UG (Reg (2017)

CE8351 www.padeepz.
net Surveying
CE8351 Surveying Important Questions

Part A 2 Marks
1. Define Surveying. What are the fundamental principles of surveying?
Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on,

above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of
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distance, direction and elevation.
The principles of surveying are:
(i). Working from whole to part.
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(ii). To locate a new station by at least two measurements (angular, linear)
from fixed reference points.
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2. What is the object or purpose of surveying?
The primary object of surveying is to prepare a plan or map to show the

relative position of the objects on the surface of the earth. It is also used to determine the
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areas, volumes and other related quantities.
3. Name the different ways of classification of surveys.

a.Primary classification
(i). Plane surveying
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(ii). Geodetic surveying. b. Secondary classification
(i). Based on instruments used (ii). Based on methods.

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(iii). Based on object

(iv). Based on nature of the field
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4. Differentiate between plane and geodetic surveying.

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Plane surveying
The curvature of the earth is neglected.

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A line joining any two points is considered straight.

The triangle formed by any three points is considered as plane triangle.
It is done on a area less than 250 Km 2
Geodetic surveying.
Important Questions www.padeepz.net CE8351 padeepz

CE8351 www.padeepz.net Surveying
The curvature of the earth is taken.

A line joining any two points is considered as curved line.
The triangle formed by any three points is considered as spherical triangle.
It is done on a area greater than 250 Km 2
5. Classify surveying based on the equipments.
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1 Chain surveying
2 Compass surveying
3 Plane table surveying
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4 Theodolite surveying
5 Tacheometric surveying
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6 Photogram metric surveying
7 Aerial surveying
6 Explain the constructions of a diagonal scale.

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For a given short length ( PQ=PR), draw a right angle triangle. Its base( PR)
and height (PQ) are equal. A short length is divided into a number of parts by using the
principle of similar triangles in which like sides are proportional.
Thus,
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1-1 represents 1/ 10 PQ
9-9 represents 9/ 10 PQ
7. Define chain surveying. What is the fundamental principle of chain surveying?

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Chain surveying is the type of surveying in which only linear measurements are
made in the field.
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The main principle of chain surveying or chain triangulation is to provide a

framework consist of number of well-conditioned triangles or nearly equilateral triangles. It is
used to find the area of the field.
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8. What is a well-conditioned triangle? What is its specific advantage?

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A triangle is said to be well- conditioned or well proportioned when it contains no

angle smaller than 300 and no angle greater than 1200 .
The main principle of chain surveying is chain triangulation. It consists of frame

work of triangles. To plot the network of triangles accurately, the triangles must be nearly

equal to equilateral or well-conditioned. The distortion due to errors in measurement and

plotting should be minimum.
9. What are the operations involved in chain survey?
(i). Ranging: The process of locating intermediate points on a straight line

between two end points in a straight line.
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(ii). Chaining: The process of measuring the distance with a chain or tape.
(iii). Offsetting: The process of measuring the lateral distance of the object from
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the survey line to the left or right according to their positions.
10. What are the instruments required for a chain survey?
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Chain or tape, Arrows, Pegs, Ranging rods, Offset rods, Laths or whites, Plumb
bob, Cross staff and Mallet.
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11. Write the different types of Chain.
(i). Metric chain
(ii). Non-Metric chain
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(a).Gunter's chain or Surveyor's chain

(b). Engineer's chain
(c). Revenue chain

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(d). Steel band.
1. Differentiate between Gunter's chain and Engineer's Chain

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Gunter's chain or Surveyor's chain
It is 66 feet long and divided in to 100 links. 1link = 0.66 feet

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Measurements are in miles and furlongs.
Engineer's chain
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It is 100 feet long and divided in to 100 links. 1link = 1 feet

Measurements are in feet and decimals
13. Define: (a).Main stations.

Main station is a prominent point on the chain line and can be either at the
beginning of the chain line or at the end or along the boundary.
(b). Subsidiary stations:

The stations located on the main survey lines are known as Subsidiary
stations.
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(c). Tie stations:
These are also subsidiary stations taken on the main survey lines to
locate the details of the object.
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14. Distinguish between a check line and a tie line.
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Check line
Check lines or Proof lines are the lines which are run in the field to check the accuracy of the
work
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The length of the check line measured in the field must agree with its length of the plan.
Tie line
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The main object of running a tie line is to take the details of the objects.
Tie line is a line which joints subsidiary stations or tie stations on the main line.
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15. What are the instruments used for setting out right angles to a chain line?
(i). Cross staff.

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a. Open cross staff

b. French cross staff
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c. Adjustable cross staff (ii). Optical square.
(iii). Prism square (iv). Site square.

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16. What are offsets? Classify them.
An offset is the lateral distance of an object or ground feature measured from

a survey line. The two types of offsets are,

(i). Perpendicular offset: The angle of offset from a point on a chain line is 900.
(ii). Oblique offset: When the angle of offset is other than 900 .
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17. What is the use of a line Ranger?
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The line Ranger is a small reflecting instrument used for fixing intermediate
points on the chain lines. Without going to either end, we can fix the intermediate points.
18. What are the stages of fieldwork in chain surveying? Or What are the steps
involved in chain survey?
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1. Reconnaissance: It is the preliminary inspection of the area to be surveyed.
2. Marking and fixing Survey lines.
3. Running survey lines.
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4. Taking Offsets.
19. What are the different tape corrections?

1. Correction for absolute length or standardisation.
2. Correction for temperature.
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3. Correction for pull or tension.

4. Correction for sag. (- ve)
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5. Correction for slope. (- ve)
20. What are the errors in chaining?

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(i). Compensating Errors: Which are liable to occur in either direction and tend
to compensate.
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(ii). Cumulative Errors: Which occur in the same direction and tend to add or
subtract. It may be positive (measured lengths more than the actual length) or negative
(measured lengths less than the actual length).
21. What are the different sources of errors in chain surveying?

