the negative and zero sequence currents are absent?
In three phase faults the negative and zero sequence currents are absent.
23. Why the circuit breakers are designed based on three phase short circuit current?
A three phase short circuit occurs rarely but it is most severe type of fault involving largest
currents. For this reason the balance short circuit calculations are performed to determine their
large currents to be used to determine rating of the circuit breakers.
24. What are characteristics of shunt and series fault?
The shunt fault are characterized by increase in current and decrease in voltage, frequency
and power factor.
Series fault are characterized by decrease in current and increase in voltage, frequency
and power factor.
25. Why the system is unbalanced?
The system is unbalanced due to unbalance line parameters or unbalanced loads or with
unbalanced termination like short circuit fault.
26. In an alternator only positive sequence voltage is considered. Why?
The alternator voltage is of positive sequence only, since the alternator is designed to supply
balanced three phase voltages.
27. What is boundary condition for SLG fault?
Assuming the SLG ground fault on phase ’a’, the boundary conditions are Va=0 and Ib=Ic=0.
28. What is boundary condition for LL fault?
Assuming the LL fault on phase ’b’&’c’, the boundary conditions are I a=0 and Ib+Ic=0
and Vb=Vc.
29. What is boundary condition for LLG fault?
Assuming the double line to ground fault on phase ’b’&’c’, the boundary conditions are
Ia=0 and Vb=Vc=0
30. What is boundary condition for LLL fault?
Assuming the LLL fault, the boundary conditions are Ia+ Ib+Ic=0 and Va=Vb=Vc.
31. What are the observations made from the analysis of various faults?
From the analysis of various fault, the following observations are made

a.)Positive sequence currents are present in all types of faults.
b.)Negative sequence currents are present in all Unsymmetrical faults.
c.)Zero sequence currents are present when the neutral is grounded and the fault also
involves the ground and the magnitude of the current are equal to 3I a0
32. Why the negative and zero sequence voltage that appear throughout the network?
From the analysis of any unbalanced conditions gives raise to positive sequence currents
and other sequence currents. The negative and aero sequence currents produce corresponding
drops in their respective neutral.
33. Why faults occur in a power system? (APR-12)
The faults occur in the power system due to insulation failure of equipment’s, flash over of
lines initiated by the lighting stroke, due to permanent damage to conductors and towers or due
to accidental faulty operations.
34. Name the main differences of power system for load flow and short circuit studies?
a.)for both load flow studies both the resistance and reactance are considered whereas for
fault analysis the resistances are neglected.
b.)for load flow studies the bus admittance matrix is useful whereas for short circuit studies bus
impedance matrix is used.
c.) The load flow analysis is performed to determine the exact voltages and currents whereas in
short circuit studies the voltages can be safely assumed as 1pu and the prefault current can be
neglected.
35. What is the reason for transients during the short circuits?
The faults are associated with the sudden changes in currents. Most of the components of
the power system have inductive property which oppose any change in currents and so the fault
are associated with transients.
36. What is meant by doubling effect? (APR-15)
IF the symmetrical fault occurs when the voltage wave is going through zero then the
maximum momentary short circuit current will be double the value of maximum symmetrical
short circuit current. This effect is called doubling effect.
37. Define DC off-set current?
The unidirectional transient components of short circuit current is called DC off-set current.
38. What is the significance of subtransient reactance in short circuit studies?
The subtransient reactance can be used to estimate the initial value if fault current
immediately on the occurrence of fault. The maximum momentary short circuit current rating of
the circuit breaker used for the protection should be less than the initial current.
39. What is the significance of transient reactance in short circuit studies?

