CS8493 - Operating systems

Unit – V – CASE STUDY

Mobile operating system

A mobile operating system (or mobile OS) is an operating system for phones, tablets,
smartwatches, or other mobile mi note devices. While computers such as typical laptops are
'mobile', the operating systems usually used on them are not considered mobile ones, as they
were originally designed for desktop computers

Features of Mobile operating systems

Mobile operating systems combine features of a personal computer operating system with
other features such as
a) a wireless inbuilt modem and SIM tray for telephony and data connection,
b) a touchscreen,
c) cellular,
d) Bluetooth,
e) Wi-Fi,
f) Global Positioning System (GPS) mobile navigation,
g) video- and single-frame picture cameras,
h) speech recognition,
i) voice recorder,
j) music player,
k) infrared blaster etc.,

Android versus iOS

Android iOS
Source model Open source Closed, with open source components.
OS family Linux UNIX
Developer Google Apple Inc.
Available
100+ Languages 34 Languages
language(s)
Easier than iOS. Using USB port and More difficult. Media files can be
File transfer
Android File Transfer desktop app. transferred using iTunes desktop app.
Many phones and tablets. Major
manufacturers are Samsung, Motorola, LG,
Available on HTC and Sony.. Nexus and Pixel line of iPod Touch, iPhone, iPad, Apple TV
devices is pure Android, others bundle
manufacturer software.
App store Google Play – 1,000,000+ apps. Apple app store – 1,000,000+ apps
Maps Google Maps Apple Maps
Some Popular Mobile Operating Systems are,
 Android OS (Google Inc.)
  Bada (Samsung Electronics)
 BlackBerry OS (Research In Motion)
 iPhone OS / iOS (Apple)
 MeeGo OS (Nokia and Intel)
 Palm OS (Garnet OS)
 Symbian OS (Nokia)
 webOS (Palm/HP)

Mobile Operating System Architecture

Architecture of IOS is a layered architecture. At the uppermost level iOS works as an
intermediary between the underlying hardware and the apps you make. Apps do not
communicate to the underlying hardware directly.
Apps talk with the hardware through a collection of well defined system interfaces. These
interfaces make it simple to write apps that work constantly on devices having various hardware
abilities.
Lower layers gives the basic services which all application
relies on and higher level layer gives sophisticated graphics and
interface related services.
Apple provides most of its system interfaces in special
packages called frameworks. A framework is a directory that
holds a dynamic shared library that is .a files, related resources
like as header files, images, and helper apps required to support
that library. Every layer have a set of Framework which the
developer use to construct the applications.

1. Core OS Layer:
The Core OS layer holds the low level features that most other technologies are built upon.
 Core Bluetooth Framework.
 Accelerate Framework.
 External Accessory Framework.
 Security Services framework.
 Local Authentication framework.

2. Core Services Layer

Some of the Important Frameworks available in the core services layers are detailed:
a. Address book framework – Gives programmatic access to a contacts database of user.
b. Cloud Kit framework – Gives a medium for moving data between your app and iCloud.
c. Core data Framework – Technology for managing the data model of a Model View
Controller app.
 d. Core Foundation framework – Interfaces that gives fundamental data management and
service features for iOS apps.
e. Core Location framework – Gives location and heading information to apps.
f. Core Motion Framework – Access all motion based data available on a device. Using this
core motion framework Accelerometer based information can be accessed.
g. Foundation Framework – Objective C covering too many of the features found in the Core
Foundation framework
h. Healthkit framework – New framework for handling health-related information of user
i. Homekit framework – New framework for talking with and controlling connected devices
in a user’s home.
j. Social framework – Simple interface for accessing the user’s social media accounts.
k. StoreKit framework – Gives support for the buying of content and services from inside
your iOS apps, a feature known asIn-App Purchase.

3. Media Layer: Graphics, Audio and Video technology is enabled using the Media Layer.

Graphics Framework:
a. UIKit Graphics – It describes high level support for designing images and also used for
animating the content of your views.
b. Core Graphics framework – It is the native drawing engine for iOS apps and gives support
for custom 2D vector and image based rendering.
c. Core Animation – It is an initial technology that optimizes the animation experience of
your apps.
d. Core Images – gives advanced support for controling video and motionless images in a
nondestructive way
e. OpenGl ES and GLKit – manages advanced 2D and 3D rendering by hardware accelerated
interfaces
f. Metal – It permits very high performance for your sophisticated graphics rendering and
computation works. It offers very low overhead access to the A7 GPU.

Audio Framework:
a. Media Player Framework – It is a high level framework which gives simple use to a user’s
iTunes library and support for playing playlists.
b. AV Foundation – It is an Objective C interface for handling the recording and playback of
audio and video.
c. OpenAL – is an industry standard technology for providing audio.

Video Framework
a. AV Kit – framework gives a collection of easy to use interfaces for presenting video.
 b. AV Foundation – gives advanced video playback and recording capability.
c. Core Media – framework describes the low level interfaces and data types for operating
media.

Cocoa Touch Layer

a. EventKit framework – gives view controllers for showing the standard system interfaces for
seeing and altering calendar related events
b. GameKit Framework – implements support for Game Center which allows users share
their game related information online
c. iAd Framework – allows you deliver banner-based advertisements from your app.
d. MapKit Framework – gives a scrollable map that you can include into your user interface
of app.
e. PumshKitFraework – provides registration support for VoIP apps.
f. Twitter Framework – supports a UI for generating tweets and support for creating URLs to
access the Twitter service.
g. UIKit Framework – gives vital infrastructure for applying graphical, event-driven apps in
iOS. Some of the Important functions of UI Kit framework:

Multitasking support.
– Basic app management and infrastructure.
– User interface management
– Support for Touch and Motion event.
– Cut, copy and paste support and many more.

Linux System – Design Principles

Linux is one of popular version of UNIX operating System. It is open source as its source
code is freely available. It is free to use. Linux was designed considering UNIX compatibility. Its
functionality list is quite similar to that of UNIX.

Components of Linux System:

 1. Kernel − Kernel is the core part of Linux. It is responsible for all major activities of
this operating system. It consists of various modules and it interacts directly with
the underlying hardware. Kernel provides the required abstraction to hide low level
hardware details to system or application programs.
2. System Library − System libraries are special functions or programs using which
application programs or system utilities accesses Kernel's features. These libraries
implement most of the functionalities of the operating system and do not requires
kernel module's code access rights.
3. System Utility − System Utility programs are responsible to do specialized,
individual level tasks.

Kernel Mode vs User Mode:

Kernel component code executes in a special privileged mode called kernel mode with
full access to all resources of the computer. This code represents a single process, executes
in single address space and do not require any context switch and hence is very efficient
and fast. Kernel runs each processes and provides system services to processes, provides
protected access to hardware to processes.
Support code which is not required to run in kernel mode is in System Library. User
programs and other system programs works in User Mode which has no access to system
hardware and kernel code. User programs/ utilities use System libraries to access Kernel
functions to get system's low level tasks.

Basic Features:
A. Portable − Portability means software can works on different types of hardware in
same way. Linux kernel and application programs supports their installation on any
kind of hardware platform.
B. Open Source − Linux source code is freely available and it is community based
development project. Multiple teams work in collaboration to enhance the capability
of Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving.
C. Multi-User − Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system
resources like memory/ ram/ application programs at same time.
D. Multiprogramming − Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple
applications can run at same time.
E. Hierarchical File System − Linux provides a standard file structure in which system
files/ user files are arranged.
F. Shell − Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute
commands of the operating system. It can be used to do various types of operations,
call application programs. etc.
G. Security − Linux provides user security using authentication features like password
protection/ controlled access to specific files/ encryption of data.
 Linux Operating System Architecture:

The architecture of a Linux System consists of the following layers −

Hardware layer − Hardware consists of all peripheral devices (RAM/ HDD/ CPU etc).
Kernel − It is the core component of Operating System, interacts directly with hardware,
provides low level services to upper layer components.
Shell − An interface to kernel, hiding complexity of kernel's functions from users. The
shell takes commands from the user and executes kernel's functions.
Utilities − Utility programs that provide the user most of the functionalities of an
operating systems.