(i). Instrumental errors: incorrect length of the chain (Cumulative Errors).
(ii). Personal error: Bad ranging (Cumulative Errors). Careless holding

(Compensating Errors). Bad straightening (Cumulative
Errors). Non- horizontality (Cumulative Errors). Sag in
chain (Cumulative Errors). Miscounting and misreading
and booking.
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(ii). Natural Errors: Variation in temperature. (Cumulative Errors).
22. Enumerate the instruments used for measurement of lengths of survey lines.
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(i). Chain or tape. (ii). Passometer. (iii). Pedometer (iv). Odometer
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(v). Speedometer.
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COMPASS SURVEYING AND PLANE TABLE SURVEYING

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1. Define: Compass surveying. What are the objects of compass surveying?
Compass surveying is the type of surveying in which the direction of the

survey lines are measured with a compass and the length of the survey lines are
measured with a tape or chain in the field.

2. Write the names of the instruments used in chain surveying.

(i). Instruments for the direct measurement of directions:
1. Surveyor's compass.
2. Prismatic compass.
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(ii).Instruments for the measurement of angles:
1. Sextant.
2. Theodolite.
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3. Define: (a). True meridian and bearing. True meridian:
The line or plane passing through the geographical North Pole, South Pole
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and any point on the surface of the earth, is known as true meridian or geographical
meridian. True meridian at a point is constant.
True bearing:
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The angle between the true meridian and a survey line is known as true
bearing or Azimuth of the line.
(b). Magnetic meridian and Bearing. Magnetic meridian :

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Magnetic meridian at a point is the direction indicated by freely suspended,

properly balanced and unaffected magnetic needle at that point.
Magnetic Bearing:
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The angle between the magnetic meridian and a survey line is known as
magnetic bearing or bearing .of the line. It changes with time.
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4. What do you understand by Whole circle bearing and quadrantal bearing of a line?
Magnetic Bearings are designated by Whole circle bearing system and
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quadrantal bearing system.
In Whole circle bearing system (WCB), the bearing of the line is measured
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with magnetic north in clockwise direction. It varies from 00 to 3600.
In quadrantal bearing system (Q.B or R.B) the bearing of the line is

measured eastward or westward from north or south, whichever is nearer. The directions
can be either clockwise or anticlockwise. It varies from 00 to 900.

5 Convert the whole circle bearing into reduced bearing: 500, 1760, 2100, 2320, 1500, 760,
3100 ,2420.
Whole circle bearing WCB
500
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1760
2100
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2320
1500
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760
3100
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2420
Reduced bearing
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RB
N 500 E.
S (1800 - 1760)E = S 40 E
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S (2100 - 1800)W = S 300 W
S (2320 - 1800)W = S 520 W

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S (1800 - 1500) E = S 300 E

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N 760 E
N (3600 - 3100) W = N 50 0 W
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S (2420 - 1800)W = S 620 W

1. Differentiate between Prismatic compass and Surveyor's compass with reference to

reading and tripod.
2. The fore bearing of a line PQ is N 280 W. What is its back bearing?
1. Reading
Prismatic compass:
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(i). The reading is taken with a help of prism provided at the eye slit.
(ii). Sighting and reading taking can be done simultaneously from one position of the
observer.
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Surveyor's compass:
(i). The reading is taken by directly seeing through the top of the glass.
(ii). Sighting and reading taking cannot be done simultaneously from one position of the
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observer.
2.Tripod
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Prismatic compass: Tripod may or may not be provided.
Surveyor's compass: The instrument cannot be used without a tripod.

In quadrantal bearing (RB) system, the FB and BB are numerically equal but the
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quadrants are just opposite.
The FB of a line PQ is N 280 W, Then its BB is S 280 E .
8. Define: Fore and Back bearing.

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The bearing of a line is measured in the direction of the progress of the survey
is called the fore bearing of the (FB) line.
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The bearing of a line is measured in the direction opposite to the survey is called the back
bearing of the (BB) line.
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BB = FB + 180 0 . (FB greater than 180 0, use - sign) (FB smaller than 180 0, use
+ sign)
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9. The fore bearing of line AB is 155025'20'. Identify the back bearing of the line AB in
quadrantal system.
The fore bearing of line AB = 155025'20'. The back bearing of line AB , BB = FB + 180 0
= 155025'20' + 180 0
= 335025'20' (WCB)

= N (3600 - 335025'20') W
= N 24034' 40'' W
10. Define and distinguish between magnetic dip and magnetic declination. Magnetic dip:
Due to the magnetic influence of the earth, the needle does not remain in the
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balanced position. This inclination of the needle with the horizontal is known as the dip of the
magnetic needle. To balance the dip of the needle, a rider (brass or silver coil) is provided
along with it.
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Magnetic declination:
The magnetic meridian of a place is variable one due to some local attractive
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forces. Therefore, the true meridian and the magnetic meridian at a place do not coincide.
The horizontal angle between the magnetic meridian and the true meridian is known as
magnetic declination.
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11. The magnetic bearing of a line is 48024'. Calculate the true bearing if the magnetic
declinations are 5038' East and 50 38'West.
True bearing = Magnetic bearing + Eastern magnetic declination

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= 48024' + 5038'
= 54002'.
True bearing = Magnetic bearing - Western magnetic declination
= 48024' - 5038'
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= 42046'.
12. The magnetic bearing of a line is S 28030' E. Calculate the true bearing if the
magnetic declinations are 5038' East and 50 38' West.
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Convert the reduced bearing into Whole circle bearing.

Magnetic bearing = S 28030' E. (RB)
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= 1800 - 28030'
= 1510 300 .
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True bearing = Magnetic bearing + Eastern magnetic declination
= 151030' + 7030'
= 159000'. (WCB)
= S(1800-159000')E (RB)

= S 21 0 E .
True bearing = Magnetic bearing - Western magnetic declination

= 151030' - 7030'
= 144000'. (WCB)
= S(1800-144000')E (RB)
= S 36 0 E.
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13. What is local attraction? What are the sources of local attractions?
Local attraction is a term used to denote any influence, such as magnetic
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substances, which prevents the needle from pointing to the magnetic north in a given
locality.
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The sources of local attractions are : magnetite in the ground, wire carrying
electric current, steel structures, rails, underground iron pipes, chain etc.,
14. Distinguish between closed traverse and open traverse.

Closed traverse
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When the lines form a circuit, which ends at the starting point, it is known as closed
traverse.
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It is suitable for locating the boundaries of lakes, woods etc,.
Check: Sum of interior angles = (2n - 4) 90 Sum of exterior angles = (2n +4) 90 Where, n=
number of sides of the traverse.
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Open traverse
If the circuit ends elsewhere, it is known as open traverse.