The transient reactance is used to estimate the transient state fault current. Most of the
circuit breaker open their contacts only during this period. Therefore for a circuit breaker used
for fault clearing, its interrupting short circuit current rating should be less than the transient fault
current.
40. Distinguish between the transient and subtransient reactances of synchronous

machine?
Transient reactance is the ratio of induced emf and transient current. But the subtransient
reactance is the ratio of induced emf and subtransient current.
41. Why the armature current decrease when the flux diminishes?
The voltage generated by the air gap flux determines the current which will flow through the
resistance and leakage reactance of the armature winding. When the flux diminishes the
generated emf decreases and thus the current decreases.
42. write the equation to determine transient internal voltage of the generator?
Eg’=Vt+ j IL Xd’
Eg ’ = Transient internal voltage
Vt = Terminal voltage
IL = Load current
X’d = Direct axis transient reactance
43.write the equation to determine subtransient internal voltage of the generator?
Eg’’=Vt+ j IL Xd”
Eg” = Subtransient internal voltage
IL = Load current , X’d = Direct axis subtransient reactance
44. write the equation for subtransient internal voltage and transient internal voltage?
Em’’=Vt - j IL Xd”
Eg’=Vt - j IL Xd’
Em’’ = Subtransient internal voltage
Eg’ = Transient internal voltage
IL = Load current
Xd’ = Direct axis transient reactance
Xd” = Direct subtransient reactance

45. When a synchronous machine is suddenly short circuit, what is the maximum
possible instantaneous current in terms of symmetrical short circuit current?
The initial short circuit current will have its maximum possible value if the fault occurs when the
voltage wave is going through zero. This maximum possible value will be double that a
maximum symmetrical short circuit current.
46. how symmetrical faults are analyzed?
The symmetrical faults are analyzed using per unit reactance diagram of the power system.
Once the reactance diagram of the power system is formed then the fault is simulated by short
circuit(or by connecting the fault impedance at the fault point). The currents and voltages at
various parts of the system can be estimated by any one of the following method
i. Using kirchoffs laws

ii. Using thevenin’s theorem
iii. By forming bus impedance matrix.
47.what are the main factors to be considered to select a circuit breaker?
The choice of a c ircuit breaker for particular applications depends on the following
ratings of the circuit breaker.
i. Normal working power level specified as rated interrupting current or rated interrupting
MVA.
ii. The fault level specified as either rated short circuit interrupting current or rated short
circuit interrupting MVA.
iii. Momentary current rating normal working voltage.
iv. Speed of circuit breaker.
48. why the circuit breaker interrupting current is asymmetrical.
The interrupting current of circuit breaker is the sum of symmetrical short circuit current and dc.
Offset current. The presence of dc offset current makes the interrupting current asymmetric
49. Define the speed of circuit breaker. How it is specified?
The speed of circuit breaker is defined as the time between the occurrence of the fault to the
extinction of arc(when the contact opens)
The speed is normally specified in cycles of power frequency(1cycle for 50hz power
frequency is 1/50=0.02ms). the standard speed of circuit breakers are 8,5,3 or 1(1/2) cycles
50. what is interrupting short circuit current rating of circuit breaker? How it is
estimated?
The interrupting short circuit current rating of the circuit breaker is the maximum current
that may flow through it when its contacts open due to a fault.
It is estimated by multiplying the transient short circuit current by a factor 1.0 to 1.5. the
value of the factor depends on the speed of the breaker.(the factor 1.0 to1.5 accounts for dc
offset current during transient period).
51. Define short circuit interrupting MVA of a circuit breaker. (NOV-11,APR-13)
The short circuit interrupting MVA of a circuit breaker is the volt-amperes(power) flowing
through it at the moment of opening its contact due to a fault.

It is estimated by the following equations
Short circuit interrupting MVA= |Vpfl | |Ifl| or
short circuit interrupting MVA= |V pfl,pu| |Ifl,pu| x MVAb
|Vpfl| = magnitude of line voltage at the fault point in kv.
|Ifl | = magnitude of line value of short circuit interrupting current at the fault in ka.
|Vpfl,pu | = magnitude of prefault voltage at the fault point in p.u
|Ifl,pu| = magnitude of short circuit interrupting current at the fault in pu
11 marks questions:
1. Write a note on Types of faults.
A fault in a circuit is any failure which interfaces with the normal flow of current. The
faults occur in power system due to insulation failure of equipments, flash over of limits
initiated by lighting stroke, due to permanent damage to conductors and towers or due
to accidental faulty operations. The faults can be broadly classified into shunt faults
(short circuits) and series faults (open conductors).
The shunt type of faults involves short circuit between conductor and ground or short
circuit between two or more conductors. The shunt faults are characterized by increase
in current and fall in voltage and frequency. The shunt faults can be classified as shown
below:
1. Line to ground fault

