Lecture (2)

Basic Laws
Basic Laws

2.1 Ohm’s Law.

2.2 Nodes, Branches, and Loops.
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws.
2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division.
2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division.
2.6 Wye-Delta Transformations.
Resistance
Materials in general have a characteristic
behavior of resisting the flow of electric
charge. This physical property, or ability to
resist current, is known as resistance
Resistance: Basic Concepts
Ohm’s Law

Short Circuit as Zero Resistance
• A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance
approaching zero.
• Just drawn as a wire (line)

v = iR = 0
Open Circuit

• An open circuit is a circuit element with resistance

approaching infinity.
• Just omitted
Short-circuit & Open-Circuit
Conductance

 Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct

electric current;it is measured in mhos (℧) or
siemens (S).
Resistors & Passive Sign Convention

 The power dissipated by a resistor can be expressed

in terms of R.

 The power dissipated by a resistor can be expressed

in terms of G.
Example: Ohm’s Law
 Branches, Nodes and Loops
Branches

 A branch represents a single element such

as a voltage source or a resistor.
 Number of branches are:
b=5
Nodes

 A node is the point of connection between

two or more branches.
 Number of nodes are: n=3
Loops
 A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
 independent loop ( l ) contains at least one branch
which is not a part of any other independent loop.
 Number of independent loop l = 3
 A network with b
branches, n nodes,
and l independent
loops will satisfy :

b  l  n 1
 Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum

of the currents entering a node is zero.

i
n 1
n 0

where N = the number of branches connected to the node

and in = the nth current entering (leaving) the node.

15
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Sign convention: Currents entering the node are
positive, currents leaving the node are negative or
vice versa.
i1  i2  i3  i4  i5  0
The sum of the currents entering a
node is equal to the sum of the
currents leaving a node.

i1  i2  i4  i3  i5
KCL – application

A simple application of KCL is

combining current sources in
parallel. The combined current is
the algebraic sum of the current
supplied by the individual
sources

A circuit cannot contain two different

currents, I1and I2 in series
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law - KVL
 Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the
algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path
(or loop) is zero.
M

v
m 1
m 0

where M = the number of voltages in the loop and

vm = the mth voltage in the loop.
 Sign convention: The sign of each voltage is the polarity of the
terminal first encountered in traveling around the loop.

I
+ The direction of travel is arbitrary.
R1 V1
Clockwise:
-
A
+ V0  V1  V2  0
R2 V2
V0 Counter-clockwise:
-
V2  V1  V0  0
V0  V1  V2
Sum of voltage drops = Sum of voltage rises
KVL - Example
KVL-application
 When voltage sources are connected in series, KVL
can be applied to obtain the total voltage
Example 2-6
Example 2-8

Find currents and voltages in the circuit shown in Figure

 Resistors in Series
 Series: Two or more elements are in series if they are
cascaded or connected sequentially and carry the
same current.
 The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors
connected in a series is the sum of the individual
N
resistances.
Req  R1  R2      R N   Rn
n 1
Resistors in Parallel
 Parallel: Two or more elements are in parallel if they are
connected to the same two nodes and consequently
have the same voltage across them.
 The equivalent resistance of a circuit with N resistors in
parallel is: 1 1 1 1
    
Req R1 R2 RN
Example 2-10

 Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab

Voltage Divider
I
V0 V0
I 
R1 V1 Rs R1  R2
V0
V2  IR2  R2
 R1  R2 
A

R2 V2
V0 R2
V2  V0
 R1  R2 
R1
Also V1  V0
 R1  R2 
Notice that the source voltage v is divided among the resistors in direct
proportion to their resistances
Current Divider
I

I1 I2
R1 R2
V

Current divides in inverse proportion to the resistances

Example 2-11
 Find io and vo in the circuit shown . Calculate the
power dissipated in the 3- resistor.
Resistor Network - Comments
Delta  Wye Transformations
 Delta  Wye Transformations

Delta -> Star

Star -> Delta

Rb Rc R1R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
R1  Ra 
( Ra  Rb  Rc ) R1

Rc Ra R1R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
R2  Rb 
( Ra  Rb  Rc ) R2

Ra Rb R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
R3  Rc 
( Ra  Rb  Rc ) R3
Example 2-15

Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit

and use it to find current i.