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It is suitable for surveying a long narrow strip of land required for road canal etc,.
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No direct check on angular measurements.
15. What is plane table surveying? When is it preferred? Write its principle.
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Plane tabling is the graphical method of surveying in which the field

observations and plotting proceed simultaneously.
It is mainly suitable for filling the interior details between the control stations and
also in magnetic areas.

The main principle of plane table surveying is that the lines joining the points on
the plane table are made to lie parallel to the corresponding lines joining the points on the
ground while working at each station.
16. Name four methods of plane surveying.

1. Radiation
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2. Intersection.
3. Traversing
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4. Resection.
(i). Resection after orientation by compass.
(ii). Resection after orientation by back sighting.
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(iii). Resection after orientation by three point problem.
a. Mechanical method.(Tracing paper method)
b. Graphical method. ( Bessel's method)
c. Lehman's method. (Trial and error method) (iv).

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Resection after orientation by two point problem
17. When a three- point problem resorted to in plane table surveying?

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It is the method of orientation when the table occupies a position not yet located
on the drawing sheet.
This method is employed when during surveying the surveyor feels that some
important details can be plotted easily by choosing any stations.
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18. State the First and second Lehman's rule.

First rule: The distance of the point 'p' (position of plane table on the
drawing sheet) to be fixed from each rays Aa (paper a, to ground A), Bb (paper ,b to
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ground B) and Cc (paper c, to ground C) is proportional to the respective distances of the

stations A, B and C from the ground station P.
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Second rule: While looking towards the stations the point 'p' to be fixed, will be
either to the left or to the right of each of the rays.
19. What are the Advantages of plane table surveying?

1. It is useful in magnetic areas.
2. It is cheaper than the theodolite surveying.

3. It is most suitable for small-scale maps.

4. The surveyor can compare plotted work with the actual features.
5. No skill is required .
20.Name some of the errors in plane tabling.

1. Instrumental error
2. Errors of plotting
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3. Errors due to manipulation and sighting.
1. Non horizontality of the board.
2. Defective sighting.
3. Defective orientation.
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4. Movement of board between sights
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LEVELLING AND APPLICATIONS
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1. Define Levelling. What are the uses of leveling?
Levelling is a branch of surveying, the object of which is; (i). To find the
elevations of given points with respect to a given or assumed datum, and (ii). To establish
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points at a given elevation or at different elevations with respect to a given or assumed

datum.
2. Define benchmark and reduced level. Benchmark:

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Benchmark is a relatively permanent point of reference whose elevation with

respect to some assumed datum is known.
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Reduced level or Elevation:
The vertical distance of a point above or below the datum is known as the
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elevation or R.L of that point. R.L of a point may be positive or negative according as the
point is above or below the datum.
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3. What are the different kinds of bench marks?
A BM is the reference point of known elevation. It may be classified into

following types.

(i).G.T.S Bench Mark: The great trigonometrical survey (G.T.S) bench marks
are established by the survey of India throughout the country. The levels of this bench
marks are established very accurately at a large interval with respect to the mean sea
level at Bombay port.
(ii). Permanent Bench Mark: These are established by different Government

departments like PWD, Railways, Irrigation etc,. The RL of these points are determined
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with reference to the G.T.S Bench Marks. Points on rocks, culvert, gate pillars, etc,.
(iii).Temporary Bench Mark: These are established temporarily whenever

required. These are generally chosen to close the day's work and to start the next days.
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Points on roofs, walls, basements, etc,.
(iv). Arbitrary Bench Mark: When the RL of some fixed points are assumed,
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they are termed arbitrary benchmark.
4. What do you mean by datum surface?
It is any surface, to which elevations are taken as a reference for the

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determination of elevations of various points. In India the datum adopted for the great
trigonometrical survey (G.T.S) is the mean sea level at Bombay port.
5. What is mean by line of collimation and height of collimation?

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Line of collimation (Line of sight): It is an imaginary line passing through the intersection of
the cross hairs at the diaphragm and the optical centre of the object glass and its
continuation.
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Height of collimation(HOC): The elevation of the Line of collimation (Line of sight) is known
as Height of collimation. HOC = RL of BM + BS.
6. Write the different types of levels.

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1. Dumpy level
2. Tilting level
3. Quick setting level.
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4. Y-level.
5. Reversible level.
6. Automatic level
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7. Lazer level.
7. List the essential parts of a Level.

Telescope, Eyepiece, Objective
Focusing screws. Longitudinal bubble
Foot screws, Upper parallel plate ( Tribrach), Foot plate( Trivet).

Diaphragm adjusting screws, Bubble adjusting screws, Tripod.
8. What are the different type's leveling staffs?
1. Target Staff
2. Self reading Staff.
a.Solid Staff
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b. Folding Staff
c. Telescopic Staff.
9. Define and distinguish between 'Back sights' and 'Fore sight' in the process of fly
Levelling.
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Back sights (BS)
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1.This is the first staff reading taken in any setup of the instrument. It is always taken on a
point of known elevation( BM).
2.It is used to determine the height of the instrument.

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HI = known RL + BS
Fore sight (FS)

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1.This is the last staff reading taken in any setup of the instrument and, after that instrument
is shifted.
2.It is used to determine the elevation (RL) of the staff station.

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RL = HI - FS.
10. Explain the theory of direct leveling.

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It is the branch of leveling in which the vertical distances with respect to a

horizontal line may be used to determine the relative difference in elevation between two
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adjacent points. Steps involved:
HI = known RL(BM) + BS RL = HI - FS.

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11. Distinguish between differential levelling and reciprocal levelling.
Differential levelling

1.Difference in elevation between two or more points is determined

by without any regard to the alignment of the points is called differential leveling.
2.It is used when:
(i). two points are a large distance apart.
(ii). The difference in elevation between two points is large.
(iii). Some obstacles intervenes between the points.
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Reciprocal levelling
1.Difference in elevation between two points is accurately determined by two sets of
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reciprocal observations..
2.It is used when:
(i). The instrument cannot be setup between the two points due to an
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obstruction such as a valley, river, etc,.
12. Reduced level of Bench Mark A - 50.000m

Reading on staff held at A - 2.435m
Reading on staff held at station point B - 1.650m
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Find: (a) Height of collimation.
(b) Reduced level of station point B.
(c) Rise/fall of B with respect to A.
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(a). Height of collimation = RL of BM A + BS

(HOC) = 50.000 + 2.435
= 52.435m
(b) Reduced level of station point B.