2. Line to line fault
3. Double line to ground fault
4. Three phase fault
The series fault may occur with one or two broken conductors which creates open
circuits. It also happens in circuits controlled by fuses or breakers which do not open all
be closed. The series faults are characterized by increase in voltage and frequency and
fall in current in faulted phase. The series faults may be classified as one open
conductor fault and two open conductor fault.
In the faults mentioned above the 3-phase fault is a symmetrical fault and all other faults
are unsymmetrical faults. The symmetrical faults conditions are analyzed on per phase
basis using thevenin’s theorem or using bus impedance matrix. The unsymmetrical
faults are analyzed using symmetrical components.
From the experience in the operation of power system it can be shown that 70 to 80% of
the faults are single line to ground faults and 5% of the faults are three phase faults.
The relative frequency of occurrence of various faults in the power systems in the order
of decreasing severity as follows,

 3phase faults - 5%
 Double line to ground faults - 10%
 Line to line fault - 15%
 Single line to ground fault - 70%
2. Write the procedure for calculating fault current estimation using Thevenin’s
theorem.
The following procedure can be followed to calculate the voltages and currents during
symmetrical fault using thevenin’s theorem.
1. Choose approximate base values and determine the prefault condition reactance
diagram of the given power system.
2. Calculate the prefault voltage at the fault point using the prefault current (load
current). If the system s unloaded, then the prefault voltage is 1p.u. The prefault
voltage at the fault point is the thevenin’s voltage.
3. Determine the thevenin’s impedance of the system as the fault point. (This is
given by looking back impedance at the fault point). To determine the thevenin’s
impedance, replace all the sources by zero value sources and then reduce the
resultant network to single equivalent impedance.
4. Draw the thevenin’s equivalent at the fault pint F as shown in the fig. Here the
fault can be represented by a short circuit or by short circuit or by fault
impedance as shown.
Now the p.u. value fault is given by,
p.u. value of fault current,
The actual value of fault current is obtained by multiplying the p.u. value with base
current.
5. The fault currents in other parts of the network are determined from the
knowledge of change in current due to fault and prefault current. The fault current
(i.e. post fault current) in any part of the system is given by sum of prefault current
and change in current due to fault.

6. The change in current due to fault can be estimated by connecting the thevenin’s
source with reversed polarity (i.e. negative of thevenin’s voltage source) at the fault.
Replace all other sources by zero value sources. Now the currents in various parts of
the system are the change in currents due to faults. Calculate these currents by any
conventional technique.
3. Derive the Expression to find the magnitude of fault current, if there is a single line
to Ground fault occur at the terminal of an Unloaded Generator. (NOV’10,
NOV’11, NOV’13)
Let a 1LG fault has occurred at node k of a network. The faulted segment is then as shown in
Fig. 4.2 where it is assumed that phase-a has touched the ground through an impedance Zf .
Since the system is unloaded before the occurrence of the fault we have
(4.1)
Fig. 4.2 Representation of 1LG fault.
Also the phase-a voltage at the fault point is given by
(4.2)
From (4.1) we can write
(4.3)
Solving (4.3) we get
(4.4)
This implies that the three sequence currents are in series for the 1LG fault. Let us denote the
zero, positive and negative sequence Thevenin impedance at the faulted point as Z kk0 , Z kk1
and Z kk2 respectively. Also since the Thevenin voltage at the faulted phase is Vf we get three
sequence circuits that are similar to the ones shown in Fig. 7.7. We can then write

