8/24/2011

QUIZ

 Close all your notes and leave on your desk only your
pens, calculators and a clean sheet of yellow paper. 

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Objectives

– Identify the use, operations and applications

of hydrographic surveying.
– Familiarize with different sounding methods.
– Solve point fixing problems.
– Perform discharge and volume computations.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

Outline

– Dredging
– Scow Measurements (Volume)
– Stream Velocity
– Stream Discharge Measurement
– Capacity of Lakes and Reservoirs (Volume)

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Dredging
Dredging – process of widening, enlarging, cleaning or
deepening of channels in harbors, rivers, and canals.

The volume of the dredged material need to be

determined to:
1. ascertain the time required to complete the work
and to determine the interim progress on the job
site.
2. determine size of excavation.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Clamshell Dredge

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

Clamshell Dredge

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Rainbow

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

Rainbow

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Scow Measurement
 The amount of material dredged from any body of
water can be determined either by soundings or scow
measurements.

Scow - a large flat-bottom boat with square ends, used

in determining the volume of dredged material.

Archimedes Principle: Any object, wholly or partially

immersed in a fluid, is buoyed up by a force equal to
the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

Scow Measurement
 The volume estimate is made of the draft of a scow
before and after loading.
 The amount of water displaced during the loading
process is essentially equal to the weight of the body.
 The weight density of the excavated material and of the
water in which the scow float are important in the
computations.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Scow Measurement

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

Scow Measurement
Example:
A rectangular deck scow 30.50m long, 6.10m wide and
3.66m high has a draft of 1.22m when light and a draft
of 3.05m when loaded. The bottom length of the scow
is 23.15m. The waterline is 29.26m long when the scow
is loaded with rocks and 25.60m long when light. If sea
water weighs 1026kg/cu m and the loaded dredged
material weighs 3208kg/cu m, determine the volume of
the loaded rock.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Scow Measurement

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Measurement of Stream Discharge

 Done in connection with the design of:
 water supply systems
 flood protection works
 hydroelectric power development
 irrigation systems
 framing structures
 Used to calculate the volume of water flowing past a
measuring section of a stream in a given period of time
(cu m/s)
 Current meters are usually used.
Department of Geodetic Engineering
Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

Measurement of Stream Discharge

Discharge - the volume of water flowing past a section

of stream, canal, flume, and other bodies of water

1. Velocity-area Method
2. Slope-area Method
3. Weir Method

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Velocity-area Method
 Usually done in channels or rivers using current meters.
 Velocities are observed at selected depths on several
verticals or subsections along a line transverse to the
direction of flow.
Qt = At * Vm
V = aN + b
where:
N = no. of revolutions per second
Qt = total discharge
At = total area
Vm = mean velocity
a, b = meter constants
Department of Geodetic Engineering
Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

Velocity-area Method
 Velocity – Area Method
Qt = At * Vm
V = aN + b
where:
N = no. of revolutions per second
Qt = total discharge
At = total area
Vm = mean velocity
a, b = meter constants

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Velocity-area Method Example

The right and left water edges of a stream are 3.0 and
32.0m, respectively, from an initial reference point.
Verticals are located at distances 5.5, 8.5, 11.5, 14.5,
17.5, 20.5, 23.5, 26.5 and 29.5m from the reference
point. Depths of verticals are 0.6, 1.2, 1.4, 2.4, 2.6, 2.7,
2.5, 2.0 and 0.9m. Mean velocities in the verticals are
0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 0.6 and 0.2m/s,
respectively. Assuming that the discharge in the end
sections of the stream to be zero, determine the
discharge and the average velocity of flow of the
stream.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

Velocity-area Method Example

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Velocity-area Method Assignment

No. of Meter Constants
Distance Depth Time
Rev. a b
5 0
10 1.2 10 30 0.232 0.022
13 2 22 28 0.232 0.022
20 2.6 35 32 0.232 0.022
25 1.6 28 29 0.232 0.022
30 0

Determine the discharge and the average

velocity of flow of the stream.
Department of Geodetic Engineering
Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

Slope-area Method
 Done for obtaining peak flow of a stream after the flood
has receded.
 A straight stretch of river of uniform slope is needed and
cross-section is required.
 The area of the cross-section at each end of the reach
(e.g. the length of channel uniform with respect to
discharge, depth, area, and slope) is determined, as well
as the slope of the water surface during the peak stage.
 The Chezy formula (empirical/ used due to absence of
better and accurate stream flow data) for open channels
with Kutter’s coefficient is generally used to compute for
the mean velocity.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Slope-area Method

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

Slope-area Method

1/6

C = depends on roughness of the bed and inclination, and hydraulic mean depth.
n = depends on the shape and character of the stream
P = actual length of the line in the water cross-section when the water and the
ground are in contact.
R = A/P

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Slope-area Method Example

Given the following data for a stream of uniform flow:
Average stream cross section: 6.97 sqm
Wetted perimeter: 9.76m
Slope of stream bed: 0.007
Roughness Coefficient: 0.025

Compute for the average velocity of the stream using

Manning’s and Kutter’s coefficient.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

Weir Method
 Weir – an overflow structure built across an open
channel or stream, used to measure discharge in
streams, irrigation ditched, canals, large sewers and
other hydraulic channels where the velocities and depths
are not suitable for measurement by current meters.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Weir Method

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

Weir Method

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Weir Method

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

16
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Capacity of Lakes and Reservoirs

 The determination of the volume of water that the

reservoir or lake can contain is important in the
design of:
 water supply systems
 irrigation projects
 structures for aquaculture development
 hydroelectric power generating stations

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

Capacity of Lakes and Reservoirs

1. Average End-Area Method

2. Prismoidal Method

3. Contour Method

4. Cross-section Method

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Contour Method
 A traverse is run from a shore line and the water line
and desired shore topography are located.
 Sufficient number of soundings are taken and sub-
aqueous contours are plotted.
 The area enclosed by a contour is determined by a
planimeter, a measuring instrument used to determine
the area of a 2D shape by tracing around its perimeter.
 The average area of two consecutive contours
multiplied by the contour interval gives partial volumes,
and the summation them gives the total volume.
Department of Geodetic Engineering
Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

Contour Method – Section/Total Volume

Total Volume =
summation of partial
volumes
Department of Geodetic Engineering
Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Contour Method Example

From the results of a hydrographic survey of a lake the ff

areas were obtained:
A = 1240.71sqm
B = 752.79sqm
C = 397.77sqm t
D = 178.44sqm
E = 48.33sqm
If the vertical distance between contour lines is 1.50m,
determine the volume of water in the lake above the level
of contour E.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

Contour Method Assignment

The area bounded by the water line of a reservoir is

determined by using a planimeter. The contour interval
is 2m. A1 = 20,400; A2 = 18,600; A3 = 14, 300; A4 =
10,200; A5 = 8,000; A6 = 4,000. Determine the capacity
of the reservoir using:

a. End-area method b. Prismoidal method

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Cross Section Method

 The outline of the water is obtained as in the contour
method and the water line is plotted and divided by
approximate trapezoids and triangles.
 Soundings are taken along boundary lines between
each station and are plotted on cross section paper.
 Volumes of the partial sections are determined by
using either the average end-area or the prismoidal
method.
 The summation of these partial volumes gives the
total volume.
Department of Geodetic Engineering
Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

Cross Section Method

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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 8/24/2011

Cross Section Method

Total Area = summation of partial areas

Department of Geodetic Engineering
Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

Cross Section Method

Total Volume = summation of partial volumes

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Cross-section Method Assignment

The MWSS Engineers conducted a hydro survey on one
of the reservoirs in order to determine its capacity and
to check out whether this reservoir is capable of
serving the water needs of the adjacent municipalities.
Parallel ranges were established along the reservoir
and soundings were taken at certain distances as
shown below. What would be the capacity of this
reservoir using:

a. End area method b. Prismoidal method

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

Section 2

Section 3

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Section 4

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

References
• Anderson, James & E. Mikhail (1998), Surveying: Theory
and Practice 7th Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

• Davis, Raymond E., et.al. (1981), Surveying: Theory and

Practice 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

• La Putt, Juny P. (1987), Higher Surveying 2nd Edition,

Cacho Hermanos Inc.

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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Thank you for listening to the

PART 2 of our Hydrographic
Surveying lecture!


Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry GE 12 – General Surveying II

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