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= HOC - FS.
= 52.435 - 1.650
= 50.785 m
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( c). Rise/fall of B with respect to A.

= 2.435- 1.65 ( Lower staff reading being higher)
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= 0.785m,
= with compare to A, the station point B being 0.785m higher.
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13. Compare height of collimation method and rise and fall method.
a. Height of collimation method

b.Rise and fall method

1.
a.It is more rapid, less tedious and It is as it involves few calculation. involving
b.more laborious and tedious , simpler several calculations.
2.
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There is no check on the RL of the intermediate points.
There is a check on the RL of the intermediate points.
3.
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Errors in intermediate RL's cannot be detected.
Errors in intermediate RL's can be detected.
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4.
There are two arithmetic checks on the accuracy of RL calculation. ?BS -?FS = Last RL
-First RL.
There are three arithmetic checks on the accuracy of RL calculation. ?BS -?FS = ?Rise -
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?Fall =Last RL -First RL.
5.
It is suitable in the case of L.S and C.S, Contour etc.
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It is suitable in fly leveling where I intermediate sights are less.
14. Write the formula for curvature correction, refraction correction and combined correction.
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Curvature correction CC = 0.07849 d2 ( negative) m Refraction correction Cr =

0.01121 d2 (positive) m Combined correction. C = CC - Cr = 0.06728 d2 (negative)
m.
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Note: 'd' is to be substituted in Km, while the corrections will be in m.

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15. List out the various sources of errors in levelling.

Three principal sources:
(i). Instrumental error
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a. Error due to imperfect adjustment

b. Error due to sluggish bubble.
c. Error due to movement of objective slide.
d. Error due to defective joint.
e. Error due to incorrect length of staff.
(ii). Natural error.

a. Earth's curvature.
b. Atmospheric refraction.
c. Variations in temperature.
d. Settlement of tripod.
e. Wind vibrations.
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(iii). Personal errors.
a. Mistakes in manipulation.
b. Mistake in staff handling
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c. Mistake in reading the staff.
d. Error's in sighting.
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e. Mistakes in recording.
16. List out the leveling problems.
1. Levelling on Steep Slope.
2. Levelling on Summits and Hollows. 3.Taking Level of an Overhead

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Point.
4. Levelling Ponds and Lakes too Wide to be Sighted across.
5. Levelling across River.
6. Levelling on Past High Wall.
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17. Define sensitivity of a bubble. State any two factors affecting the same.
The sensitiveness of a bubble is defined the angular value of one division of

the bubble tube. It means the capability of showing small angular movements of the tube
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vertically. It can be increased by:

1. Increasing the internal radius of the tube.
2. Increasing the diameter of the tube.
3. Increasing the length of the tube.
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4. Decreasing the roughness of the walls.
5. Decreasing the viscosity of the liquid.

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18. What is a spire test?

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It is used to make the horizontal axis perpendicular to the vertical axis. This
test is also known as the test for the adjustments of the standards. It is done by means of
the adjustments of the vertical hair. It is one of the permanent adjustment of the level and
theodolite.
19. Define Contour, contour interval and, horizontal equivalent.

Contour: A contour is an imaginary line on the ground joining the points of

equal elevation.
Contour interval: It is the vertical distance between any two consecutive

contours. It depends upon the nature of the ground, the scale of the map and the purpose
of the survey.
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Horizontal equivalent: It is the horizontal distance between any two
consecutive contours. It varies according to the steepness of the ground.
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20. What are the different Characteristics of contour?
1. Contour lines are closed curves. They may either within the map itself or
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outside the map depending upon the topography.
2. Uniformly spaced, contour lines indicate a uniform slope.

3. A series of closed contours with increase in elevation from outside to
inside in plan denotes a hill.
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4. A series of closed contours with increase in elevation from inside to
outside in plan denotes a depression.
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5. The spacing between the contour lines depends upon the slope of the
ground. In steep slopes, the spacing is small and for gentle slope, the spacing is large.
21. What are the uses of contours?

1. Volume of earthwork for any work can be estimated.
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2. The capacity of the reservoir or the area of the catchments can be

calculated.
3. Very useful in military operations to decide the position of the guns, the line
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of march.
4. Longitudinal and cross section can be drawn along any direction to know
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the nature of the ground.
22. Write the different formulae to calculate the area of the irregular plate.
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1. By computations based directly on the field measurements:
(i). By dividing the area into number of triangles. (ii). By offsets to

base line.
a.Mid ordinate rule = ?O .d

b. Average ordinate Rule = nd. ?O

n+1
c. Trapezoidal rule = ( Oo + On + Ol +O2+O3+��On-1) d 2
d. Simpson's rule = [( Oo + On )+ 4( O1+ O3+ �. On-1) + 2( O2+
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O4+ �. On-2 ) ] (d/3)
Oo = Ordinate at one end.

On = Ordinate at other end.
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Ol +O2+O3+��On-1 = Ordinate at end of each divison. d =
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Length of the base
(iii). By latitudes and Departures:
a.By double meridian distance (D.M.D. method).
b. By double parallel distance (D.P.D. method). (iv). By

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co- ordinates.
2. By computations based on measurements scaled from a map.

3. By mechanical method: By means of planimeter.
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23. How do you calculate the capacity of the reservoir from the contour map?
From the contour map, the capacity of the reservoir is calculated by the
following formulas.
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1. Trapezoidal rule = ( Ao + An + Al +A2+A3+��An-1) 2

2. Prismoidal rule = [( Ao + An )+ 4( A1+ A3+ �. An-1) +
2( A2+ A4+ �. � An-2 ) ] (d/3)
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Ao, A1, A2, A3,��An = Areas enclosed by successive contours. d

= contour interval.
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THEODOLITE SURVEYING
1.Define: Theodolite surveying. What are the uses of a theodolite?
Theodolite surveying is a branch of surveying, in which the theodolite is

accurate instrument used for the measurement of horizontal angles, vertical angles. It can
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also be used for various purposes such as laying off horizontal angles, locating points on a
line, prolonging survey lines, establishing grades, determining differences in elevation,
etc,.
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2. Why a type of theodolite is called a transit theodolite?
A transit theodolite is one is which the line of sight can be reversed by
pz
revolving the telescope through 1800 in the vertical plane.
3. List the essential parts of a theodolite.

ee
The telescope, The vertical circle, The index frame (T- frame),
The levelling head, The scale plate (Lower), The Vernier plate (Upper). The
tripod, Plumb bob, The compass, Focusing screws,
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The upper and lower clamp and its tangential screws, Vertical clamp screw,
Foot screws. etc,.
4. Differentiate between the Vernier theodolite and Micrometer theodolite.

In Vernier theodolite the verniers are fitted to read the angles upto 20'. In
.p
Micrometer theodolite micrometers are fitted to read the angles.
5. List the essential qualities of a theodolite telescope. The essential parts of the
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telescope:
(i).Objective (ii).Eye-piece, (iii). Diaphragm, (iv). Body and focusing device.
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The essential qualities of a theodolite telescope:

(i). The real image must be formed in front of the eye-piece.
(ii). The plane of the image must coincide with that of the cross-hairs.
w
6. What are the temporary adjustments of the theodolite?

1. Setting up.
2. Levelling up.
3. Elimination of parallax.

(i). Focusing the eye piece. (ii). Focusing the Objective.
7.List out the permanent adjustments of Theodolite.

1. Adjustment of plate level (Plate level test).
2. Adjustment of line of sight ( Cross- hair test).
3. Adjustment of horizontal axis.(Spire test).
4. Adjustment of vertical index frame and altitude bubble.(Vertical arc test).
et
8. List out the fundamental lines of Theodolite
.n
1. The vertical axis
2. The horizontal axis or trunnion axis
3. The line of collimation or line of sight.
pz
4.Axis of plate level.
5. Axis of altitude level.
9. What is an anallatic lens? What is the use of an anallatic lens?

ee
It is a special convex lens fitted between the object glass and eye piece, at a
fixed distance from the object glass, inside the telescope of a tacheometer.
The use of an anallatic lens is to reduce the additive constant ( C ) to zero.

ad
Tacheometric equation, D = Ks + C. Where,
D = horizontal distance between the staff and the instrument station. S = staff intercept
K = multiplying constant. C = additive constant.

.p
10. Name the two methods of measuring horizontal angles using a thedolite. When each
method is advantageously used?
The two methods: (i). Repetition method.
w
(ii). Reiteration method (Direct method).
The method of repetition is preferred for the measurement of a single angle.

w
The method of reiteration is preferred in triangulation, where a number of
angles may be required at one point by the instrument.

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The method of repetition appears to be better, it is more time consuming and

even many repetitions may yield ordinary results.
11. State what errors are eliminated by repetition method.

1. Errors due to imperfect eccentricity of verniers and centres are eliminated

by reading both verniers and taking the mean of the reading.
2. Errors due to imperfect adjustment of the instrument are eliminated by

taking face left and right observations.
3. Errors due to inaccurate graduations on the main scale are eliminated as

the readings are spread over different parts of the circle.
et
4. Errors due to inaccurate bisection of the signal are eliminated, as they tend
to balance each other. All the errors are also minimized as the number of repetitions
divides the sum.
.n
12. What are the methods used to plot the traverse?
1. By parallel Meridians Through Each Station.
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2. By Included Angles
3. By Paper Protractor.
4. By rectangular co-ordinates.
5. Plotting by tangents and chords.
ee
13.Define closing error.
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If a closed traverse is plotted according to the field measurements, the end

point of the traverse will not coincide exactly with the starting point, due to the errors in the
field observations. Such as error is known as closing error.
Closing error e = ? ( ?L) 2 + ( ?D) 2.

.p
where, ?L = sum of latitudes.

?D = sum of departures.
The direction of closing error
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tan ? = ?D / ?L.
14. Define: Balancing. What are the methods used to balancing the traverse?
w
The term balancing is generally applied to the operation of applying

corrections to latitudes and departures. So that?L = sum of latitudes = 0; ?D = sum of
w
departures = 0. This is applied only for closed traverse

Methods used to balancing (adjusting) the traverse:
1. Bowditch's rule
2. Transit rule.
3. Graphical method.

4. Axis method.
15.Explain the Bowditch's rule in balancing the traverse.

The Bowditch's rule (compass rule) is used to balance a traverse where the
linear and angular measurements are of equal precision. In this method the error in linear
measurements are proportional to ?l and the error in angular measurements are inversely
proportional to ?l ,where l is the length of the line.
et
Correction to latitude (or departure) of any side
= Total error in latitude (or departure) x [ Length of that side /
.n
Perimeter of traverse.]
C L = ? L .( l / ?l)
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C D = ? D .( l / ?l)
where,
? L = Total error in Latitude.

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? D = Total error in Departure.
l = Length of the side ?l = Perimeter of traverse.

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16. What is Gale's table? What is its use?

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Traverse computations are usually done in a tabular form. One such form is
known as Gale's Table.
It is used to balance the traverse and also used to find the area of the closed
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traverse.
17. Define: Omitted measurements.

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Sometimes it is not possible to take all the measurements due to obstacles.

Such missing quantities are known as omitted measurements. They can be calculated
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from the known latitudes and departures.
18. What is closed traverse? What are the two checks applicable in this case?
When the lines form a circuit, which ends at the starting point, it is known as
closed traverse.

Check:
(i). Sum of interior angles = (2n - 4) 90 (ii). Sum of exterior angles = (2n +4) 90
Where, n= number of sides of the traverse.
19. Define: Trigonometrical leveling or Heights and Distances.
Trigonometrical leveling is an indirect method of levelling. The relative
et
elevations of various points are determined from the observed vertical angles and
horizontal distances by the use of trigonometrical relations. The vertical angles are
measured with a theodolite and the horizontal distances are measured with a tape or
chain. This method is also known as Heights and Distances.
.n
20. What are the methods used to find the elevations of the points in the case of
inaccessible points? Differentiate that?
pz
1. Single plane method
2. Double plane method.
Single plane method
ee
Two instrument stations are chosen in line with the object.
The two vertical angles are measured in the same vertical plane.
Horizontal angles are not required.
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Double plane method
Two instrument stations are chosen which are not in line with the object.
The two vertical angles are measured in two different vertical planes.
Horizontal angles are also measured.
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Control Surveying
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1. Define Tacheometry:
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i. Tacheometry is a branch of angular surveying in which the horizontal

and vertical distances (or) points are obtained by optional means as
opposed to the ordinary slower process of measurements by chain (or)
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tape.
2. Define Tacheometer:

i. It is an ordinary transit theodolite fitted with an extra lens called analytic

lens. The purpose of fitting the analytic lens is to reduce the additive
constant to zero.
3. Define Analytic lens:
a. Analytic lens is an additional lens placed between the diaphragm and the
et
objective at a
4. fixed distance from the objective. This lens will be fitted in ordinary transit theodolite.
After fitting this additional lens the telescope is called as external focusing analytic
.n
telescope. The purpose of fitting the analytic lens is to reduce the additive constant to
zero.
pz
5. Define Substance bar:
a. A Substance bar is manufactured by Mr. Kern. The length of the substance bar
is 2m (6ft)
ee
6. for measurement of comparatively short distance in a traverse. A Substance bar may
be used as a substance base. The length of the bar is made equal to the distance
between the two targets.
ad
7. What are the merits and demerits of movable hair method? Merits:
i. Long sights can be taken with greater accuracy than stadia method The
error obtained is minimum
.p
b. Demerits:
The computations are not quicker Careful observation is essential

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8. Fixed hair method:
In this method, the stadia wires are fixed (or) fitted at constant distance
w
a.
apart.
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9. Staff intercept:
a. The difference of the reading corresponding to the top and bottom stadia
wires.
10. Stadia intercept:

a. The difference of the distance between the top and bottom cross hairs. In this
method stadia interval is variable. The staff intercept is kept fixed
while the stadia
b. interval is variable.
et
11. The tangential method:
a. In this method, the stadia hairs are not for taking readings. The readings
being taken against the horizontal cross hair.
.n
12. What are the systems of tacheometry measurements?
pz
a. The stadia system The tangential system
b. Measurement by means of special instrument.
13. What are the types of stadia system?

ee
a. Fixed hair method, Movable hair method
14. What is the principle of stadia method?

ad
The method is based on the principle that the ratio of the perpendicular to the base is
constant to similar isosceles triangle.
.p
SURVEY ADJUSTMENTS
1. Permanent Bench mark:

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These are established by different government departments like PWD, Railways, Irrigation
etc., The RL of these points are determined with reference to G.T.S Benchmarks. Points on
w
rocks, culvert, gate, pillars etc.
2. Temporary Bench mark:

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These are established temporarily whenever required. These are generally chosen to close
the day's work and to start the next days. Points on roofs, walls, basements etc
3. Arbitrary Bench Mark:

When the RL of some fixed Points are assumed, they are termed a arbitrary Bench mark
4. Extension of baseline:
The length of baseline is usually not greater than 10 to 20 km. As it is not a often possible to
sewed a favorable sight for a longer base. They usually practice is therefore to use short
base & Extend it by means. Of forming well conditioned triangles.
et
5. Trigonometrical levelling:
Trigonometrical levelling is the process of determining the differences of elevation of the
.n
given station from observed vertical angles and known distance.
6. Axis Signal correction :
pz
If the height of the signed is not the same as that of height of the instrument axis above the
station, a correction known as the axis signal correction or eye & objective correction is to be
applied.
ee
7. Geodetic Surveying :
In this surveying, the shape of the earth is taken into account and all the lines lying in the
surface are curved lines. It is used for area greater than 250km2. It is accurate. It is
ad
conducted by great geometrical survey of India.
8. Baseline :
The Base line is laid down with great accuracy of measurement & alignment as it forms the
.p
basis for the computations of triangulation system the length
of the base line depends upon the grades of the triangulation.

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9. Laplace Station :
At certain station, astronomical observations for azimuth & longitude are also made on the
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station is called Laplace station .

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10. Triangulation :
Triangulation is nothing but the system consists of not of interconnected triangles. In this
method, knowing the length of one side and three angles, the length of other two sides of
each triangle can be computed.

11. Signals :
A Signal any object such as a pole target erected at a station upon which a sight is taken by
a observer at another station.
12. Satellite Station :
et
A subsidiary station is established as near the true or principal station as possible, the
station so established is called a satellite station or eccentric station or false station.
13. Reduction to centre:
.n
If the true station were occupied by computing the corrections and apply them algebraically
to the observed values is generally known as reduction of centre.
pz
14. Base net:
A series of triangles connecting the baseline to the main triangulation is called base net.
ee
15. Bench marking :
It is a fined reference point of known elevation.

ad
16. Types of Bench Mark:
Great Trigonometric survey Bench mark
Permanent Bench mark

.p
Arbitrary Bench mark
Temporary Bench mark

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17. Equipments used for base line measurement:

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Marking stakes or tripod Straining device Supporting stakes or tripod Steel tape
Six number of thermometer.
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18. Methods used to measure baseline
Rigid bar method
Wheeler's method
Jaderin's method

Hunter's short base method
Tacheometric method
19. Two types of Trigonometrically leveling:
et
Plane Trigonometrical levelling Geodetic Trigonometrical levelling
20. Apparatus used in Baseline:
.n
Rigid Bars
Flexible apparatus
pz
21. Corrections made while calculation of true length
Correction for absolute length

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Correction for temperature
Correction for pull or tension

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Correction for Sag

Correction for Slope
Advanced Topics in Surveying

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1. Hydrographic Survey:
Hydrographic Survey is that branch of surveying which deals with the measurement
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of bodies of water. It is the art of delineating the submarine levels, contours and
features of seas, gulfs, rivers and lakes.
w
2. Sounding :
The measurement of depth below the water surface is called sounding.

w
3. Tides:
All celestial bodies exert a gravitational force on each other. These forces of
attraction between earth & other celestial bodies cause periodical variations in the
level of water surface, known as tides.

4. Equilibrium Theory :
The earth is covered all around by the ocean of uniform depth. The ocean is capable
of assuming the equilibrium.
5. Mean sea level :
et
Mean sea level may be defined as the mean level of the sea, obtained by taking the
mean of all the height of the tide as measured at hourly intervals over some states
period covering a whole number of complete tides.
.n
6. Fathometer :
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A fathometer is used for ocean sounding where the depth of water is too much and to
make a continuous and accurate record of depth of water below the boat or ship at
which it is installed.
7. Photographic Survey :
ee
It is also called photogrametry. It is a method of surveying in which plant or maps are
prepared from photographs taken from Suitable camera station. It is divided into two.
ad
Terrestrial photography
Aerial photography
8. Photo theodolite:
.p
It is the combination of photo with theodolite and is used for taking photographs &
measuring the angles which the vertical plane of collimation makes with the base
line.
w
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9. Stereoscopic pairs:
It means two photos are obtained for a Single object from two point one at each.
w
10. Parallax:
In normal binocular vision the apparent movement of a point viewed first with one eye
and then the other is known a parallax.

11. Angle of Parallax:
It is the angle of convergence of the two rays of vision.
12. Stereoscopic fusion:
If a pair of photographs is taken of an object from two slightly different positions of
et
the camera and then viewed by an apparatus which ensures that the left eye sees
only the left-hand picture & right eye is directed to the right hand picture, the two
separate images of the object will fuse together is the brain to provide the observer
with spatial impression. This is known as a Stereoscopic fusion.
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13. Stereo pair:
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The pair of two such photographs is known as stereo pair. The effect of distortions
exist in a single photograph may be eliminated through a large extend of stereo pairs.
14. Parallax bar:

ee
A parallax bar used to measure difference of two points, consists of a bar which
holds a fixed plate of transparent material near the left end and a movable plate to
the right end.
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15. Floating mark:
In parallax bar, when the two dots are viewed properly under a stereoscope they fuse
into a single dot called floating mark.
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16. Mosaics :
Such an assembly of getting series of overlapping photograph is called mosaic.

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17. Types of EDM instrument :
Tellurimeter
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Geodimeter
Distomats
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18. Cartography :
It is the marking and study of maps in all their aspects. It is an important branch of
graphics, since it is an extremely efficient way of manipulating, analyzing, &
expressing ideas, forms & relationships that occur in two & three dimensional space.

19. Cadastral survey :

Cadastral means, 'Registration concern Land Survey'. It is of one of based on
national land survey based on land survey law.
20. Modulation :
Amplitude modulation Frequency modulation
et
In amplitude modulation, the carrier wave has constant frequency & the modulating
wave (the measurement wave) in formation is conveyed by the amplitude of the
carrier wave. In the frequency modulation the carrier wave has constant amplitude,
.n
while the frequency varies in proportion to the amplitude of the modulation wave.
21. Methods of Measuring Velocity flow:
pz
Surface float
Sub surface float
Velocity ropes
Picot tube method &Current meter mean.
ee
TOTAL STATION
1. Errors:
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Mistakes (or) gross Errors Systematic (or) Cumulative Errors Accidental (or) Random
Errors
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2. Mistakes (or) Gauss Errors:
Depends upon the observer, a mistake cannot be corrected unless the observer get
training. The mistakes are errors that arise from inattention, inexperience,
w
carelessness and poor judgement of confusion in the mind of observer.
3. Systematic Errors:
w
The systematic error is an error that under the same conditions will always be of the
same size and sign. It is simply due to the error in instrument. These errors may be
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regarded as positive or negative according with whether they make the result too
small (or) too great. This effect is cumulative.
4. Accidental Errors:

The Accidental Errors are those which remain after mistakes and systematical errors
have been eliminated and are caused by the combination of reasons beyond the
ability of the observer to control.
5. Classification of Observer Quantity:
An observer quantity may be classified as Independent Quantity Conditioned
et
Quantity
6. Independent Quantity:
.n
It is the one whose value is independent of the values of other quantities. It bears no
relation with any other quantity and hence change in the other quantities does not
affect the value of this quantity. eg. R.L of B.M
pz
7. Conditioned Quantity:
It is the one whose value is dependent upon the values of one (or) more quantities.
Its values bear a rigid relation to some other quantities. It is also called 'dependent
ee
quantities'.
8. Conditioned Equation:
ad
The conditioned equation is the equation expressing the relation existing b/w the
several dependent quantities. eg. In a ABC A+B+C= 180 . It is a conditioned
equation.
9. Observation:
.p
An observation is a numerical value of the measured quantity and may be either

direct (or) indirect.
w
10. Direct Observation:
A direct observation is the one made directly on the quantity being determined.
w
Eg: Measurement of base line.

w
11. Indirect Observation:
An indirect observation is one in which the observed value is deduced from the
measurement of some related quantities.
Eg: Measurement of Angle by repetition method.

12. Weight of an Observation:
The weight of an observation is a number giving an indication of its precision and

trust worthiness, when making a comparison between several quantities of
different worth.
If a certain observation of weight 4 it means that it is 4 times as much reliable as
et
an observation of weight 1.
When two quantities (or) observations are assumed to be equally reliable, the
observed values are said to be of equal weight (or) of unit weight.
.n
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13. Weighted Observations:
Observations are weighted when different weights are assigned to them. Eg:
A=30040'- wt 3
ee
It means A is measured 3 times.
14. Observed value of a Quantity:

ad
An observed value of a quantity is a value obtained when it is corrected for all the
known errors. Observed value = Measured value � errors (or) corrections.
15. True value of Quantity:

.p
It is the value which is obsolute free from all the errors.

16. True Error:
w
A true error is the difference b/w the true value of the quantity and its observed
value. True value = True value -observed value
w
The most probable value of the quantity is the value which is more likely to be the
true value then any other value.
w
17. Most probable Errors:
It is defined as the quantity which added to and subtracted from the most
probable value, fixes the limit within which it is an even chance the true value of the
measured quantity must lie.

18. Residual Error:
It is diff b/w the most probable value of the quantity and its observed value.
Residual Errors = most probable value -observed value
19. Observation Equation:
et
It is the relation b/w the observed quantity and its numerical value.
20. Normal Equation:
.n
It is the education which is formed by the multiplying each equation by the co-efficient of the
unknown, whose normal equation is to be formed out by adding the equation thus formed.
pz
GPS Surveying
1. Celestial sphere :
ee
It is an imaginary sphere on which the stars appear to lie or to be studded is known
as the Celestial sphere.
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2. Zenith (z) :
It is the point on the upper portion of the celestial sphere marked by plumb line above
the observer. It is the point on the celestial sphere immediately above the observer's
station.
.p
3. Nadir (Z', or, N):
It is the point on the lower portion of the celestial sphere marked by plumb line below
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the observer. It is the point on the celestial sphere vertically below the observer's
station.
4. Celestial Horizon:
w
It is also called true or Rational horizon or geocentric horizon. It is the great circle
traced upon the celestial sphere by that plane which is perpendicular to the zenith -
w
Nadir line and which passes through the centre of the earth.
5. The terrestrial poles and equator :
The terrestrial poles are the two points in which the earth's axis of notation meets the
earth's sphere.