(4.5)
Then from (4.4) and (4.5) we can write
(4.6)
Again since
We get from (4.6)
(4.7)
The Thevenin equivalent of the sequence network is shown in Fig. 4.3.
Fig. 4.3 Thevenin equivalent of a 1LG fault.
Example 1
A three-phase Y-connected synchronous generator is running unloaded with rated voltage when
a 1LG fault occurs at its terminals. The generator is rated 20 kV, 220 MVA, with
subsynchronous reactance of 0.2 per unit. Assume that the subtransient mutual reactance
between the windings is 0.025 per unit. The neutral of the generator is grounded through a 0.05
per unit reactance. The equivalent circuit of the generator is shown in Fig. 4.4. We have to find
out the negative and zero sequence reactances.

Fig. 4.4 Unloaded generator of Example 4.1.
Since the generator is unloaded the internal emfs are
Since no current flows in phases b and c, once the fault occurs, we have from Fig. 4.4
Then we also have
From Fig. 4.4 and (3.34) we get
Therefore
From (3.38) we can write Z1 = j ω ( Ls + Ms ) = j 0.225. Then from Fig. 3.7 we have
Also note from (4.4) that

Therefore from Fig. 3.7 we get
Comparing the above two values with (3.37) and (3.39) we find that Z 0 indeed is equal to j ω (
Ls - 2 Ms ) and Z2 is equal to j ω ( Ls + Ms ). Note that we can also calculate the fault current from
(4.7) as
4. Draw the diagram showing interconnection of sequence network for a double line to
ground fault. Derive the equation for sequence current. (APR’13)
The faulted segment for a 2LG fault is shown in Fig. 4.7 where it is assumed that the fault has
occurred at node k of the network. In this the phases b and c got shorted through the
impedance Zf to the ground. Since the system is unloaded before the occurrence of the fault we
have the same condition as (4.8) for the phase-a current. Therefore
(4.17)
Fig. 4.7 Representation of 2LG fault.
Also voltages of phases b and c are given by
(4.8)
Therefore

(4.9)
We thus get the following two equations from (4.19)
(4.10)
(4.11)
Substituting (4.8) and (4.10) in (4.11) and rearranging we get
(4.12)
Also since I fa = 0 we have
(4.13)
The Thevenin equivalent circuit for 2LG fault is shown in Fig. 4.8. From this figure we get
(4.14)
The zero and negative sequence currents can be obtained using the current divider principle as
(4.15)
(4.16)
Fig. 8.8 Thevenin equivalent of a 2LG fault.
Example 3
Let us consider the same generator as given in Examples 4.1 and 4.2. Let us assume that the
generator is operating without any load when a bolted 2LG fault occurs in phases b and c. The
equivalent circuit for this fault is shown in Fig. 4.9. From this figure we can write

Fig. 4.9 Equivalent circuit of the generator in Fig. 4.4 for a 2LG fault in phases b and c.
Combining the above three equations we can write the following vector-matrix form
Solving the above equation we get
Hence
We can also obtain the above values using (4.24)-(4.26). Note from Example 4.1 that
Then

Now the sequence components of the voltages are
Also note from Fig. 4.9 that
and Vb = Vc = 0. Therefore
which are the same as obtained before.
3. Derive the Fault current of an unloaded generator for line to line

fault.(Apr’11,APR’14)
The faulted segment for an L-L fault is shown in Fig. 4.5 where it is assumed that the fault has
occurred at node k of the network. In this the phases b and c got shorted through the
impedance Zf . Since the system is unloaded before the occurrence of the fault we have
(4.17)
Fig. 4.5 Representation of L-L fault.
Also since phases b and c are shorted we have
(4.18)
Therefore from (4.8) and (4.9) we have