The terrestrial equator is the greet circle of the earth, the plane of which is at right
angles to the axis of notation. The two poles are equidistant from it.
6. The celestial poles and equator :
If the earth's axis of rotation is produced indefinitely, it will meet the celestial sphere
in two points called the North & South celestial poles (P and
et
P').
The celestial equator is the great circle of the celestial sphere in which it is
.n
intersected by he plane or terrestrial equator.
7. Sensible horizon:
pz
It is a circle in which a plane passing through the point of observation and tangential
to the earth's surface intersects with celestial sphere. The line of sight of an
accurately leveled telescope lies in this plane.
ee
8. Visible horizon :
It is a circle of contact, with the earth, of the cone of visual rays passing through the
point of observation.
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9. Vertical circle :
A vertical circle of the celestial sphere is great circle passing through the zenith and
nadir. They all cut the celestial horizon at right angles.
.p
10. The Observers Meridian:
The meridian of any particular point is that circle which passes through the zenith and
w
nadir of the point as well as through the poles.

w
11. Prime vertical:

It is the particular vertical circle which is at right angles to the meridian and which
therefore passes through the east & west points of horizon.
w
12. Latitude (? ):
It is the angular distance of any place on the earth's surface north or south of the
equator, and is measured on the meridian of the place. It is also defined as the angle
between the zenith and the celestial equator.
13. The co-latitude :

The co-latitude of a place is the angular distance from the zenith to the pole. It is the
complement of the latitude and equal to (900- ? ).
14. The longitude (?):
The longitude of a place is the angle between a fixed reference meridian called the
prime or first meridian and the meridian of the place.
et
15. The altitude (?):
The altitude of celestial or heavenly body (i.e., a sun or star) is its angular distance
.n
above the horizon, measured on the vertical circle passing through the body.
16. The co-altitude or zenith distance (z):
pz
It is the angular distance of heavenly body from the zenith. It is the complement of
the altitude.
17. The Azimuth:

ee
The azimuth of a heavenly body is the angle between the observer's meridian and
the vertical circle passing through the body.
ad
18. The Declination:
The declination f a celestial body is angular distance from the plane of the equator,
measured along the star's meridian generally called the declination circle. Declination
.p
varies from 00 to 900, and is marked + or - according as the body is north or south of
the equator.
19. Hour circle:
w
Hour circles are great circles passing through the north and south celestial poles.
The declination circle of a heavenly body is thus its hour circle.
w
20. The hour angle:
The hour angle of a heavenly body is the angle between the observer's meridian and the
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declination circle passing through the body. The hour angle is always measured westwards.

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CE8351 www.padeepz.

CE8351 Surveying Important Questions

1. Define Surveying. What are the fundamental principles of surveying?

Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on,

The primary object of surveying is to prepare a plan or map to show the

3. Name the different ways of classification of surveys.

(ii). Geodetic surveying. b. Secondary classification

(i). Based on instruments used (ii). Based on methods.

(iii). Based on object

4. Differentiate between plane and geodetic surveying.

The curvature of the earth is neglected.

A line joining any two points is considered straight.

Important Questions www.padeepz.net CE8351 padeepz

The curvature of the earth is taken.

5. Classify surveying based on the equipments.

6 Explain the constructions of a diagonal scale.

7. Define chain surveying. What is the fundamental principle of chain surveying?

The main principle of chain surveying or chain triangulation is to provide a

8. What is a well-conditioned triangle? What is its specific advantage?

A triangle is said to be well- conditioned or well proportioned when it contains no

The main principle of chain surveying is chain triangulation. It consists of frame

Important Questions www.padeepz.net CE8351 padeepz

equal to equilateral or well-conditioned. The distortion due to errors in measurement and

9. What are the operations involved in chain survey?

(i). Ranging: The process of locating intermediate points on a straight line

10. What are the instruments required for a chain survey?

(a).Gunter's chain or Surveyor's chain

(c). Revenue chain

(d). Steel band.

1. Differentiate between Gunter's chain and Engineer's Chain

Gunter's chain or Surveyor's chain

It is 66 feet long and divided in to 100 links. 1link = 0.66 feet

Measurements are in miles and furlongs.

It is 100 feet long and divided in to 100 links. 1link = 1 feet

13. Define: (a).Main stations.

Important Questions www.padeepz.net CE8351 padeepz

(b). Subsidiary stations:

(i). Cross staff.

a. Open cross staff

c. Adjustable cross staff (ii). Optical square.

(iii). Prism square (iv). Site square.

16. What are offsets? Classify them.

An offset is the lateral distance of an object or ground feature measured from

Important Questions www.padeepz.net CE8351 padeepz

19. What are the different tape corrections?

3. Correction for pull or tension.

5. Correction for slope. (- ve)

20. What are the errors in chaining?

21. What are the different sources of errors in chain surveying?

Important Questions www.padeepz.net CE8351 padeepz

(i). Instrumental errors: incorrect length of the chain (Cumulative Errors).

(ii). Personal error: Bad ranging (Cumulative Errors). Careless holding

COMPASS SURVEYING AND PLANE TABLE SURVEYING

1. Define: Compass surveying. What are the objects of compass surveying?

Compass surveying is the type of surveying in which the direction of the

Important Questions www.padeepz.net CE8351 padeepz

2. Write the names of the instruments used in chain surveying.

(b). Magnetic meridian and Bearing. Magnetic meridian :

Magnetic meridian at a point is the direction indicated by freely suspended,

quadrantal bearing system.

with magnetic north in clockwise direction. It varies from 00 to 3600.

In quadrantal bearing system (Q.B or R.B) the bearing of the line is

Important Questions www.padeepz.net CE8351 padeepz