(4.19)
We can then summarize from (4.10)
(4.20)
Therefore no zero sequence current is injected into the network at bus k and hence the zero
sequence remains a dead network for an L-L fault. The positive and negative sequence currents
are negative of each other.
Now from Fig. 4.5 we get the following expression for the voltage at the faulted point
(4.21)
Again
(4.22)
Moreover since I fa0 = I fb0 = 0 and I fa1 = - I fb2 , we can write
(4.23)
Therefore combining (4.12) - (4.14) we get
(4.24)
Example 2
Let us consider the same generator as given in Example 1. Assume that the generator is
unloaded when a bolted ( Zf = 0) short circuit occurs between phases b and c. Then we get from
(4.9) I fb = - I fc . Also since the generator is unloaded, we have I fa = 0. Therefore from (3.34) we
get

Also since V bn = V cn , we can combine the above two equations to get
Then
We can also obtain the above equation from (4.16) as
Also since the neutral current I n is zero, we can write V a = 1.0 and
Hence the sequence components of the line voltages are
Also note that
which are the same as obtained before.
6. PROBLEMS
4.1. Consider the network shown in Fig. 4.10. The system parameters are given below
Generator G : 50 MVA, 20 kV, X" = X1 = X2 = 20%, X0 = 7.5%
Motor M : 40 MVA, 20 kV, X" = X1 = X2 = 20%, X0 = 10%, Xn = 5%
Transformer T1 : 50 MVA, 20 kV Δ /110 kVY, X = 10%
Transformer T2 : 50 MVA, 20 kV Δ /110 kVY, X = 10%
Transmission line: X1 = X2 = 24.2 Ω , X0 = 60.5 Ω
We shall find the fault current for when a (a) 1LG, (b) LL and (c) 2LG fault occurs at bus-2.

Fig. 4.10 Radial power system of Example 4.
Let us choose a base in the circuit of the generator. Then the per unit impedances of the
generator are:
The per unit impedances of the two transformers are
The MVA base of the motor is 40, while the base MVA of the total circuit is 50. Therefore the per
unit impedances of the motor are
For the transmission line
Therefore
Let us neglect the phase shift associated with the Y/ Δ transformers. Then the positive, negative
and zero sequence networks are as shown in Figs. 4.11-4.13.
Fig. 4.11 Positive sequence network of the power system of Fig. 4.10.

Fig. 4.12 Negative sequence network of the power system of Fig. 4.10.
Fig. 4.13 Zero sequence network of the power system of Fig. 4.10.
From Figs. 4.11 and 4.12 we get the following Ybus matrix for both positive and negative
sequences
Inverting the above matrix we get the following Zbus matrix
Again from Fig. 4.13 we get the following Ybus matrix for the zero sequence
Inverting the above matrix we get
Hence for a fault in bus-2, we have the following Thevenin impedances

Alternatively we find from Figs. 4.11 and 4.12 that
(a) Single-Line-to-Ground Fault : Let a bolted 1LG fault occurs at bus-2 when the system is
unloaded with bus voltages being 1.0 per unit. Then from (4.7) we get
per unit
Also from (4.4) we get
per unit
Also I fb = I fc = 0. From (4.5) we get the sequence components of the voltages as
Therefore the voltages at the faulted bus are
(b) Line-to-Line Fault : For a bolted LL fault, we can write from (4.16)
per unit
Then the fault currents are
Finally the sequence components of bus-2 voltages are

Hence faulted bus voltages are
(c) Double-Line-to-Ground Fault : Let us assumes that a bolted 2LG fault occurs at bus-2. Then
Hence from (4.24) we get the positive sequence current as
per unit
The zero and negative sequence currents are then computed from (4.25) and (4.26) as
per unit
per unit
Therefore the fault currents flowing in the line are
Furthermore the sequence components of bus-2 voltages are
Therefore voltages at the faulted bus are

Example 5
Let us now assume that a 2LG fault has occurred in bus-4 instead of the one in bus-2.
Therefore
Also we have
Hence
per unit
Also
per unit
per unit
Therefore the fault currents flowing in the line are
We shall now compute the currents contributed by the generator and the motor to the fault. Let
us denote the current flowing to the fault from the generator side by Ig , while that flowing from
the motor by Im . Then from Fig. 4.11 using the current divider principle, the positive sequence
currents contributed by the two buses are
per unit
per unit
Similarly from Fig. 4.12, the negative sequence currents are given as
per unit

per unit
Finally notice from Fig. 4.13 that the zero sequence current flowing from the generator to the
fault is 0. Then we have
per unit
Therefore the fault currents flowing from the generator side are
and those flowing from the motor are
It can be easily verified that adding Ig and Im we get If given above.
In the above two examples we have neglected the phase shifts of the Y/ Δ transformers.
However according to the American standard, the positive sequence components of the high
tension side lead those of the low tension side by 30° , while the negative sequence behavior is
reverse of the positive sequence behavior. Usually the high tension side of a Y/ Δ transformer is
Y-connected. Therefore as we have seen in Fig. 4.16, the positive sequence component of Y
side leads the positive sequence component of the Δ side by 30° while the negative sequence
component of Y side lags that of the Δ side by 30° . We shall now use this principle to compute
the fault current for an unsymmetrical fault.
Example 6
Let us consider the same system as given in Example 5. Since the phase shift does not alter the
zero sequence, the circuit of Fig. 4.13 remains unchanged. The positive and the negative
sequence circuits must however include the respective phase shifts. These circuits are redrawn
as shown in Figs. 4.14 and 4.15.
Note from Figs. 4.14 and 4.15 that we have dropped the √3 α vis-à-vis that of Fig. 3.16. This is
because the per unit impedances remain unchanged when referred to the either high tension or
low tension side of an ideal transformer. Therefore the per unit impedances will also not be
altered.

Fig. 4.14 Positive sequence network of the power system of Fig. 4.10 including transformer
phase shift.
Fig. 4.15 Negative sequence network of the power system of Fig. 4.10 including transformer
phase shift.
Since the zero sequence remains unaltered, these currents will not change from those
computed in Example 4.6. Thus
and per unit
Now the positive sequence fault current from the generator Iga1 , being on the Y-side of the Y/ Δ
transformer will lead I ma1 by 30° . Therefore
per unit
per unit
Finally the negative sequence current I ga2 will lag I ma2 by 30° . Hence we have
per unit
per unit
Therefore

Also the fault currents flowing from the motor remain unaltered. Also note that the currents
flowing into the fault remain unchanged. This implies that the phase shift of the Y/ Δ
transformers does not affect the fault currents
Example 7
The sequence diagrams of which are given in Figs. 3.18 to 3.20. With respect to Fig. 3.17, let us
define the system parameters as:
Generator G1 : 200 MVA, 20 kV, X" = 20%, X0 = 10%
Generator G2 : 300 MVA, 18 kV, X" = 20%, X0 = 10%
Generator G3 : 300 MVA, 20 kV, X " = 25%, X0 = 15%
Transformer T1 : 300 MVA, 220Y/22 kV, X = 10%
Transformer T2 : Three single-phase units each rated 100 MVA, 130Y/25 kV, X = 10%
Transformer T3 : 300 MVA, 220/22 kV, X = 10%
Line B-C : X1 = X2 = 75 Ω , X0 = 100 Ω
Line C-D : X1 = X2 = 75 Ω , X0 = 100 Ω
Line C-F : X1 = X2 = 50 Ω , X0 = 75 Ω
Let us choose the circuit of Generator 3 as the base, the base MVA for the circuit is 300. Per
unit reactances are then computed as shown below.
Generator G1 :
, X0 = 0.15
Generator G2 :
, X0 = 0.0656
Generator G3 : , X0 = 0.15
Transformer T1 :
Transformer T2 :
Transformer T3 :
Line B-C :
,

Line C-D :
,
Line C-F :
,
Neglecting the phase shifts of Y/ Δ connected transformers and assuming that the system is
unloaded, we shall find the fault current for a 1LG fault at bus-1 (point C of Fig. 3.17).
From Figs. 3.18 and 3.19, we can obtain the positive and negative sequence Thevenin
impedance at point C as (verify)
X1 = X2 = j 0.2723 per unit
Similarly from Fig. 3.20, the Thevenin equivalent of the zero sequence impedance is
X0 = j 0.4369 per unit
Therefore from (4.7) we get
per unit
Then the fault current is Ifa = 3 Ifa0 = 3.0565 per unit.

University Questions:
Part-A
1. How the faults are classified? (Nov-13)
2. List the various types of shunt and series faults? (Apr’12)
3. List the Symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults? (Nov’12apr-13)
4. What is symmetrical fault? (Apr-15)
5. Name the fault in which positive, negative and zero sequence component
currents are equal? (Apr-12)
6. Why faults occur in a power system? (Apr-12)
7. What is meant by doubling effect? (Apr-15)
8. Define short circuit interrupting MVA of a circuit breaker. (Nov-11,Apr-13)
Part-B
1. Derive the Expression to find the magnitude of fault current, if there is a single
line to Ground fault occur at the terminal of an Unloaded Generator. (Nov’10,
Nov’11, Nov’13).
2. Draw the diagram showing interconnection of sequence network for a double

line to ground fault. Derive the equation for sequence current. (Apr’13)
3. Derive the Fault current of an unloaded generator for line to line

fault.(Apr’11,Apr’14)

PSA Unit-4

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Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, Puducherry

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Subject Name : POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS (PSA)

Subject Code : EE T61

Verified by: Approved by:

UNIT – IV SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Two Marks Questions:

1. What is meant by a fault?

1. Symmetrical fault. 2.Unsymmetrical fault

i) Line-to-ground fault ii) Line-to-line fault

iii) Double line-to-ground fault iv) Three phase fault

(b). Series fault

i) One open conductor fault

ii) Two open conductor fault

4. List the Symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults? (NOV’12APR-13)

Power System Analysis: Unit-4 – Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis

i.) Three phase fault

ii) Line-to-line fault

iii) Double line-to-ground fault

iv) One or two open conductor faults

5. What is symmetrical fault? (APR-15)

6. What is Unsymmetrical fault?

7. Name any two methods of reducing short circuit current?

i.) By providing neutral reactance

ii.) By introducing a large value of shunt reactance between buses

8. Write the relative frequency of occurrence of various types of faults?

Type of fault Relative frequency of occurrence

ii.) Double line-to-ground fault - 10%

iii.) Line-to-line fault - 15%

iv.) Single line-to-ground fault - 70%

9. What is meant by fault calculations?

10. What is the need for fault analysis?

11. What is synchronous Reactance?

Power System Analysis: Unit-4 – Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis

13. Define Transient Reactance?

14. Write the equation to find the Sub transient current?

‫ ׀‬I ‫ = ׀‬Sub transient symmetrical fault current

= RMS voltage from one terminal to neutral at no load

= Direct axis Sub transient Reactance

15. What is circuit breaker?

16. What are the main two functions of circuit breaker?

a.) To act as a switch for normal load condition

17. Define the speed of the circuit breaker?

18. What is the momentary current rating of the circuit breaker?

Power System Analysis: Unit-4 – Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis

Double line-to-ground fault .

24. What are characteristics of shunt and series fault?

25. Why the system is unbalanced?

26. In an alternator only positive sequence voltage is considered. Why?

27. What is boundary condition for SLG fault?

28. What is boundary condition for LL fault?

29. What is boundary condition for LLG fault?

Ia=0 and Vb=Vc=0

30. What is boundary condition for LLL fault?

Power System Analysis: Unit-4 – Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis

a.)Positive sequence currents are present in all types of faults.

b.)Negative sequence currents are present in all Unsymmetrical faults.

33. Why faults occur in a power system? (APR-12)

36. What is meant by doubling effect? (APR-15)

37. Define DC off-set current?

38. What is the significance of subtransient reactance in short circuit studies?

39. What is the significance of transient reactance in short circuit studies?

Power System Analysis: Unit-4 – Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis