BS 5135 Welding of Ferrtic Steel

' B S I BS*5l135 8 4 W Lb24bb7 0 0 b 3 2 4 2 O W
BS 5135: 1984
UDC 621.791.75 : [669.14 f 669.1 5'74-1 941
O British Standards Institution.No part

of this publication may be photocopied
or otherwise reproducedwithout the
prior permissionin writing of BSI.
British Standard Specification for

ArCwelding of carbon and A
carbon manganesesteels
Soudage B l'arc des aciers au carbone et au carbone-manganèse - Spécifications ~-

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A
Lichtbogenschweißen von Kohlenstoff- und Kohlenstoff-Mangan-Stählen -
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British Standards Institution

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BSI BSm5135 8 4 W Lb24669 0063243 2
BS 5135: 1984
Contents Page Page
Foreword 1 7. Conditions for manual metal-arc welding

Committees responsible Back page with covered electrodes of fillet welds in steel
having maximum carbon equivalent of 0.45 12
Specification 8. Conditions for manual metal-arc welding
1. Scope 2 with covered electrodes of fillet welds in steel
2. Definitions 2 having maximum carbon equivalentof 0.48 13
3. Information and requirements to be agreed 9. Conditions for manual metal-arc welding
and to be documented 2 with covered electrodes of fillet welds in steel
4. Parent metal 2 having maximum carbon equivalent of 0.50 14
5. Welding consumables 3 IO. Run lengths and runout ratios for electrodes
6. Equipment 3 'of efficiency
7. Butt weld details 4 110 % complying with BS 639 15
8. Fillet weld details
9. Welds in slots
10. Preparation of joint faces
11. Fusion faces
12. Assembly for welding 6
4
4
4
5
11. Run lengths and runout ratEs for electrodes
of efficiency> 1 iÓ-%. and G m
complying withcBS 6.39
0%
~.
12. Run lengths and runout- ratios for electrodes

with coverings . of efficiency
.
16 BA
13. Alignment of butt joints 6 > 130 %complying with BS 639 17
14. Fit-up of parts joined by fillet welds 6 13. Values of arc energy for the manual metal-arc
15. Tack welds 6 welding of single run fillet welds 18
16. Temporary attachments 6 14. Factors for deriving design throat thickness
17. Protection from the weather 6 of flat or convex fillet welds 30
18. Stray arcing on work 6 15. Typical forms of butt weld preparation
19. Inter-run cleaning 6 (other than structural hollow sections) 31
20. Details of welding procedure 7 16. Typical forms of butt weld preparation for
21. Welding procedures to avoid cracking 7 structural hollow sections 33
22. Approval and testing of welding procedures 28 17. Examples of maximum combined thickness
23. Approval and testing of welders 28 weldable without preheat 39
24. Identification 28 18. Guidance on acceptance levels for butt joints 46
25. Peening 28 19. Guidance on acceptance levels for fillet welds 47
26. Inspection and testing 28
27. Quality of welds 28
28. Correction of faulty welds 28
29. Heat treatment 28 Figures
1. Diagrammatic representation of method of
Appendices gouging out fullpenetration butt joints
A. Guidance on design 29 welded from both sides 5
B. Guidance on butt welds (for other than 2. Fillet welds applied to the edge of a part 5
structural hollow sections) 30 3. Examples of combined thickness 18
C. Guidance on typical details for structural 4. Conditions for welding steel of stated
hollow sections 33 carbon equivalent 19
D. Guidance on fracture toughness of heat-affected 5. Butt joints of unequal cross section 29
zone and weld metal 39 6. Branch connections for circular structural
E. Guidance on avoidance of hydrogen cracking 39 hollow sections: butt welds (thickness up to
F. Guidance on solidification cracking 41 30 mm) 35
G. Guidance on lamellar tearing 42 7. Branch connections for circular structural
H. Guidance on acceptance levels 45 hollow sections: fillet welds 36
8. Branch connectionsfor rectangular structural
Tables hollow sections: butt welds 37
1 , Hydrogen scales 8 9. Branch connections for rectangular structural
2. Carbon equivalent values for BS 4360 steels hollow sections: fillet welds 38
to be used in absence of mill sheets 8 IO. Short transverse tensile test specimen with
3. Conditions for manual metal-arc welding friction welded extensions 42
with covered electrodes of fillet welds in steel 11. Suggested STRA values appropriate to risk of
having maximum carbon equivalentof 0.38 9 lamellar tearing in joints of differing restraint
4. Conditions for manual metal-arc welding (values based on 6.4mm diameter specimen) 43
with covered electrodes of fillet welds in steel 12. STRA against sulphur content for plates
having maximum carbon equivalent of 0.40 9 12.5 mm to 50 mm thick (inclusive) 43
5. Conditions for manual metal-arc welding 13. Example of restraints in T-joint with fillet
with covered electrodes of fillet welds in steel welds 43
having maximum carbon equivalentof 0.41 10 14. Details and joint configurations in which
6. Conditions for manual metal-arc welding lamellar tearing is possible when fabricating
with covered electrodes of filletwelds in steel large structures with a high degree of
having maximum carbon equivalent of0.43 11 restraint from plate 44
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2"
I I
_ I
Foreword
This revision of this British Standard has been prepared Permissible stresses in welds, methods of testing and
under the direction of the Welding Standards Committee. acceptance levels are not specified because they depend on
It is the first revision of this standard since the original the service conditions of the fabrication. These require-
1974 edition whichis withdrawn. ments shouldbe obtained from the relevant application
Because of its range of applicability, it has been used standard or by agreement between the contracting parties.
extensively over a wide field of types of fabricationand An appendix has been introduced giving guidance on four
has received due recognition as a comprehensive welding levels of acceptance criteria which may be used to assist in
standard. Experience gained in i t s use has been reflected reaching agreement.
in the changes incorporated in this revision, principally by It has been assumed in the draftingof this standard that the
converting most of the previous guidance on theavoidance execution of i t s provisions is entrusted t o appropriately
of hydrogen crackinginto requirements which have to be qualified and experienced people.
followed whenever practicable. Appendicesgiving
recommendations concerning various modes of cracking Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer
and factors to be taken into account in establishing welding immunity from legal obligations.
procedures have beenretained in updated form.
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B S I BS*5L35 B Y W L b 2 4 6 6 7 n a b 3 2 4 5 b W
BS 5135:1984
-~
British Standard Specification for
/r\
"
'Arc-welding of carbon and carbon manganese steels
1';sêom. L"""
This British Standard specifies requirements for the process"
;of manual, semi-automatic, automatic and mechanized arc
welding of carbon and carbon manganese steel of maximum
carbon equivalent of 0.54 (see clause 4 ) in all product forms (f) Whether welding procedure approval testing is
including circular and rectangular hollow sections. required (see clause 22). .
In addition to the definitive requirements, it also requires C g ) Whether means of identification to enable welds to
the items detailed in clause 3 to be documented. be traced to the welder who made them is required and
For compliance with this standard, 60th t h e definitive if so the methods to be used (see clause 24).
requirements and the.documented items have to.be (h) Surface finish of weld profile.
- .
satisfied.!
~
(i) Quality control arrangements.

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4.
.The requirements givenin clause 21 are appropriate only t o (i) Whether post-weldheat treatment is required
normal fabrication restraint conditions and higher restraint (see clause 29).
1 . situations need higher preheat or other precautions to NOTE. The items referred to in this clause may have a significant
prevent hydrogen cracking. Some guidance on this is given effect upon the performance of the fabrication andthe purchaser
in appendix E: should ensure that the requirements relate appropriately to the
particular joints and intended service life of the fabrication.
?'he appendices are intended to assist users of this standarc.
'by giving guidance on various topics, but adherence to what: 3.2 Requirements to be agreed, The following items t o be
. is stated in the appendicesdoes not form part of compliance agreed between the contracting parties, which-are specified
with this standard. in the clauses referred to, shall be fully documented.
Both the definitive requirements specified throughout the
This standard does not include all the requirements for the
standard and the following documented items shall be
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welding of steel for cqpcrete reinforcement whichmay be
satisfied beforea claim of compliance with the standard
affected by other fadtars not covered by this standard. i
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can be made and verified.
This standard does nGt cover requirementsfor cast to cast'
(a) When no dressing is to be carried out, the permissible
fabrications which are specified in BS 4570.
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weld profile if it is not specified in the application
NOTE. The titles of the públjcations referred to ln this standard
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are listed on the inside back cover. standard (see 7.3.2).
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2. Definitions (b) The use of a special method to achieve full
For the purposes of this British Standard, the definitions penetration without the use of backing materialwhen a
given in BS 499 : Part 1 apply. butt weld is to be welded from one side only
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(see 7.4(b)(2)). ||| |||||
3. Information and requirementsto be agreed (c) The material for backing when this is not part of the I
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and to be documented structure (see 7.5.2).

3.1 Information to be supplied by the purchaser. (d) Methods other than those specified in 10.1 for
The following information t o be supplied bythe purchaser preparation or.cutting of material (see 10.2).
shall be fully documented. Both the definitive requirements (e) The peening of welds (see clause 25).
specified throughout the standard and the documented (f) The method and extent of inspection and testing in
items shall be satisfied beforea claim of compliance with the absence of a relevant application standard (see 26.2).
the standard can be made and verified. (9) The acceptance requirements for welded joints in the
(a) The application standard to be used together with absence of a relevant application standard (see 27.2).
any supplementary requirements. (h) When post-weld heat treatment is required but there
(b) Specification of the parent metal and of the required is no application standard, the details of the heat
weld metal and welded joint properties. treatment to be applied (see 29.2).
'(c) Locations, dimensions and details, ¡.e. form of joint,
angle between fusion faces, gaps between parts, 4. Parent metal
etc. of all welds. The parent metalshall be a carbon or carbonmanganese
NOTE. When symbols are usedfor standard weld forms, steel whose chemical composition, in % ( r n h ) ,determined
they should conform to BS 499 : Part 2. by ladle analysis provides a maximum carbon equivalent of
(d) Whether the welds are to be made in the shop or 0.54 when calculated usingthe following formula:
elsewhere.
Cr t Mo t V . + -Ni, + Cu
(e) Whether written welding procedures are required Carbonequivalent = C t
6
+ 5 15
(see clause 20). 11
NOTE 1. This carbon equivalent formula may not apply to carbon
manganese steels of low carbon content or boron containingsteels
e
-.
;-
.
.-
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and therefore the guidance given in E.3 should be followed.
BSI BS*5L35 A 4 W l b 2 4 b b 7 0 0 b 3 2 4 b B W
BS 5135:1984
NOTE 2. Requirements are not specified for carbon manganese 5.7 Storage and handling
steels above a carbon equivalent of 0.54 because fabrication
experience is limited. The steelmaker, welding consumable supplier 5.7.1 General. All consumables shall be stored and handled
or other appropriate authoritativesource should be consultedwith with care and in accordance with the manufacturer's
regard to the welding procedures for these steels. recommendations. Electrodes, filler wires and rods and
fluxes that show signs of damage or deterioration shall not
5. Welding consumables be used.
5.1 Hydrogen levels. When hydrogen-controlledwelding NOTE. Examples of damage or deterioration include cracked or
consumables are to be used, the contractor shall be able to flaked coatings on covered electrodes, rusty or dirty electrode wires
and wires with flaked or damaged copper coatings.
demonstrate that he has used the consumables in the
manner recommended by-theconsumable manufacturer 5.7.2 Covered electrodes. Electrodes shall be stored in
and that the consumables have beendried or baked to the their original containers in a dry, preferably heated place
appropriate temperaturelevels and times. adequately protected from the effects of the weather and
5.2 Manual metal-arc welding. Electrodes shall be selected in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
having regard to the particular application, ¡.e. joint design, When special protection or other treatment during storage
welding position and the properties required to meet or immediately prior touse is recommended by the
service conditions (see 3.1 (b)). Where there is a British electrode manufacturer, they shall be treated in accordance
Standard applicable t o the electrodes selected, they shall with the conditions detailed by the manufacturer.
comply with and be coded in accordance with that In order to ensure that the weld metal deposited by
standard (e.g. BS 639). hydrogen-controlledelectrodes falls within the limits of the
appropriate scale as specified in clause 21, the drying or
5.3 Covered electrodesfor semi-automatic, automatic and
baking conditions indicated by the electrode manufacturer
mechanized metal-arc welding. The weld metal produced
shall be followed.
from covered electrodes used with semi-automatic,
automatic and mechanized metal-arc weldingprocesses* Electrodes shall be removed from their original containers
shall have mechanical properties not less than the before drying or baking. After removal from the oven,
minimum specified for the weld metal produced by the electrodes shall be protected from exposure to
electrodes complying with BS 639 having regard to the conditions conducive to moisture absorption.
particular application, ¡.e. joint design, welding position N O T E l . If the lowest hydrogen levels are required, it may be
necessary for welders to be issued with electrodes in quivers or
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and the properties requiredto meet service conditions

sealed containers.
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(see 3.1 (b)).

Electrodes returned to stores shall be treated in accordance
5.4 Submerged arc welding. Electrode wire and flux with the electrode manufacturer's recommendations before
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combinations for submerged arcwelding shall comply with

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re-issue.
the appropriate sections of BS 4165. The combination NOTE 2. I f electrodes have been exposedto poor storage conditions
shall be selected having regardto the particular application, or it is suspected that they have become damp, the advice of the
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¡.e. joint design, welding position and the properties manufacturer should be sought before use.
required to meet service conditions (see 3.1 (b)). 5.7.3 Semi-automatic, automaticand mechanized welding.
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5.5 Gas-shieldedprocesses Wire or cored electrodes shall be suitably packed to guard

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against damage, including that during transportation.

5.5.1 Filler rods and wires. Where a solid metal filler rod or
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When stored, the wire or electrode shall be kept in i t s

wire is used with a gas-shielded process, it shall comply
original bundle or package in a dry storeroom.
with BS 2901 : Part 1 and shall be selected having regardto
NOTE. Theperformance of copper coated wires depends on the
the particular application, ¡.e. joint design, welding position
continuity and regularity of the copper coating. This is often not
and the properties requiredto meet service conditions apparent on visual inspection but may be important incritical
(see 3.1 (b)). applications. Such considerations shouldbe agreed between the
Cored electrodes, when used with the appropriate shielding contractor and the supplier.
gas or gas mixture, shall be selected having regardto the Flux shall be packed in such a way that it is protected from
particular application, ¡.e. joint design, welding position moisture pick-up and damage, including that during
and the properties requiredto meet service conditions transportation. Flux with a guaranteed moisture level or
(see 3.1 (bl). giving a controlled hydrogen level as deposited shall be
5.5.2 Shieldinggases. When a gas or gas mixture is used, packed in moisture-resistant containers.When stored,
it shall be of the following quality, as appropriate: the flux shall be kept in i t s original container in a dry
(a) argon complying with BS 4365; storeroom.
(b) carbon dioxide complying with type 1 specified in If the composition of the flux is such that special
BS 41 05; protection during storage or special treatment before use
(c) gas mixtures that have been proved to be satisfactory is desirable, details of such special protection or treatment
as a result of either experience or procedure approval shall be provided by the manufacturer and implemented
tests. by the contractor.
5.6 Unshielded semi-automaticarc welding. Electrodes for
unshielded semi-automaticarc welding, which are usually of 6. Equipment
the cored type, shall be selected having regardto the 6.1 Plant. Welding plant, instruments, cables and
particular application, ¡.e. joint design, welding position accessories shall comply with therequirements of the
and the properties required to meet service conditions appropriate Parts of BS 638. The contractor shall be
(see 3.1 (b)). responsible for ensuring that the capacity of the welding
This group of processes embraces gravity and auto-contact welding with long straight lengthsof covered electrode and open arc welding
with a continuous covered electrode.
3
r B S I BS*5L35 B 4 m Lb24bb9 O063247 T m
BS 5135:1984
plant and ancillary equipment is adequate for the welding 7.5 Backing material
procedure to be used and for maintaining all welding plant 7.5.1 Backing material shall consist of another steel part
and ancillary equipment in good working order. of the structure when this is appropriate.
NOTE. The attentionof the contractor is drawn to the advice on
safety precautions contained in the Health and Safety at Work
7.5.2 When it is not appropriate to use part of the
booklet no. 38 'Electric arc welding' issued by the Health and structure as backing material,the material to be used
Safety Executive and published by HM Stationery Office. shall be agreed between the contracting parties.
6.2 Earthing, All electrical plant in connection with the NOTE. Care should be taken when using copper as a backing
material as there is a risk of copper pick-up in the weld metal.
welding operation shall be adequately earthed. The welding
return lead from the work shall be adequate in cross 7.5.3 Where temporary or permanent backing material is
section and shall be correctly connected and earthed. employed, the joint shall be arranged in such a way as to
6.3 Instrumentation. Means of measuring the current shall ensure that complete fusion of the parts to be joined is
be available, either as part of the welding plant, or by the readily obtained.
provision of a portable ammeter. 7.6 Back gouging. In all full penetration butt welds, where
In the cases of semi-automatic,automatic and mechanized these are to be welded from both sides, certain welding
welding, means shall be provided for measuring the arc procedures allow this to be done without back gouging,
voltage, current and/or wire feedspeed. but where complete penetration cannot be achieved,
the back of the first runshall be gouged out by suitable
Drying ovens shall be provided with means of measuring
means to clean sound metal before weldingis started on
the oven temperature.
the gouged-out side (see figure 1).
7. Butt weld details
7.1 General. The details of all butt welds, e.g. form of 8. Fillet weld details
joint, angle between fusion faces, gap between parts,
shall be arranged to permit the use of a satisfactory welding A fillet weld, as deposited, shall be not less than the
procedure and the combination of weld detail and welding specified dimensions (see 3.1 (c)) which shall be clearly
procedure shall be suchthat the resultant joint willcomply indicated as throat thickness and/or leg length as
with the requirements of the design. appropriate, taking into account the use of deep
penetration processes or partial preparations
N O T E 1. Guidance on design of butt welds is given in A.l,
appendix B and table 16. (see clause 14 and, for guidance, appendix C).
NOTE 2. Incomplete penetration butt welds intentionally have a For concave fillet welds, the actual throat thickness shall
throat thickness that is less than the parent metal thickness. be not less than 0.7 times the specified leg length
This type of weld is acceptable in many circumstances, but for (see 3,l (c)). For convex fillet welds, the actual throat
restrictions on its use, see A.1. thickness shall be not more than 0.9 times the actual
7.2 Throat thickness. The ends of butt joints in plate leg length.
shall be welded so as to provide the full throat thickness. Where the specified leg length (see 3.1 (c)) of a fillet weld
NOTE. This may be done by the use of extension pieces or other a t the edge of a plate or section is such that the parent
means approved by the purchaser. metal does not project beyond theweld, melting of the
7.3 Weld profile outer corner or corners, which reduces the throat thickness,
7.3.1 In the as-welded condition, the weld face shall be shall not be allowed (see figure 2).
proud of the surface of the parentmetal. Where a flush NOTE. Guidance on the design of fillet welds is given in A.2.
surface is required, the excess weld metal shall be dressed
off. When no dressing is to be carried out, the weld profile
shall be as specified in the application standard where it 9. Welds in slots
exists. Because of the risk of cracking, slots shall not be filled
7.3.2 When no dressing is to be carried out and no with weld metal unless required by the application standard.
application standard exists, the weld profile shall be Slots that are required to be filled with weld metal shall
agreed between the contracting parties. only be filled after the fillet weld has been inspected and
7.4 Full penetration. Full penetration single, V, U, J, approved.
bevel or square butt welds shall be completed as described
in either (a) or (b):
(a] by depositing a sealing run of weld metal on the back 10. Preparation of joint faces
of the joint,
10.1 If preparation or cutting of the material is necessary,
(b) where these or other butt welds are to be welded this shall be done by shearing, chipping, grinding,
from one side only, machining, thermal cutting, thermal gouging or an
either alternative methodagreed in accordance with 10.2.
(1) with the aid of temporary or permanent backing When shearing is used, the effect of work hardening shall
material, or be taken into account and precautions shall be taken to
(2)by agreement between the contracting parties, ensure that there is no cracking of the edges.
by the adoption of an approved special method of In the cases where the cut edge is not a fusion face,
welding that gives full penetration without the use the effect of embrittlement from shearing, thermal cutting
of either type of backing material. or thermal gouging shall not be to the detriment of the
NOTE, Under fatigue conditions, permanent backing material performance of the fabrication.
may be undesirable.
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4 Policy Management Group at 1-800-451-1584.
BS 5135:1984
(i1
(a) First side welded
(i1 (iii)
(b) Back of first rungouged o u t t o clean metal
(i) (i¡) (iii)

(c) Second sidewelded
Figure 1. Diagrammatic representationof method ofgouging out fullpenetration butt joints welded from both sides
(al Desirable (b) Acceptable because

full of throat thickness
(c) Not acceptable because of reduced throat thickness
Figure 2. Fillet welds applied to the edge of a part
NOTE. Local hardening can be reduced by suitable thermal 11. Fusion faces
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treatment or removed by mechanical means. The removal of

1 mm to 2mm from a cut face normally eliminafës the layer of 11.1 The preparation of fusion faces, angle of bevel,
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hardness. When using thermal cutting, local hardening can be root radius and root face shall be suchthat the limits of
reduced by a reduction in normal cutting speed or by preheating accuracy required by the appropriate application standard
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before cutting. The steel suppliershould be consulted for can be achieved.

recommendationson achieving a reduction i n hardness.
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NOTE. When no appropriate application standard exists,it is

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10.2 Methods for preparation or cutting of the material recommended that, for manual welding, the tolerances on limits of
other than by shearing, chipping, grinding, machining, gap and root face should be f 1 mm on thespecified dimensions
(see 3.1 (c)] for material up to and including 12 mm thick and .
thermal cutting or thermal gouging (as referred to in 10.1) h 2 mm formaterial over 12 mm thick. The tolerance on the
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shall only be used by agreement between the contracting included angle between the fusionfaces of a V preparation is
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parties. recommended to be f 5" and for U and J preparations +IO", -0".

For an automatic or mechanized process, closerlimits are necessary
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which depend on the characteristics of the process.

5
BS 5135: 1984
11.2 Fusion faces and adjacent surfaces shall be free from 16.2 When welded attachments used to facilitate
cracks, notches or other irregularities whichwould construction are required to be removed, this shall be done
interfere with the deposition of the weld or be the cause of carefully by cutting or chipping and the surface of the
defects. Any repair to fusion faces shall be carried out material shall always be finished smooth by grinding
in accordance with the requirementsof this standard. followed by surface crack detection. Temporary
11.3 Fusion faces and the surrounding surfaces shall be attachments shall not be removed by hammering.
free from heavy scale, moisture, oil, paint or any other
substance which might affect the quality of the weld or 17. Protection from the weather
impede the progress of welding. Surfaces to be welded shall be dry. Whenever there is any
NOTE. This is particularly important when a hydrogencontrolled evidence of condensation taking place on metal surfaces,
welding process is used. Certain proprietary protective coatingsare warming shall be carried out toremove such condensation.
specially formulated with the intention thatthey should not In any case no weldingshall be carried out on parent metal
interfere with welding. The use of such coatingsi s not excluded by below O O C . When rain or snow is falling, or during periods
the requirements of this clause but, i f so required by the purchaser,
the contractor should demonstratetheir acceptability by means of of high wind, necessary precautions shall be taken to
specimen welds (see BS 6084). protect outdoor welding areas. Draughts shall be prevented
from blowing along the bores of structural hollow sections
12. Assembly for welding when the bore will be penetrated during welding.
Parts to be welded shall be assembled suchthat the joints Where gas-shielded welding processes are being used,
to be welded are easily accessible and visible to the operator. air currents a t speeds as low as 8 km/h can remove the
NOTE. Jigs and manipulators shouldbe used, where practicable, shielding gas, and therefore sufficient screening shall be
so that the weldingcan be carried out in the most suitable position. used to keep winds and draughts awayfrom the welding
area.
13. Alignment of butt joints
The root edges or root faces of butt joints shall not be out 18. Stray arcing on work
of alignment by morethan 25 % of the thickness of the Precautions shall be taken to avoid stray arcing which can
thinner material for material up to and including 12 mm occur :
thick, or by more than 3 mm for material thicker than (a) between the electrode and the work away from the
12 mm. weld preparation;
NOTE. For certain applications and welding
processes, (b) between the electrode holder and the work;
closer tolerances may be necessary.
(c) between the work and the welding earth return lead
connection;
14. Fit-up of parts joined by fillet welds
(dl between the work and any part a t earth potential;
The edges and surfaces to be joined by fillet welds shall be
in as close contact as possible since any gap increases the (e) with semi-automatic, automatic and mechanized
risk of cracking, but inno case shall the gap exceed 3 mm. welding, between parts of the welding head or torch
(e.g. loose contact tube in MIG gun) and the workpiece;
NOTE. Consideration shouldbe given to the need to increase the
leg length of the fillet weld to compensate for a large gap (f) with TIG welding, between the tungsten electrode
(see clause 8 and, for guidance, appendix E). and the work.
NOTE. Local hard spots or cracking producedby stray arcing may
need to be removed by mechanicalmeans and be checked by
15. Tack welds inspection, after consultation between the contracting parties.
Tack welds shall be not less than the throat thickness or Removed hard spots may be made good bythe deposition of weld
metal in accordance with this standard.
leg length of the root run to be used in the joint and shall
be subject to the same welding conditions as those specified Items (b), (c) and (e) can result in localized contamination with
copper. The contaminatedarea may be brittle and/or cracked due
in this standard for the root run. The length of the tack to intergranular penetrationof copper. These areasshould be
weld shall not be less than four times the thicknessof the removed by mechanical means.
thicker part or 50 mm whichever is the smaller. Items (c) and (d) can be avoided by a firm earth connection
Where a tack weld is incorporated in a welded joint, (see 6.2).
the shape of the tack shall be suitable for incorporation in Item (f) can give riseto tungsten inclusions in the workpiece. This
the finished weld, and it shall be free from cracks and other contamination is not so serious as copper contamination but where
deposition faults. Tack welds which crack shall be cut out the inclusionsare large and angularor numerous they should be
(see clause 28). removed by mechanical means.
In joints welded by an automatic or mechanized process

or where smaller tack welds are desired,the conditions for 39. Inter-run cleaning
deposition shall be as given in clause 21, Where a process generates a slag to protect the weld metal,
e.g. manual metal-arc and submerged arc welding, this slag
16. Temporary attachments shall be removed from each run of weld metal beforea
16.1 Welds for temporary attachments shall be made in further run is superimposed, particular attention being paid
accordance with the same requirements of this standard to the junctions between the weld metal and thefusion
that apply to permanent welds. faces. Visible defects such as cracks, cavities and other
NOTE. Temporary attachments should
be remote from principal deposition faults shall be removed before the deposition of
joints as far as practicable. further weld metal.
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B S I BS*5l135 84 m L b 2 4 b b 9 ClOb3250 T W
BS 5135:.1984
20. Details of weldingprocedure - . valid for the avoidancwof both hear-affected zone and weldmetal
cracking in the majorityof welding situations. In some cases,
When written welding procedures are required by the the procedurFs determined in accordance with this clause may not
purchaser, they shall include such of the following items be adequate to avoid hydrogen cracking and guidance on
as are
relevant; . situations which may require more stringent procedures to avoid
(a) Welding process or processes when more than one hydrogen cracking is given in appendix E together with
recommendations for these procedures.
is used iimaking acomplete joint.
(b) Parent metal specification, thickness andother 21.2.2 Carbon equivalent values. The carbon equivalent
values in table 2 provide a good basis for the derivation of a
relevant dimensions. . . welding procedure when usinga steel complying with
(c) Whether shop or site weldihg. BS 4360. Where mill sheets indicate a higher carbon
(d) Cleaning, degreasing, etc. equivalent than table 2 they shall form the basis for the
(e) Classification, type and size of electrodes and other procedure. ..
consumables. NOTE. Where mill sheets are available which show a lower carbon
(f) For manual welding, the size of electrode, welding equivalent they may beused as a basis for a less stringent procedure
(but see E.3).
current and length of run per electrode orfillet weld leg
length and number of runs. For semi-automatic, If, of the elements in the formula in clause 4 for calculating
automatic and mechanized welding, the size of electrode, carbon equivalent, only carbon and manganese are stated on
welding current, arc voltage, speed of travel, wire feed the mill sheet, then 0.03 shall be added to the calculated
speed, electrode extension orfillet weld leg length and value to allow for residual elements. Wheresteels of
number of runs and rate of flow of gas and/or . different carbon equivalent or grade are being joined, -
consumption of other process materials, as appropriate. the higher carbon equivalent value shall be used.
When applicable, the temperature and time adopted for 21.2.3 Hydrogen scales. The hydrogengle tobe used tor a n y . a E A
drying/baking of welding consumables before use. welding process depends principally Ön the weld diffusible
(9) Sketch showing edge preparation, fit-up and hydrogen content and shall be as given in table 1. The value
approximate number and arrangementof runs in used shall be *at stated by theConsumable manufacturer
multi-run welds. in accordance with the relevant standard whereit exists
(h) Jiggingortacking,backing,etc. . (or as independently determined) in conjunction with a
(i) Welding positions. specified conditionof supply and treatment.- . .~ ~"
(j) Weldingsequence. NOTE. Guidance on the use of -scales for varlous processe is given
in E.2.
(k) Minimum preheating temperatureand interpass
21.2.4 Preheating. The preheating temperature is the
temperature range,
temperature of the parent metal immediately before
(I) Backgouging. welding commences, the same value frequently being used
(m) Post-weld heat treatment. as the minimuminterpass temperaturefor multi-runwelds.
(n) Any other relevant information (see appendix D for Multi-run welds may have a lower permitted interpass
.. --
guidance on fracture toughness of.heat-affectedzone temperature thanthe preheat temperature where
and weld metal). . . subsequent runs are largerthan the root runand in these
Welders shall be provided with sufficient information to cases the interpass temperature shallbe determined from
enable the welding procedure to be carried out figure 4 for the larger run.
..
satisfactorily. Where preheating is applied localto the joint preparation,
the required temperature shall exist in the parent metal for
21. Welding procedures to,avoid cracking a distance of a t least 75 mm in any direction from the joint
21.1 General. I n determining welding procedures preparation. Where practicable, the temperature shall be
considerationshall be given to the avoidance of the msasured on the face opposite to thatbeing heated.
following: Otherwise, the temperature shall be confirmed on the heated
face a t a time after removal of the heat source, relatedto
(a) hydrogen induced delayedcold cracking
--
parentmetalthickness to allow for temperature . -

||| |||||
(see 21.2 and, for guidance, appendix E);

equalization. Where fixed permanent heaters are in use and
(b) solidificationcracking (for guidance see appendix F); there is no access to the reverse face for temperature
||
(c) lamellar tearing (for guidance see appendix G ) .

||||||||||| ||
measurement, readings shall be taken on the exposed

21.2 Procedures for avoiding hydrogen cracking parent metalsurface immediately adjacent to the weld
21.2.1 Introduction. Welding conditions for avoiding preparation.
|||||
hydrogen crackingin carbon manganese steels have been NOTE. The timeallowed for temperature equalizationshould be of
the order of 2 min for each 25 mm ofparent metal thickness.
|
drawn up in graphical form in figure 4 for the normal range

21.2.5 Combined thickness. Combined thickness shall be
||| | |
of compositions, expressed as carbon equivalent, coveredby

this standard and these conditions shall be followed determined as the sum of the parent metalthicknesses
|| ---
whenever practicable. (See also 21.2.7.) averaged over a distance of 75 mm from the weld line
NOTE. T h e conditions have been drawn up to takeaccount of (see figure 3).
differences in behaviour between different steels of the same carbon NOTE. If the thickness increases greatly just beyond 75 mm from
equivalent (making allowances for scatter in hardenability) and of the weld line,it may be necessary to use a higher combined thickness
normal variations between ladle and product analysis. They are value.
B S I BS*5I35 84 m lb24bb7 00b325L I m
BS 5135: 1984
21.2.6 Arc energy. Arc energy values (in kJ/mm) for use procedures from tables 3 to 9 or from figure 4. These values are
appropriate for the practical situation when a contractor is
with figure 4 shall be calculated as follows, with an appro- required to make singlerun fillet welds of a specified dimension
priate factor applied for processes other than manual metal- related to the minimum leg length of the fillet welds and where in
arc welding with covered electrodes: practice the second leg will be longer than the minimum, as for
example in a horizontal-verticalfillet weld. In other cases arc energy
VI
-.X IO+ I should be controlled by controlof electrode runout (tables 10, 11
W and 12) or directly through welding parameters.
where 21.3 Alternative procedures. When alternative procedures
V is the arc voltage (in V ) are proposed the evidence shall include considerationof all
I is the welding current (in A) the factors used in determining welding procedures as given
W is the welding speed (in mmls). in 21.2.
NOTE. For guidance i n using other weldingprocesses, the arc energy NOTE. Conditions which might justify modificationsto normal
values calculated from this formula should be divided by the welding procedures to avoid hydrogen crackingare mentioned in
following factors to give the values to be used in figure 4: appendix E.
Submerged arc welding (singlewire): 0.8
A .. ~.
MIG/MÄG%ëkiÏnm c o r e d r -
or self-shieldedwire)
TIG welding
: 1.0
: 1.2
Table 1. Hydrogen scales
Diffusible hydrogen content
__
Hydrogen scale'
A
mL/100 g of deposited metal
21.2.7 Simplified conditions for manual metal-arc welding.
For the manual metal-arc weldingof fillet welds the data Over I Up to and including
obtainable from figure 4 have been presented in tabular
form for particular carbon equivalentvalues in tables 3 to 9. 15 - A
For manual metal-arc weldingwith covered electrodes, 10 15 B
arc energy values are expressed in tables 1O, 11 and 12 5 10 C
in terms of electrode size, weld run length and runout ratio. - 5 D
NOTE. Where single run minimumleg length fillet welds are
specified in the design, table 13 may be used to obtain the NOTE. See E.3 for use of hydrogen levels below2.5 m LI1O0 g
approximate arc energy values for use in determining welding of deposited metal.
--
Table 2. Carbon equivalentvalues for BS 4360 steels to be used in absence of mill sheets
||| |||||
Steel grade T Plates andother than structural hollowsections T Structural hollowsections

||
~~~~ ~
||||||||||| ||
Carbon Manual Other than manual Carbon Manual Other than manual
equivalent metal-arc metal-arc fillet welds, equivalent metal-arc metal-arc fillet welds,
value fillet welds, refer t o figure:* value fillet welds refer to figure: *
|||||
refer t o refer t o
table: * table:*
|
||| | |
All 40 and 43 grades 0.40 4 4(a), (b) and (dl 0.40 4

50A, B and C 0.45 7 4 M , (e), (9) 0.45 7
|| ---
and (h)
50B and C (CR) 0.4 1 5 4(b), (c) and (e) nla n/a
500 0.41 5 4(b), (c) and (e) 0.45 7
50D1 and E 0.4 1 5 4(b), (c) and (e) 0.45 7
50F (Q and T) 0.35 - - nla nla
55c 0.45 7 4(a), (e), (9) and (h,] 0.50 9
55E (N) 0.48 8 4(c) 0.50 9
55E and F (CR) 0.43 6 4(c), (e) and (9) n/a nla
55E and F (Q and T) 0.38 3 4(b) n/a nla
* For information only.
BSI BS*5l135 84 m Lb24bb9 ClOb3252 3 W
BS 5135: 1984
Table 3. Conditions for manual metal-arc weldingwith covered electrodes. of .fillet welds in steel
having maximum carbon equivalentof 0.38
|| ---
Hydrogen sca6 Specified Minimum Minimum preheating temperaturefor welding plates of following .
||| | |
(see table 1 ) minimum arc energy*, combined thicknesses
l e g length* based on
ao
|
(see 3013
table 20 40 50
70 60 90 Unlimitedt
table 13) mm mm mmmm mm mm mm mm
|||||
||||||||||| ||
mm kJ/mm O c - Oc O c "c "c O c Oc O c Oc
Scale A 4 1.o O O O O 50 75 loo 100 100
||
5 1.4 O O O O O O 20 50 50
||| |||||
6 2.0 O O O O O O O O O
8 2.8 O O O O O O O O O
--
10 3.8 O O O o O O O O o .
Scale B, C or D 4 1.3 O O O O O O O O O
5 1.7 O O O O O O O O O '
6 2.2 O O O O O O O O O
8 3.4 O O O O O O O O O
~ 10 5.0 O O O O O O O O O
I I I
For individualrun.
t In situations of high restraint, a higher preheating temperaturemay nevertheless be necessary to avoid weld metal hydrogen cracking
(see appendix E).
Table 4. Conditions for manual metal-arc welding

with covered electrodes offillet welds in steel
having maximum carbon equivalent of 0.40
Hydrogen scalè Specified Minimum Minimum preheating temperaturefor welding platesof following
(see table 1) minimum arc energy*, combined thicknesses
legJength* based on
(see table
3013 20 40 50 60 70 80 90 Unlimitedt
table 131 mmmmmm mm mm mm mm mm
mm kJ/mm Oc "c O
c Oc " c"c "c Oc
. .
Oc
Scale A 4 1 .o O O O 50 100 125 125 125 125

5 1.4 O O O O 20 75 100 100 100
6 2.0 O O O O O O 20 50 50
8 2.8 O O O O O O O O O
10 3.8 O O O O O O O O O
Scale B 4 1.3 O O O O O 20 50 50 50
5 1.7 O O O O O O O O O
6 2.2 O O O O @ O O O O
8 3.4 O O O O O O O O O
10 5.0 O O O O O O O O O
Scale C 4 1.3 O O O O O O O O O
or D 5 1.7 O O O O O O O O O
6 2.2 O O O O O O O O O
8 3.4 O O O O O O O O O
10 5.0 ¡ O O O O O O O O O
I
* For individual run.

'
t In situations of high restraint, a higher preheating temperature may
nevertheless be necessaryto avoid weld metal
hydrogen cracking
(see appendix E).
. .-
B S I BSsSL35 8 4 W Lb24hh7 0 0 b 3 2 5 3 5 W
BS 5135:1984
Table 5. Conditionsfor manual metal-arc weldingwith covered electrodesof fillet welds in steel
Specified Minimum Minimum preheating temperature forwelding plates of following
minimum arc energy' combined thicknesses
leg length* based on
(see table 13 20 30 40 60 60 70 80 90 Unlimitedt
mm mm mm table
mm 13)mm mm mm mm
mm kJ/m m O c OO
cc Oc O c O c Oc O c Oc
Scale A 4 1.o O O 50 100 125 125 125 125 125
|| ---
5 1.4 O O O - 0 . . 50 100 100 125 125
6 2.o O O O O O O 50 75 100
||| | |
8 2.8 O O O O O O O O O
10 3.8 O O O O O O O O O
|
|||||
~~
Scale B 4 1.3 O O O O 20 50 75 100 100
||||||||||| ||
5 1.7 O O O O O O 20 50 50
6 2.2 O O O O O O O O O
||
8 3.4 O O O O O O O O O
||| |||||
10 5.0 O O O O O O O O O
--
Scale C 4 1.3 O O O O O 20 50 50 50
5 1.7 O O O O O O O O O
6 2.2 O O O O O O O O O
8 3.4 O O O O O O O O O
10 5.0 O O O O O O O O O
Scale D 4 1.3 O O O O O O O O O
5 1.7 O O O O O O O O O
6 2.2 O O O O O O O O O
8 3.4 O O O O O O O O O
10 5.0 O O O O O O O O O

t In situations of high restraint, a higher preheating temperature may nevertheless be necessary to avoid weld metal hydrogen cracking
(see appendix E).
BSI BS*5L35 84 m Lb24667 0063254 7 m
BS 5135: 1984
Table 6. Conditions for manual metal-arc welding with covered electrodes of fillet welds in steel .
Kydrogen scale Ainimum preheating temperature forwelding plates of following
(see table 1) :ombined thicknesses
ao
--
table 13 !O 30 40 50 60 70 90 Unlimitedt
||| |||||
table 13) mm mm
nm mmmmmm mm mm
'c "c
||
mm kJ/m m O c O c Oc O c O cO c O c
||||||||||| ||
Scale A 4 1.o O 20 100 125 125 150 150 150 150

5 1.4 O O O 75 100 125 125 150 150
|||||
6 2.0 O O O O 20 75 100 100 125

8 2.8 O O O O O O O 50 50
|
10 3.8 O O O O O O O O O
||| | |
|| ---
Scale B 4 1.3 O O O 20 75 100 125 125 125

5 1.7 O O O O O 50 75 100 100
6 2.2 O O O O O O O . 50 75
8 3.4 O O O O O O O O O
10 5.0 O O O O O O O O O
Scale C 4 1.3 O O O O 20 50 75 100 100

5 1.7 O O O O O O 20 50 50
6 2.2 O O O O O O O O O
8 3.4 O O O O O O O O O
10 5.0 O O O O O O O O O
~
Scale D 4 1.3 O O O O O O O O O
5 1.7 O O O O O O O O O
6 2.2 O O O O O O O O O
8 3.4 O O O O O O O O O
10 5.0 O O O O O O O O O
I
t In situations of high restraint, a higher preheating temperature may nevertheless be necessary to avoid weld metal hydrogencracking
(see appendix E).
Table 7. Conditions for manual metal-arc weldingwith covered electrodes of fillet.welds in steel
-.
(see table 1)
(see table 13
T Minimum preheating temperature for. welding plates offollowing
combined thicknesses
20 30 40 60 60 70 80
-
90 Unlimitedt
teble 13) mm
mm mmmmmm mm mm mm
mm kJ/mm OC O c O c Oc Oc. O c O c O c "c

Scale A 4 1.o O 75 125 125 150 150. 175 175 175
5 1.4 O O ' 50 100 125 125 150 150 150
6 2.0 O O O O 75 100' 125 125 150
8 2.8 O O O O O O 50 100 125
10 3.8 'O O O O O O O O O
"
- .
Scale B 4 1.3 O O 20 75 100 125 125 150 150
5 1.7 O O o O 75 100 125 125 125
6 2.2 O O O O O 20 75 100 125
8 3.4 O O O O O O O O O
10 5.0 O O O O O O O O O
Scale C 4 1.3. O O O 20 75 100 125 "125 125

- 5 1.7 O O O O O 50 75 100 100
6 2.2 O O O O O O 20 50 75
8 3.4 O O . O O O O O O O
10 5.0' O O O O O 0- O O O
Scale D 4 1.3 O O O O o ' O O O O

5 1.7 O O O O O O O O O
6 2.2 O O O O O O O O O
8 3.4 O O O O O O O O O
10 5.0 O O O O 'O O O O O

t In situations of high restraint, a higher preheating temperature may neverthelessbe necessary to avoid weld metal hydrogen cracking
(see appendix E).
-- ||| ||||| || ||||||||||| || ||||| | ||| | | || ---
Table 8. Conditions for manual metal-arc weldingwith covered electrodes of fillet welds in steel
having maximum carbon equivalentof 0.48
Hydrogen sea@ Specified Minimum Minimum preheating temperature
for welding plates offollowing
(see table 1) minimum arc energy*, mmbinedthicknesses
(see table 13 !O 30 40 50 60 70 ao ited im Unl
90 t
table 13) nmmm mm mm mmmm mm mm
mm kJ/mm 'c Oc O cO c O c "c Oc O c O c
Scale A 4 1.o !O 100 125 150 175 175 175 175 175
5 1.4 O 20 100 125 125 150 150 175 175
6 2.0 O O O 75 100 125 125 150 150
8 2.8 O O O O 20 75 100 125 150
10 3.8 O O O O O O 20 75 100
Scale B 4 1.3 O 20 75 125 125 150 150 150 175

5 1.7 O O 20 75 100 125 125 150 150
6 2.2 O O O O 50 100 125 125 150
8 3.4 O O O O O O 20 50 75
10 5.0 O O O O O O O O 20
--
Scale C 4 1.3 O O 50 100 100 125 125 150 150

||| |||||
5 1.7 O O O 50 75 100 125 125 125

6 2.2 O O O O 20 50 100 100 125
||
8 3.4 O O O O
||||||||||| ||
O O O 20 20
10 5.0 O O O O O O O O O
|||||
Scale D 4 1.3 O O O O 20 50 75 100 100

5 1.7 O O O O O O 20 50 50
|
6 2.2 O O O O O O O O O
||| | |
8 3.4 O O O O O O O O O
|| ---
10 5.0 O O O O O O O O O
* For individualrun.
t In situations of high restraint, a higher preheating temperature may
nevertheless be necessaryto avoid weld metal hydrogen cracking
(see appendix E).
13
BSI B S * 5 L 3 5 B 4 m L624669 0 0 6 3 2 5 7 2 m
BS 5135:1984
Table 9. Conditions for manual metal-arc weldingwith covered electrodes of fillet welds in steel
" ~ ""
Hydrogen scale Specified

Minimum Vlinimum preheating temperaturefor welding platesof following
(see table 1) minimum arc
energy*, combined thicknesses
(see table 13 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Unlimitedt
table 13) mm mm mmmmmm mm mm mm
mm kJ/mm 'c O c Oc "c O c "c Oc O c O c
Scale A 4 . 1.0 50 125 150 175 175 175 200 200 200
5 1.4 O 75 125 125 150 175 175 175 200
6 2.0 O O 50 100 125 125 150 150 175
8 2.8 O O O O 50 100 125 125 150
10 3.8 O O O O O 20 50 100 125
Scale B 4 1.3 O 50 125 125 150 150 175 175 175

5 1.7 . O O 50 100 125 125 150 150 175
6 2.2 O O O 50 100 125 125 150 150
3.4 8 O O O O O O 50 100 125
10 5.0 O O O O O O O 3 75
Scale C 4 1.3 O 20 100 125 125 150 150 150 175

5 1.7 O O 20 75 100 125 125 150 150
6 2.2 O O O O 50 100 125 126 150
8 3.4 O O O O O O 20 50 75 .
--
10 5.0 O O O O O O O O 20 .
||| |||||
Scale D 4 1.3 O O O 20 75 100 100 125 125

||
||||||||||| ||
5 1.7 O O O O O 50 75 100 100

6 2.2 O O O O O O O 50 75
3.4 8 O O O O O O O O O
|||||
10 5.0 O O O O O O O O O
|
I
||| | |

t
|| ---
In situations of high restraint, a higher preheating temperature may neverthelessbe necessary to avoid weld metal hydrogen cracking
(see appendix E).
..
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BSI BSm5135 8Lt W 1b29bbS 0 0 b 3 2 5 8 Lt W :
BS 5135: 1984
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"
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B S I BS*5L35 8 4 m Lb29bb9 00b3259 b
BS 5135: 1984
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BSI B S * 5 2 3 5 8 4 m Zb24bb7 00b32b0 2 m .
BS 5135:1984
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BSI B S * 5 L 3 5 8 4 W L b 2 4 b b 7 OOb32bL 4 W
BS 5135:1984
--
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||
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Table 13. Values of arc energy for the manual

metal-arc weldingof single run filletwelds (see 21.2.7)
|||||
Minimum Am energy for electrodes to BS 639 with

leg length covering types and electrode efficiencies
|
R and RR B R and RR
||| | |
4 110% 130 % > 130 %

|| ---
mm kJ/mm kJ/mm kJ/m m

4 1.3 -
S 1.7 0.8
6 2.2 1.1
8 3.4 1.6
10 3.8 5.0 2.3
12 5.5 6.5 3.1
Comfiined thickness = t l + t2 + t g
tl = average thickness
over a length of 75 m m
t3 = o
For simultaneously deposited

directly opposed-twinfillet
welds, combined thickness
= M t 1 t tz +tg)
D1 + D 2
Combined thickness = - 2
D1 D2
Figure 3. Examples of combined thickness
.. _- . L .
COPYRIGHT 2002; British Standards Institution on ERC Specs and Standards

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B S I BS*SL35 8 4 m Lb24667 00632b3 8 1
BS 5135: 1984
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BS 5135: 1984
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BSI B S X 5 1 3 5 8 4 m Lb24667 0063267 5 W
BS 5135: 1984
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27
B S I BSm5L35 8 4 W L b 2 4 6 6 90 0 b 3 2 7 L 7 m '
BS 5135:1984
22. Approval and testing of welding procedures 26.3 Welds which are to be inspected and approved shall
When written welding proceduresare required (see not be painted or otherwise obscureduntil they have been
clause 20) and if required by the purchaser, the contractor accepted.
shall satisfy the purchaserthat he can make satisfactory
welds with the welding proceduresto be used on the
contract. If so required by the purchaser, the contractor 27. Quality of welds
shall carry out procedure tests in accordance with 27.1 Welded joints shall be free from defects that would
BS 4870 : Part 1. impair the service performance of the construction. Such
acceptance requirements, coveringboth surface and sub-
23. Approval and testing of welders surface defects, shall be in accordance with the application
The contractor shall satisfy the purchaser that the welders standard where it exists.
are suitable for the work uponwhich they will be employed. 27.2 If no application standard exists, acceptance
For this purpose the welders shall have satisfiedthe relevant requirements shall be agreed between the contracting
requirements of BS 4872 : Part 1. If the welders will be parties (see 3.2).
working to approved welding procedures, they shall have NOTE. When no application standard exists which specifies
|| ---
satisfied the relevant requirements of BS 4871 : Part 1. acceptance criteria, the guidance giveni n appendix H may be used
to facilitate agreement between the contracting parties on the
||| | |
requirementsto be met.
24. Identification
|
When specified by the purchaser, adequate means of
|||||
identification, either by an identification mark or other
28. Correction of faulty welds
||||||||||| ||
record, shall be provided to enable each weld t o be traced
to the welderb) by whom it was made. Where welds do not comply with the requirements of
NOTE. Attention is drawn to the danger of hard stampingin highly clause 27, the defective portions shall be removed,
||
as to the
stressed areas and the designer should give guidance the weld repaired and then reinspectedin accordance
||| |||||
location of such marks. Indentations used for marking in radio-
graphic examination comeinto the same category. with this standard.
--
NOTE. If undercutting i s blended out bygrinding, care should be
taken t o ensure that the design thickness of the parent metal i s not
25. Peening reduced. In exceptional circumstances, unacceptableundercutting
Peening of welds shall be carried out only by agreement may be made good by the deposition of additional weld metal in
between the contracting parties. accordance with this standard.
26. Inspection and testing

26.1 The method and extent of inspection and testing 29. Heat treatment
shall be in accordance with the relevant application
29.1 When heat treatment of weldsi s required, this shall
standard where it exists. be done in accordance with the application standardwhere
26.2 If no application standard exists, the method and it exists.
extent of inspection shall be agreed between the contracting 29.2 When heat treatment of welds is required but no
parties (see 3.2).
application standard exists, the heat treatment details
NOTE, Because of the risk of delayed cracking,a period of a t least shall be agreed between the contracting parties taking
48 h is recommended before inspectionis made of as-welded
fabrications. Whatever period is used it should be stated in the account of the effect on the properties of thejoint and
inspection records. fabrication.
COPYRIGHT 2002; British Standards Institution on ERC Specs and Standards 28 Document provided by IHS Licensee=Qatar Petroleum/5943408103, User=, 12/21/2002
BS 5135: 1984
Appendix A than four times the leg length. Fillet welds terminating a t
the ends or sides of parts shouldbe returned continuously
Guidance on design around the corners for a distance of not less than twicethe
NOTE l . Typical applicationstandards covering weld design leg length of the weld unless access or the configuration
aspects are BS 153 : Parts 38 & 4, and BS 449 : Part 2. render this impracticable.This procedure is particularly
NOTE 2. Particular guidanceon design t o avoid lamellar'earing important forfillet welds on the tension side of parts
is given in appendix G . carrying a bending load.
|| ---
A.l Butt joints (see also appendix B). Butt joints between In filletwelded joints carrying a compressive load,it should
||| | |
parts of unequal cross section arrangedin line will result in not be assumed that the parts jolned are in contact under
local increase in stress in addition to the stress concentrat- t h e joint. For critical applications the use of a partial or
|
ion caused by the profile of the weld itself. I f the centre even a full penetration weld should be considered.
|||||
planes of the two parts joined do not coincide, local bending A single fillet weld should not be subjected to a bending
||||||||||| ||
also will be induced a t the joint. I f the stresses induced by moment about the longitudinal axis of the joint which
these effects are unacceptable, then the parts should be would cause the root of theweld to be in tension.
shaped so as to reduce the stresses. Examples of plain and
Where fillet welds are used in slots or holes through one or
||
shaped parts are shown in figure 5, where (a) and (b) are
||| |||||
more of theparts being joined, the dimensions of the slot.
the more common typeswith (c) being a special configur-
or hole shouldcomply with the following limits in terms
ation to facilitate non-destructive testing. The slopeof the
--
of thethickness of the part or parts in which the slot or
taper should be based on design requirements. If no such
hole is formed.
requirement is stated, it is recommended that theslope
should not be steeper than 1 in 4. (a) The width or diameter shouldbe not less than.three
times the thickness or 25 mm, whicheveris the greater.
An incomplete penetration butt weld which is welded from
one side only should not be subjected to a bending moment (b) Corners a t the enclosed ends of slots should be
about the longitudinal axis of the weld which wouldcause rounded with a radius of not less than 1.5 times the
the root of the weld to be in tension, unless this is allowed thickness or 12 mm, whichever is the greater.
by the application standard. (c) The distance betweenthe edge of the partand the
The use of incomplete penetration butt welds to resist edge of the slot or hole, or between adjacent slots or
repeating or alternating dynamic forces shouldbe avoided holes, should be not less than twice the thickness and
where possible but, where they are used, the design stresses not less than 25 mm for holes.
should be suitable for the loading conditions. Fillet welds connecting parts,the fusion faces of which
Welded joints subjected to fluctuating loads should be form an angle of more than 120" or less than 60", should
designed so that the stresses satisfy the requirements of not be relied upon to transmit calculated loads a t the full
BS 5400 : Part 10. working stresses unless permitted to do so by the
application standard.
A.2 Fillet welds. The effective length of an open ended
The design throat thickness of a flat or convex fillet weld
fillet weld should be taken as the overall length less twice
connecting parts, the fusion faces of which form an angle
the leg length, thereby discounting the contribution of the
of between 6$-and 120", may be derived by multiplying
stop and start positions which are generally of reduced
the leg length by the appropriate factor as given in table 14.
profile. In any case, the effective length should not be less
(cl Special configuration t o facilitate

non-destructive testing.
Figure 5. Butt joints of unequal cross section

29
". - . . ".. .
BSI B S * 5 1 3 5 8 4 M Lb24bb9 0063273 O W
BS 5135:1984
Table 14. Factors for deriving design throat machine flamecut preparation shouldbe a t the option of
thickness of flator convex fillet welds the contractor except when specified bythe purchaser or
in the appropriate application standard.
Angle between fusion faces Factor In assessing the meritsof the two methods of preparation
and the type of joint, the relativecosts of machining, flame
degrees cutting and length of weld should be taken into account.
60 to 90 0.7 8.3 Selection of weld preparation to control distortion.
91 to 100 0.65 U and J preparations as compared with V and bevel
101 to 106 0.6 preparations serve to reduce distortion by virtue of the
107 to 113 0.55 lesser amount of weld metal required. Likewise, double
114 to 120 0-5 preparations are better than single preparations in that the
weld metal can be deposited in alternate runs in each side
of the joint. In -the control of distortion, accuracy of
Due account shouldbe taken of fabrlcation, transport, preparation and fit-up ofparts are important considerations,
and erection stresses particularly for those fillet welds as well as a carefully planned and controlled welding
which have been designedt o carry only a light load during procedure.
service. B.4 Typical forms of weld preparation. Typical forms of
Compound welds, consisting of a butt weld plusa fillet weld preparation are shown in table 15. I'n the case of
weld, should be treated as a fillet weld for fatigue consider- square butt joints (a) and (b), the width of the gap depends
ations. Welded joints subjected to fluctuating loads should mainly on the size and type of electrode and the gap
--
be designed so that the stresses satisfy the requirements should be chosen accordingly.
||| |||||
of BS 5400 : Part I O . The two joints (c) and (d) are probably the most common
butt weld preparations used in general work. A root face
||
||||||||||| ||
without a gap usually facilitates assembly and minimizes

contraction. The production of a sound weld, with or
Appendix B without gouging out ofthe back of the first run, is a
|||||
function of the gap, root face and the type of electrode

Guidance on butt welds (for other than structural used. More reliableproduction of sound welds can be
|
hollow sections) achieved by using back gouging.

||| | |
6.1 Introduction. The recommended dimensions of the While the double V preparations (e) and (f) usually show a
|| ---
preparations are intended primarily for manual welding in saving in weld metal, it is more difficult inthese joints to
t h e flat position for general types of welded constructions. ensure full fusion a t the centre of the weld. If a root face is
Since overhead and vertical welding requiremanipulation provided for assembly purposes and full fusion is a require-
of the electrode, comparativelyeasy access to the root of ment, adequate gouging out of the back of the first run
the weld is desirable for welding in these positions. This is may be necessary.
obtained by using a wider angle for the weld preparation, The single and double U preparations (91, (h) and (i) are
or sometimes by increasing the root gap. When using designed to give easy access for the electrode andto ensure
electrodes with a thick covering, some modification to goad arcing conditions particularly for the first run.
the root details of the weld preparation may be necessary.
Single and double J preparations (k) and (I) and single and
The dimensions may be different for semi-automatic,
double bevel preparations (m) and (n) are used-whereonly
automatic or mechanized welding.
one joint member can be prepared. Preparations (m) and (ri)
B.2 Suitable methods of making weld preparations. Single are used for lesser thicknesses and where plate edges cannot
and double V and bevel preparations may be machined or be machined. To ensure weld soundness great care should be
machine flame cut. Single and double U and J preparations exercised, especially a t the root of the double bevel butt
usually have to be machined. The choiceof a machined or weld.
BS 5135: 1984
Table 15. Typical forms of buttweld preparation (other than structural hollow sections)
Weld type T ypical joint detail Dimensions and remarks
(a 1 Flat position:
Open square thickness T, 3 mm to 6 mm; gap G, 3 mm.
(without backing) UI" HorizontaVvertical or vertical position:
Welded from both sides 7 thickness T , 3 mm to5 mm; gap G, 3 mm.
f See clause 11 for tolerances. See also clause 7
(b)
Open square All positions.
(with backing) For flat position only*:
Welded from one side with
backing which may be
Tt" t Thickness T
mm
Gap G
mm
either temporary or perm-
anent in which case it may -7 r 3to 5
5to 8
6
8
be part ofthe structure or a to 16 10
an integral part of one
If this preparation is used for material over
member
16 mm thick the gap may be required to be
increased.
See clause 11 for tolerances. See also clause 7
(C) All positions.

Single V For flat position only*:
(without backing) gap G, 2 mm; angle a,6 0';
Welded from both sides thickness T , 5 mm to 12 mm:
.or one side only root face R , 1 mm;
thickness T , over 12 mm:
root face R, 2 mm.
(dl All positions:

Single V thickness T, over 1O mm,
(with backing) For flat position only*:
Welded from one side with root face R, O;
backing which may be single root run:
either temporary or perm- gap G,6 mm; angle a,45';
anent in which case it may double root run:
2mm mnx. gap G, 10 mm; angle (Y, 20'.
be part ofthe structure or 3mm min.
an integral part ofone See clause 11 for tolerances. See also clause 7
member
(e) All positions:

Double V
Welded from both sides
R 6 thickness T, over 12 mm.
For flat position only":
gap G,3 mm;
angle a,60';
root face R , 2 mm.
See clause 11 for tolerances, See also clause 7.
(f) AI1 positions:

Asymmetric doubleV thickness T, over 12 mm,
Welded from both sides For f l a t position only*:
gap G, 3 mm;
*angle a,60'; angle 0,60";
'root face R, 2 mm-
See clause 11 for tolerances. See also clause 7.
If the deeper V is welded first and full root
penetration is required, the angle 0 may be
increased to 90' to facilitate back gouging
-- ||| ||||| || ||||||||||| || ||||| | ||| | | || ---
The dimensions of the weldpreparation may have t o be modified for other processes and for welding in positions other than flat.
BSI BSm5L35 &L( W L624667 00b3275 L( W
BS 5135:1984
Table 15. (concluded)

Weld type Typical jointdetail Dimensions and remarks
(9) All positions:

Single U thickness T , over 20 mm:
Welded from both sides For flat position only*:
angle a,20";
radius r, 5 mm;
root face R, 5 mm.
~ . .. ~
(h) All positions:

Double U thickness T, over 40 mm.
Welded from both sides For flat position only":
angle a, 20";
radius r , 5 mm;
root face R, 5 mm.
(i) All positions:

Asymmetric double U thickness T, over 30 mm.
land L , 6 mm;
angle a, 20";
radius r, 5 mm;
root face R , 5 mm.
(kl All positions:

Single J thickness T, over 20 mm.
land L , 5 mm;
angle a, 20";
radius r , 5 mm;
root face R, 5 mm.
(I 1 All positions:
Double J thickness T, over 40 mm.
--

||| |||||
land L , 5 mm;
angle a, 20";
||
||||||||||| ||
radius r, 5 mm;
root face R , 5 mm.
|||||
(m) All positions.

|
Single bevel For flat position only*:

||| | |
Welded from both sides gap G, 3 mm; angle a,45";

|| ---
thickness T , 5 mm to 12 mm:
root face R , 1 mm;
c l k G
thickness T , over 12 mm:
root face R , 2 mm.
(n) All positions:

Double bevel thickness T, over 12 mm.
gap G, 3 mm;
angle a, 45";
root face R, 2 mm.
*The 2002;
COPYRIGHT dimensions of the
British Standards weld preparation
Institution on ERC may have
Specs and Standards to be modified for other processes
Document and forby welding
provided in positions
IHS Licensee=Qatar other than
Petroleum/5943408103, flat.
User=, 12/21/2002
BS 5135:1984
Appendix C
Guidance on typical details for structural hollow sections
Typical details for buttwelds for structural hollow sections are given in table 16. Branch connectionsfor circular and
rectangular structural hollow sections for buttand fillet welds are shown in figures 6 to 9.
Table 16. Typical forms of butt weid preparationfor structurai hollow sections
NOTE, All preparations are for welding from one side only and in all positions.
Weld type rypical joint detail )¡mensions
rhickness T , up to 3 mm:
Square
(without backing) "
T r G i gap G, 3 mm max.
(b) Thickness T , 3 mm:

Square gap G, 3 mm min. 5 mm max.;
(with backing) thickness of backing t. 3 mm.
rhickness T , 5 mm:
gap G, 5 mm min. 6 mm max.;
thickness of backing t , 3 mm min. 5 mm max.
Thickness T , 6mm:
thickness of backing t, 3 mm min. 6 mm max.
'
(C) Thickness T, up to 20 mm;

Single V gap G,2 mm min. 3 mm max.;
(without backing) root face R , 1 mm min. 2.5 mm max.
(dl Thickness T , up to 20 mm:

Single V gap G,5 mm min.-8.mm max.;
(with backing) root face R , 2.5 mm max.;
(e) Thickness T, 20 mm to30 mm:

Single V gap G, 8 mm min. 10 mm max.;
flame cut preparation root face R , 3 mm max.;
(with backing) thickness of backing t , 3 mm min. 10 mm max.
G
(f) Thickness T , 20 mm and over:
Double angle V
(with backing)
12.5't 2.S0
t
7: ~~f"12.5°? 2.5'
root face R , 3 mm max.;
O 6 mm
-- ||| ||||| || ||||||||||| || ||||| | ||| | | || ---
33
BS 5135: 1984
Table 16. (concluded)

Typical joint detail Dimensions
Thickness T , up to 20 mm:
gap G, 2.-5 mm min. 4 mm max.;
(without backing) root face R , 1 mm min. 3 mm max.
Thickness T , up t o 20 mm:
gap G,5 mm min. 8 mm max.;
root face R, 3 mm max.;
Thickness T , 20 mm to 30 mm:
gap G , 8 mm min. 10 mm max.:
flame cut preparation root face R , 3 mm max.;
|| ---
Thickness T , 20 mm and over:
Double angle bevel gap G, 8 mm min. 10 mm max.;
||| | |
root face R , 3 mm max.;
thickness of backing t, 3 mm min. 10 mm max.
|
|||||
||||||||||| ||
||
||| |||||
c --
BSI B S r 5 1 3 5 8 4 m l b 2 4 b b 7 0 0 6 3 2 7 8 T W
BS 5135:1984
rt,
--
||| |||||
1 t o 2.5 m.m
to 2
||
1to 2.5 mm
||||||||||| ||
|||||
7 f
|
I I L2 t o 3 m m
||| | |
2 to 3mm 2to3mm 2 to 3mm

e = 30' to 900 e = 900 o = 30° to 90"
|| ---
Detail at X For the smaller angles

Detail at 2
full penetration is not
H min. = T intended provided
there is adequate
-r
throat thickness
rl
2 t o 3mm
\
d<D
Detail at Y
NOTE. The angle of intersection 6 of the axes of the circular hollaw sections should not be less than 30' unless adequate efficiency of the
junction has been demonstrated.
O Figure 6. Branchconnections for circularstructuralhollowsections: butt welds(thicknessup to 30 m m )
35
BSI B S X S I 3 5 8 4 M I b Z q b b S 0 0 b 3 2 7 9 I m
BS 5135:1984
Saddled branch
-.
L
Miax,
I l T 4 L 2 mm max.
Detail a t X Detail a t Y Detail a t 2

For the smaller angles
full penetration i s not
L = Leg length intended provided
there is adequate
throat thickness
d
--
||| |||||
||
||||||||||| ||
|||||
|
||| | |
|| ---
NOTE 1. Leg lengths should be suchthat the stresses in filletwelds are in accordance with the permissible stresses given in therelevant
application standard andthat thewelds will transmit the loads in the member.
NOTE 2. The angle of intersection 8 of the axes of the circular hollow sections shouldnot be less than 30' unless adequateefficiency of
the junction has been demonstrated.
Figure 7. Branch connections for circular structuralhollow sections: fillet welds
-~ BSI B S * 5 L 3 5 8 4 m Lb24bb7 O063280 8 m '
BS 5135 : 1984
.5 mm
--
||| |||||
ito3mm 2to3mm I
||
||||||||||| ||
Detail a t X Where d < D

W e = 60° to 900
|||||
|
||| | |
1t o 2.5m
|| ---
,.
2to3mm
e = 30" to 60"
Details a t Y Details a t 2
For the smaller angles
intended provided
H min. = T there i s adequate
throat thickness
NOTE. The angle of intersection 6 of the axes of the rectangular hollow sections should not be less than 30' unless adequate efficiency of
Figure 8. Branch connectionsfor rectangular structural hollow sections: butt welds
37
BS 5135: 1984
L L
&max*
4 It-L
e = 60" to 90" Whered<D u
Detail a t 2
For the smalter angles
intended provided
,l
there is adequate
i
throat thickness
This edgeprepared
square to branch
~ "J/ ~ 2 Tjmax.
L = leg length
W
Details a t X Details a t Y
--
NOTE. The angle of intersection 8 of the axes of the rectangular hollow sections should not be less than 30' unless adequate efficiency of
||| |||||

||
Figure 9. Branch connections for rectangular structuralhollow sections: fillet welds

||||||||||| ||
|||||
|
||| | |
|| ---
B S I B S X 5 1 3 5 84
"
m L624667 00b3282 L m
BS 5135: 1984
Appendix D (f) effect of welding position;

(9) post-weld heat treatment.
Guidance on fracture toughness of heat-affected It is emphasized that should any doubt exist as to the
zone and weld metal achievement of specificfracture toughness in weld metal
D.l Heat-affected zone.Whentoughness requirements are a t a particular temperature, the welding consumable
specified for the heat-affected zone it should be noted that manufacturer andthe steelmaker should be consulted.
most steels suffer a degree of embrittlement during welding
and therefore the fracture toughness of the heat-affected
zone can be inferior t o that of the parent metal. However, Appendix E
the fact that the heat-affected zone may be less tough is not
significant provided the heat-affected zone has sufficient Guidance on avoidance of hydrogen cracking
notch ductility for the particular service conditions. E . l General. The occurrence of cracking depends on a
The factors controlling fracture toughness are: number of factors: composition of the steel, the welding
(a) total heat input (including preheating and interpassprocedure, welding consumables, and the stress involved.
temperatures); If the cooling rate associated with welding is too rapid,
excessive hardening may occur in the heat-affectedzone.
(b) chemical analysis of the steel;
If sufficient hydrogen is present in the weld the hardened
(c) mechanical properties of the steel; zone may crack spontaneously under the influence of
(d) post-weld heat treatment. residual stress after the weld has cooled to near ambient
For some applications it may be necessary to control the temperature. Welding conditions can be selected to avoid
heat input by specifying the minimum and maximum cracking which ensure that the heat-affected zone cools
allowed. This range of heat input willvary depending on sufficiently slowly, by control of weld run dimensions in
steel type, thickness, preheat and the required fracture relation t o material thickness andif necessary by applying
toughness of the heat-affected zone and the steelmaker preheat and controlling interpass temperature. The hydro-
should be consulted as to the most suitablesteel t o meet gen input tothe weld can be controlled by using hydrogen-
the specifiedlevel of fracture toughness of the heat-affected
controlled welding processes and consumablesand to some
zone a t the heat inputs t o be used. extent by the use of preheat and interpass temperature
D.2 Weld metal. The welding technique exerts considerable control. Similar considerations applyt o hydrogen cracking
influence on the low temperature impact properties in the weld metal where although hardening will be on a
achieved by a welded joint, Various factors in the welding reduced scale actual hydrogenlevels and stress levels are
procedure which affect the fracture toughness properties likely to be higher. In general, welding conditions selected
can be summarized as follows: to avoid heat-affectedzone hydrogen crackingwill also
avoid crackingin the weld metal. However, in some
(a) consumable type;
conditions of high restraint weld metal hydrogen cracking
(b) electrode diameter and shieldinggas; can become the dominant mechanism.
(c) heat input (including preheating and interpass It cannot be stated too strongly that the most effective
|| ---
temperatures) e.g. for manual metal-arcwelding assurance of avoiding hydrogen crackingis to reduce the
||| | |
measured as a function of diameter, welding current, hydrogen input t o the weld metal from the welding
runout length and type; consumables. The benefits, in terms of a reduction in
|
(d) refinement of weld as a function ofsingle and/or preheat level and an increase in the number of situations
|||||
multipass welds, ¡.e. stringer bead and/or split weave when no preheat is required, that can arise from the use
technique;
||||||||||| ||
of progressively lower hydrogen levels are shown by
(e) effect of plate material dilution; examples in table 17.
||
||| |||||
Table 17. Examples of maximum combined thickness weldablewithout preheat

--
Diffusible hydrogen content Maximum combinedthickness
p.p.m.* of mL/100g of Carbon equivalent of0.49 Carbon equivalent of 0.43

fused metal deposited metal
Arc energy Arc energy Arc energy Arc energy
1.5 kJ/mm 3 kJ/mm 1.5 kJ/mm 3 kJ/mm
mm mm mm mm
>9 > 15 25 60 45 90
99 G 15 35 70 60 > 100
~6 9 10 45 80 75 > 100
G3 G 5 65 > 100 > 100 > 100
I I 1 I I
1 p.p.m. = 1 cm3/m3
..
.- .
39
BSI BS*SL35 8 4 W L b 2 4 6 6 70 0 6 3 2 8 3 3 a '
BS 5135:1984
E.2 Hydrogen scales. The following is general guidance on affected zone hydrogen cracking)might be observed in
the selection of the appropriate hydrogenscale for steels with sulphur levels less than approximately 0.008 %
processes other than manual metal-arc welding. (m/m ) .
Solid electrode wire for gas-shielded arcwelding should be 'Álthough modifications to the procedures derived from 21.2
used with scale C unless otherwise assessed. This scale to deal with welds involving the above factors can,
should be used also with other suitably assessed consum- in principle, be obtained through a change in arc energy or
ables after appropriatedrying treatments, as recommended -preheator weld hydrogen level, the most effective modifi-
by the manufacturer. cation is to lower the weld hydrogen level. This can be done
TIG welding should be used with scale D. This scale should
also be used with other suitably assessed consumables after
either directly, by lowering the hydrogen input to the weld 11
(use of lower hydrogen weldingprocesses or consumables),
drying or other treatments,e.g. clean solid electrode wires or by increasing hydrogenloss from the weld by diffusion
for gas-shielded arc welding, and some basii: covered through the use of higher preheat and interpass tempera-
electrodes after drying a t temperatures recommendedby tures, and/or by maintaining ttie preheat as a post-heat for
the manufacturer. It should be noted that on occasions a period of time after welding. The required post-heat time
these temperatures could exceed 400 O C . will depend on many factors, but a period of 2 h to 3 h has
Submerged arc welding, flux cored wire welding and . been found to be beneficial in many instances. It is
continuous covered wire welding consumables can have recommended that the required modifications to the
hydrogen levels corresponding to any of the scales A to D procedures be derived by the use of adequate j0in-t
and therefore need assessing in the case of each named simulation weld testing.
product.
E.3 Conditions requiring more stringent procedures. -
Welds made involving any of the following factors may
require the use of more stringent weldingprocedures than
those derived from 21.2. E.4 Relaxations. Relaxations of the welding procedures
(a) high restraint; determined from 21.2 may be possible under the following
(b) thick sections; conditions.
(c) low carbon equivalentsteels; (a) Generalpreheating. If the whole component ora
width more than twice that stated in 21.2 is preheated,
(d) alloyed weld metal;
it is generally possible to reduce the preheating
(e) 'clean' or low sulphur steels. temperature by up to 50 O C .
Adequate quantification of the effects of these factors on (b) Limitedheat sink. I f the heat sink is limited in one
the need for a more stringent procedure andon the changes or more directions (e.g. when the shortest heatpath is
to the welding procedure requiredto avoid cracking cannot less than ten times the fillet leg length) especially in the
be made a t the present time. The following should therefore thicker plate (e.9. in the case of a lap joint where the
be considered as guidelines only. outstand is only marginally greater than the fillet weld
Joint restraint is a complex function of section thickness, leg length), it is possible t o reduce preheating levels.
weld preparation, geometry, and the stiffness of the (c) Austenitic electrodes. In some circumstances where
fabrication. Welds made in section thicknesses above sufficient preheating to ensure crack-free welds is
approximately 50 mm and root runs in double bevel butt impracticable an advantage may be gained by using
joints may require more stringentprocedures. certain austenitic electrodes, for example class 19.12.3
For carbonmanganese steels of low carbon content or 25.20 in BS 2926 or high nickel alloy. In such cases
(less than about 0.10 %) the carbon equivalent formula preheat may not be necessary, especially if the condition
specified in clause 4 does not adequately indicate the risk of the electrode coatingis such as to deposit weld metal
of heat-affected zone hydrogen crackingand may under- containing very low levels of hydrogen.
estimate it. Thus weldingprocedures for such steels may (d) Jointgeometry, Close fit filletwelds (where the gap
require modification. In addition, welding procedures is 0.5 mm or less) and root runs in single V butt welds
derived from 21.2 may not be adequate for avoiding weld may justify relaxations in the welding procedure.
metal hydrogen cracking when welding steels of lowcarbon
equivalent (less than approximately 0.42). This is more
E.5 Example
likely to be the case when welding thick sections (¡.e.
greater than about 50 mm) and with higher yield steels. Step 7. Decide carbon equivalentvalue using table 2,
21.2.1, 21.2.2 and E.3. Assume steel is BS 4360 : Grade
A ~ h ~ u s i i 7 ö ~ ë i e W Ï ñ ëort carDon
ãl manganese weld "-,
/I \ metal with a manganese content above-approximately 1.5 % 5OC, not controlled rolled.
u may leadto high&-o_perative stresses.'Whether .ornot thiF
F
Table 2 gives a carbon equivalent of 0.45.
causes an increased risk of heat-afe-n" Step 2. Decide provisionally on welding process and
.werd aepositwould generally be harderand more susceDtible consumables. Classify asfidrdgen scalèA, B, C or D ÜSng 21.2.3 a n d h
to cracking3seÏE- table 1 to determine which carbon equivalentscale to use.
Recent experience and research has indicated that lowerin2
Assume manual metal-arc weldingusing hydrogen con-
the inclusion content of the steel, principally by lowering
trolled electrodes complying with BS 639, and that the weld
t h e sulphur content (but also the oxygen content) may hydrogen level is appropriate to scale B in table 1.
increase the hardenability of the steel, From a practical
point ofview this effect may result in an increase in the Step 3. Decide whether fillet or butt weld and refer to
hardness of the heat-affectedzone, and possibly a small table 2.
increase in the risk of heat-affected zone hydrogen cracking. Assume fillet weld.
Accurate quantification of the effect is not presently
practicable but some increase in hardness (and risk of heat-
-- ||| ||||| || ||||||||||| || ||||| | ||| | | || ---
-2 1 p.p.m. = 1 cm3/m3 :.c

. - S: 40 Document provided by IHS Licensee=Qatar Petroleum/5943408103, User=, 12/21/2002
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B S I BSX5L3584 W lb24bb9 0063284 5 W
BS 5135: 1984
Table 2 refers to table 7. Appendix F

Step 4. Decide minimum specified individual fillet leg
length required by design drawing. Guidance on solidification cracking
Assume 5 mm. F.l Solidification cracking of the weld metal is usually
Ta%E-/;-hydrogenscale B, 5 mm leg length now requires SteD 5 found as centreline cracking. It is more often found in root
runs and, although frequently open a t the surface and
Step 5, Decide combined thicknessof joint tobe welded
with single run fillet of 5 mm leg length. visible after deslagging, may be just below the surface and
covered by up to 0.5 mm of sound metal. Solidification
Refer to 21 -2.5.
cracks can be deep and can seriously reducethe efficiency
Assume calculated combined thicknessof 70 mm. of a joint. When welding carbon manganese steels, this type
Step 6. Return to table 7 and read off the minimum of cracking is most commonly found in submerged arc
" __ requJred:figdrdgen scalëB, 5mm fillet, 10 mm
preheat welds, rarely with manual metal-arc weldingbut can
combined t h i ~ n ~ r e q u i r e s ~ j o Ö -preheat;
°C sometimes be a problem with gas and self-shieldedprocesses.
Step 7.Tables 7 and 13 give arc energy values (see 21.2.6)
correspondingto the 5 mm fillet using the particular F.2 Solidification cracking is associated with impurities,
electrode chosen (1.7 kJ/mm). particularly sulphur and phosphorus, and is promoted by
Tables IO, 11 and 12 give the electrode size and runout carbon picked upfrom the parent metala t high dilution
conditions which correspond. Thus table 11 offers a choice levels whilst manganese reduces the risk of cracking.
of electrode sizes and run lengths from 450 mm of Because welding consumables are generally purer than the
electrode ranging: materials being welded, impurity levels and crack
susceptibilities are usually greatest in weld runs of high
from 3.2 mm diameter and 145 mm run length
dilution, e.g. root runs of butt welds. To minimize the risk
to 8 mm diameter and 910 mm run length. of cracking, consumables arepreferred with low carbon
Practical considerations would probably limit this to a and impurity levels and relatively high manganese contents.
maximum diameterof 5 mm electrode and corresponding
run length of 355 mm. F.3 For submerged arc welds a formula* has been
Variation at step 3 - -_ developed in which the solidification crack susceptibility
S%e~A;-ASSúmKbutt wela. in arbitrary units known as units of crack susceptibility
Table 2 refers to figures 4&4(e), 4(g) and 4(hL (UCS) has been related to the composition of the weld
Figure 4(g) is relevant~to0.45 carbon equivalent a a metal (in % (rn/m))as follows:
tTydróQ8nTcaiëK 230C + 190s + 75P + 45Nb - 12.3Si - 5.4Mn-1';
st^% BrDècidë m3imum rundimension to be used-ìñ This formula is valid for weld metal containing the following:
making butt weld. This:will
<X most often be the root ruk,
Assume 4 mm electrode to be run out in about 320 mm of C 0.03t
to 0.23
run length: S 0.01 O to 0.050
Refer to table 11. This gives minimum arc energy for P 0.010 to 0.045
individual runs forming the butt weld of 1.2 kJ/mm. si 0.1 5 to 0.65
Step C Decide combined thickness of butt joint, Mn
0.45 to 1.6
referring to 21.2.5.
Nb O to 0.07
Assume calculated combined thicknessof 50 mm.
Alloying elements and impurities in the weld metal up to
Step D. Return to figure 4(g) and plot coordinates of the following limits do not exert a marked effect on values
1.2 kJ/mm arc energy and 50 mm combined thickness. of u c s :
Read off minimum preheating and interpass temperature 1 %Ni 0.02 % Ti
--
required (by interpolation, if necessary, or by reading the

||| |||||
0.5 % Cr 0.03 % AI
preheat line immediately above or to the left ofthe
coordinated point) which in this example is 100 "C. 0.4 % Mo 0.002 %B
||
V 0.01 %Pb
||||||||||| ||
Variation at either step 7 or step D. In the eventthat 0.07 %

preheat is undesirable, proceed as follows. 0.3 % Cu 0.03 % Co
Step E Re-examine figure4(g) to determine minimum In the above formula, values of less than 10 UCS indicate a
|||||
arc energy for no preheat (20 OC line, normally). high resistance to cracking and above 30 a low resistance.
Within these approximate limits the risk of cracking is
|
For fillet example: 2.2 kJ/mm

higher in weld runs with a high depth/width ratio, made
||| | |
For butt example: 1.6 kJ/mm

a t high welding speeds or where fit-up is near the maximum
Step X. I f by reference to table 11 these arc energies are
|| ---
allowable.
feasible, proceed using electrode diameter and run length
For fillet weld runs having a depth/width ratio of about 1.0,
chosen from table 11.
UCS values of 20 and above indicate a risk of cracking
If notfeasible, proceed to step Y. whilst for buttwelds the values of about 25 UCS arecritical.
Step Y, Using table 7 for the fillet weld example and Decreasing the depth/width ratio from 1.O to 0.8 in fillet
figures 4(a) and 4(e) for the butt weld example, examine welds may increase the allowable UCS by about 9. However,
the feasibility of using lower hydrogenlevels (by the use of very low depth/width ratios, such as are obtained when
higher electrode drying temperatures or changeof consum- penetration into the root is not achieved, also promote
ables) to avoid the need for preheat a t acceptable arc energy cracking.
levels.
* See BAILEY, N,, and JONES, S.B. Solidification cracking of ferritic steels during submerged arc welding. The Welding Institute, 1977.
t C contents of less than 0.08 % to be taken as equal to 0.08 %.
BSI BS*SL3S 8 4 m Lb24bb7 ClOb3285 7 W
BS 5135: 1984
Appendix G G.3 Joint configuration and through-thickness strains.

The risk of lamellar tearing for a given Steel increases with
Guidance on lamellar tearing through-thickness strain, andthe latter is usually high in
G.1 General. I n certain types of joint, where the welding joints of high tensile restraint. However, tearing may also
contraction strains act in the through-thickness (short occur if the bending restraint is low, since angular distortion
transverse) direction of a plate, lamellar tearing may occur. can increasethe strain i n weld root or toe areas (see
Lamellar tearing is a parent metal phenomenonwhich figure 13). I n some cases, design changes can be made which
occurs mainly in plate material, The risk of cracking i s reduce the through-thickness strain. Examplesof the types
influenced by two factors: plate susceptibility and strain of detail and joint configuration i n which lamellar tearing is
across the joint. With very susceptible plate,tearing can possible are shown in figure 14, typical locations of the
occur even if strains are low, ¡.e. in a joint of low restraint. cracks being illustrated. I f the plate susceptibility is
More resistant materialsmight nottear unless used in suspected-to be high, susceptiblejoints and details should
situations which imposed very high through-thickness be modified or avoided. For example, the T-fillet (figure
strains. 14(d)) is less susceptible than the T-butt (figure 14(e)) and
the set on nozzle is less susceptible thanthe set through
6.2 Plate susceptibility. Since lamellar tearing occurs when nozzle. Also a chamfer could be applied to the horizontal
the non-metallic inclusions in a plate link up under the plate in figure 14(f) so that welding stresses would no longer
influence of welding strains, plate susceptibility i s controlled be perpendicularto the plate. Replacing a susceptible plate
by the quantity and distribution of the inclusions it contains. connection by a casting orforging may also be possible.
At present thereis no reliable non-destructivetechnique for In most structures of any size and complexity, some joints
detecting these inclusions. The short transverse tensiletest
will have to be made in such a way that considerable
can be used to assess susceptibility (see figure I O ) and the
through-thickness strains are present. In such cases, lamellar
short transverse reduction ofarea (STRAI has been oorre-
tearing resistant plateis advisable. If this is not done and the
lated with the incidence of lamellar tearing in different
types of fabrication (see figure 111. In the case of low oxy-
material is found t o be
susceptible, buttering with weld 4
metal may enable a sound joint tobe achieved by taking up
gen steels (aluminium treated or vacuum degassed types),
contraction strains i n thenon-susceptible buttering layer,
sulphur content has been found to be a useful guide to the
although this method cannot be guaranteed to prevent
inclusion content and thus t o the STRA. Figure 12 gives
lamellar tearing,
the likely lowest and highest valuesof STRA t o be expected
in an aluminium treated steel of a given sulphur content. G.4 Hydrogen cracking and lamellar tearing. Although
The data are for plate 12.5 mm to 50 mm thick but it lamellar tearing can occureven when very low hydrogen
should be noted that therelationship of STRA (in 4/01 to levels (scale D) are achieved, defects can be formed by a
sulphur content (in 4/01 is to some extent thickness combination of thetwo mechanisms, so low-hydrogen
dependent. precautions (scale D conditions), e.g. very-low hydrogen
Steels giving reduction ofarea values of over 20 46 STRA processesI or high temperaturedrying of covered electrodes,
are considered lamellar tearing resistant and materials with in accordance with manufacturers recommendations,are
guaranteed STRA are available. These areusually aluminium advisable when dealing with susceptible material, particu-
treated steels of low sulphur content, although additions of larly in the case of repairs. Excessive preheating is often
rare earth or calcium compounds mayalso be made both to not beneficial and preheat should be applied i n such a way
reduce the inclusion content and to favourably alter the that it does not increase the amount of contractionacross
inclusion shapes. the weld, e.g. avoid preheating only the nozzle in figure
When appropriate, the contractor should discuss with the 14(a).
steelmaker the supply of lamellar tearing resistantsteel.
Friction welded
extension stubs
th¡ c kness
specimen
I I
Figure 10. Short transverse tensile test specimen with
friction welded extensions
-- ||| ||||| || ||||||||||| || ||||| | ||| | | || ---
COPYRIGHT 2002; British Standards Institution on ERC Specs and Standards 42

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B S I BSm5235 8 4 L b 2 4 b b0S0 6 3 2 8 b 7 m
BS 5135: 1984
Probable freedom from
Some risk in highly

restrained joints,
|| ---
e.g. node joints,
joints between sub-
||| | |
fabs
|
|||||
Some risk in moderately
||||||||||| ||
15 restrained joints, e.g.
box columns
t
||
||| |||||
Some risk in lightly
--
10 restrained T-joints,
e.g. I-beams
Figure 11. Suggested STRA values appropriate to risk of lamellar tearing in joints of differing restraint
(values based on 6.4 mm diameter specimen)
Tensile restraint
\
10 - -Lower bound -
I
'\
\ , I I
O 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040
Sulphurcontent YO ( m l m )
Figure 12. STRA against sulphur content for plates Figure 13. Example of restraints in T-joint with fillet welds
12.5 mm t o 50 mm thick (inclusive)
43
BSI B S * 5 1 3 5 8 4 m Lb24669 0063287 o m
BS 5135:1984
Nozzle
-fabricatedfr 'om
7 r o l l e dp l a t e
Rigidplate
(a) Nozzle through a rigid plate
Circumferentia
(b) Stiffener or rigid end in a cylindrical fabrication
(c) Rigid box section
(dl
T-joint
with
fillet welds (e) T-joint
with compound butt and fillet welds (f) Corner joint
with
butt weld
Figure 14. Details and joint configurations in which lamellar tearing is possible when fabricating large structures with a
high degree of restraint from plate
-- ||| ||||| || ||||||||||| || ||||| | ||| | | || ---
I Appendix H
Guidance on acceptance levels
In general, defects buried within theinner half of the cross
section of a joint are less significant than those in the outer
quarters, a feature which should be borne in mindwhen
considering rejection of joints that appear to be borderline.
To facilitate agreement between the contracting parties
where no acceptance levels are specified in an application Although arbitrary, these categories have beenapplied
standard, the arbitrary levels given in tables 18 and 19 may successfully in practice and are based on other British
be used for guidance, bearing in mind thata standard Standards as follows:
higher than qualitycategory A may be essential for fatigue Quality category A: Similar t o the level required for
situations in buttjoints when surfacegrinding of welds may procedure and welder approval
be required, (BS 4870 : Patt 1 and BS 4871 :
Part 1 )
These quality categories relatet o individual joints, not the
complete fabrication. Quality category B: Class I welding (BS 2633)
It is emphasized that the consequences of failure in service Quality category C: Class II welding (BS 2971 )
of the particular welded joint ina structure should be the Quality category D: Similar to the level required for
essential basis for deciding which qualitycategory to use general-purpose welders when
and the extent of appropriate non-destructive testing, there is no approval of procedures
taking into account whether the weld is designed as a (BS 4872 : Part 11
partial-penetration joint. NOTE. There is no relationship between the letter designations fò?
quality categories and those used for hydrogen scales.'
A
c
--
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||
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|
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...
-45
~.
I
BSI BSm5L35 BLt m Lb24bb7 ClOb3287 4 W

BS 5135: 1984
Table 18. Guidance on acceptance levels for butt joints

Notation:
t is parent metal thickness
I is length of defect
h is height of defect
W is width of defect
Quality
category
A
100 %
B
10 % each welder* None

IC 1 O % overal I*
ID
amount of 1 O0 % visual only
volumetric
non-destructiv
testing
Cracks I permittedt
Not Not permittedt Not permittedt Not permi tted t
Lack of Not permittedt t620mm:I6lOmm I6 25 mm in any 100 mm ~ I 6 25 % of length

fusion h 6 2.mm length of weld or h Q 0.2 r' of weld
Lack of root
penetration
Individual
slag
t618mm:/<t/266mm
W < 1.5 mm
t>20mm:/-515mm
h62mm
t 6 20mm:I< 12mm
w51.5mm
I < 25 mm in any 100 mm
length of weld
?applicable only
to joints welded
from one
side).'
Not applicable
A
inclusions t > 18 mm Q 75 mm: t>20mm:I<20mm w 6 1.5mm
I t/3 W < 1.5mm
W < 1.5mm
r>75mm:I625mm
W < 1.5 mm
Linear Aggregate length 6 8 % of Any length of group provided Any length of group provided Not applicable
group of length of group which in turn adjacent groups are separated adjacent groups are separated
inclusions is not to exceed 12 t in length by a distance of a t least by a distance of a t least
4 times the length of longest 4 times the length of longest
defect for t 6 20 mm and by a defect
distance of a t least 6 times
the length of longest defect
for t > 20 mm
Porosity * Individual pores: 6 2 mm

diameter.
Individual pores: 4 2.5 mm
diameter.
Individual pores: 6 3 mm
diameter < 0.25 t diameter.
Surface porosity
Individual pores:
~~~
Localized: 6 2 % by area Q Localized: 9 3 % by area Q Localized: Q 4 % by area 5 < 3 mm diameter

for t 6 50 mm then pro rata < 0.25 t diameter
for greater thicknesses Localized: Q 4 %
by area Q
Undercut Intermittent, 0.5 mm Intermittent, 0.5 mm Intermittent, 0.5 mm Depth 9 0.1 t
maximum in depth maximum in depth maximum in depth 91 mm
I610%Of
length of weld
* When random volumetric non-destructivetesting reveals unacceptable defects in a joint, two further joints in the group represented by
this joint should be tested similarly. If the results on these two further joints are acceptable then the original weld should be repaired and
retested by similar non-destructivemeans. If the repair is satisfactory then the group of joints should be accepted.
If the non-destructivetesting of the two further joints reveals unacceptable defects, eachjoint in the group should be
non-destructivelytested. Unacceptable defects should be repaired and retested by similar non-destructive means.
t This does not mean that the whole joint is rejectable, merely that attention be given to the particular area, e.g. local repair orgrinding
without welding.
*0 If found during ultrasonic examination, then check-radiography should also be applied.
|| ---
The area to be considered should be the length of weld affected by porositytimes the maximum width of the weld.
||| | |
|
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||
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--
- -... ...
. . -,-
COPYRIGHT 2002; British Standards Institution on ERC Specs and Standards 46 Document provided by IHS Licensee=Qatar Petroleum/5943408103, User=, 12/21/2002
00:50:30 MST Questions or comments about this message: please call the Document ..
BS 5135: 1984
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W
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-- ||| ||||| || ||||||||||| || ||||| | ||| | | || ---
47
-
B SB
I S*5335 84 m 3624669 00b3271 2 W
Publications referred to
BS 153 Steel girder bridges
Parts 3B & 4 38. Stresses 4. Design and construction
BS 449 Theuse of structural steel in building
Part 2 Metric units
BS 499 Weldingtermsandsymbols
Part 1 Glossary for welding, brazingand thermal cutting
Part 2 Specification for symbols for welding
BS 638 Arc welding power sources, equipment and accessories
BS 639 Covered electrodes for the manual metal-arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese steels
BS 2633 Class I arc welding of ferritic steel pipework for carrying fluids
BS 2901 Filler rods and wires for gasshielded arc welding
Part 1 Ferritic steels
BS 2926 Chromium-nickel austenitic and chromium steel electrodes for manual metal-arc welding
BS 2971 Specificationfor class II arc welding of carbon steel pipework for carrying fluids
BS 4105 Liquid carbon dioxide, industrial
BS 4165 Electrode wires and fluxes for the submerged arc welding of mildsteel and medium-tensilesteel
BS 4360 Specification for weldable structural steels
BS 4365 Industrial argon
BS 4570 Fusion welding of steel castings
BS 4870 Approval testing of welding procedures
Part 1 Fusion welding of steel
BS 4871 Approval testing of welders working t o approved welding procedures
BS 4872 Approval testing of welders when welding procedure approval is not required
BS 5400 Steel, concrete andcomposite bridges
Part 10 Code of practice for fatigue
BS 6084 Method oft e s t for comparison of prefabrication primers by porosin/ rating in arc welding
|| ---
||| | |
|
|||||
||||||||||| ||
||
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--
For information about BSI services relatingto third parn/ certificationto suitable British Standard product specifications, schemes
for the registrationof firms of assessed capability, testing and inspection facilities, please contact the Director, Quality Assurance
Division, BSI, PO Box 375, Milton Keynes MK14 6LO.
BS 5135: 1984
This British Standard, having been prepared underthe directionof Publications Manager, British Standards Institution, Linford Wood,
the Welding Standards Committee,was published under the Milton Keynes MK14 6LE.The number for telephone enquiries is
authority of the Board of BSI and comes into effect on 01-837 8801 and for telex 23218.
31 January 1984.
Contract requirements
@British Standards institution, 1984 A British Standard does not purport to include ail the necessary
First published December 1974 provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible
First revision January 1984 for their correct application.
iSBN O 680 13683 7 Revision of British Standards
British Standards Institution British Standards are revised, when necessary, by the issue either
incorporated by Royal Charter, BSI is the independent national of amendments or of revised editions. It is important that users of
body for the preparation of British Standards. It is the UK member British Standards should ascertainthat they ara in possession of
of the lnternatlonal Organization for Standardization andUK the latest amendmentsor editions. Information onall BSI
sponsor of the British National Committee of the International publications is in the BSI Catalogue, supplemented each month by
Electrotechnical Commission. BSI News which is available to subscribing membersof the
Copyright Institution and gives details of new publications, revisions,
Users of British Standards are reminded that copyrightsubsists in amendments andwithdrawn standards. Any person who, when
ali BSI publications. No partof this publicationmay be reproduced making use of a British Standard, encounters an inaccuracyor
in any form without the priorpermission in writing of BSi. This ambiguity, is requested to votify BSI without delay in order that
does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the the matter maybe investigated and appropriate action taken.
standard, of necessary details suchas symbols andsize, type or The following BSI references relate t o the work on this standard:
grade designations, Enquiriesby post should be addressedt o the Committee referenceWEE117 Draft for comment 81/78907 DC
Committees responsible for this British Standard

The preparation of this British Standardwas entrusted by the Engineering Equipment and Materials Users’ Association
Welding Standards Committee (WEE/-)to Technical Committee Institution of Mechanical Engineers
WEE/I 7 upon which the following bodies were represented: Institution of Structural Engineers
Associated Offices Technical Committee Ministry of Defence
British Constructional Steelwork Association National Coal Board
British Railways Board Process Plant Association
British Shipbuilders Water-tube Boilermakers’ Association
British Steel Industry Welding Institute
Electricity Supply Industry in England
and Wales Welding
Manufacturers’
Association
Amendments issued since publication

m
Amd. No. of
Date issue affected
Text v)
tn
A
..
A
.
British Standards Institution 2 Park Street London W I A 2BS Telephone 01-629 9000 Telex 266933 m
-- ||| ||||| || ||||||||||| || ||||| | ||| | | || ---
8512-8-3k-B WEE117
AMD 5712
Amendment No. 1
published and effective from 31 July 1987
to BS 5135 : 1984
Specification for process of arc welding of carbon
and carbon manganese steels
|| ---
||| | |
Revised text
|
"""""_
|||||
"""""""""""""""""""
||||||||||| ||
"
AMD 5712 Title
||
July 1987
On the front cover and on page 2, delete 'Process of arc' and substitute 'Arc'.
||| |||||
In the French title, delete 'de procédé'.
--
In the German title, delete '- Verfahren'.
"""" " ""
AMD 5712 Contents

July 1987
Under 'Tables', in the entry for table IO, delete 'with coverings type R and type RR'.
In the entry for table 11, delete 'with covering type B' and after 'efficiency' insert '> 110 %
and'.
I n the entry for table 12, delete 'with coverings type R and type RR'
"""""_ """"""""""""""""""""
AMD 5712 Clause 1. Scope

July 1987 In lines 1 and 2, delete 'the process of'.
After paragraph 2 insert the following new paragraph:
'The requirements givenin clause 21 are appropriate only t o
normal fabrication restraint conditions and higher restraint
situations need higher preheat or other precautions to
prevent hydrogen cracking. Some guidance on this is given
in appendix E'.
""""" """"""""""""""""""""
AMD 5712 Clause 21.2.3 Hydrogen scales

July 1987
I n line 1, before 'scale' insert 'hydrogen'.
In the note before 'scales' insert 'hydrogen'.
"""""_ ,""
AMD 5712 Clause 2 1.2.6 Arc energy

July 1987
In the note delete 'MAG welding (solid wire): 1.0' and 'MIG welding: 1.0' and substitute the
following:
'MIG/MAG welding (solid, cored
or self-shielded wire) : 1.0'
"""""_
AMD 5712 Table 1. Hydrogen scales
July 1987
In the heading of column 3, delete 'Scale' and substitute 'Hydrogen scale'.
" """_" ""
BSI B S x 5 1 3 5 B 4 1624667 0 0 b 3 2 7 4 B W
AMD 5712 Tables 3 t o 9

July 1987
I n the heading of column 1, delete 'Scale' and substitute 'Hydrogen scale'.
AMD 5712 Table IO. Run lengths and runout ratios for electrodes with coverings type R
July 1987 and R R of efficiency 110 % complying with BS 639
In the title, delete 'with coverings type R and RR'.
""""- """"""""""""""""""""""
AMD 5712 Table 11. Run lengths and runout ratios for electrodes with covering type B of
July 1987 efficiency < 130 % complying with BS 639
In the title, delete 'with covering type B' and after 'efficiency' insert 7 110 % and'.
""""
AMD 5712 Table 12. Run lengths andrunout ratios for electrodes with coverings type R
July 1987 and R R of efficiency > 130 % complying with BS 639
I n the title, delete 'with coverings type R and R R'.
""""
AMD 5712 Figure 4. Conditions for welding steel of stated carbon equivalent
July 1987
For each of the nine tables associatedwith ncjmograms (a) t o (n), in the column headings,
delete 'Scale (see 21.2.3)' and substitute 'Hydrogen scale (see 21.2.3)'.
""""......................
AMD 5712 Clause E.3 Conditions requiring more stringent procedures

July 1987
I n paragraph 5, delete the first sentence and substitute the following:
'The use of alloyed weld metal or carbon manganese weld
metal with a manganese content above approximately 1.5 %
may lead t o higher operative stresses.'
Delete the last two paragraphs and substitute the following:
'Although modificatioris to the procedures derivedfrom 21.2
to deal with welds involving the above factors can,
in principle, be obtained through a change in arc energy or
preheat or weld hydrogen level, the most effective modifi-
cation is t o lower the weld hydrogenlevel. This can be done
either directly, by lowering the hydrogen input to the weld
(use of lower hydrogen weldingprocesses or consumables),
or by increasing hydrogenloss from the weld by diffusion
through the use of higher preheat and interpass tempera-
tures, and/or by maintaining the preheat as a post-heat for
a period of time after welding. The required post-heattime
will depend on many factors, but a period of 2 h t o 3 h has
been found t o be beneficial in many instances. It is
recommended that the required modifications to the
procedures be derived by the use of adequate joint
simulation weld testing.'
"
AMD 5712 Clause E.5 Example

July 1987
Under the heading 'Step2', in line 2, after 'as' insert 'hydrogen scale'.
Under the heading 'Step 4', in line 4, before 'scale' insert 'hydrogen'.
Under the heading 'Step 6', in line 2, before 'scale' insert 'hydrogen'.
Under the heading 'StepA', in line 3, before 'scale' insert 'hydrogen'.
-- ||| ||||| || ||||||||||| || ||||| | ||| | | || --- "
-
B S I BSm5135 84 I Lb29hh7 0063275 T W '
----"
AMD 5712 Clause F.3

July 1987
In paragraph 1, in the formula, after '5.4 Mn' insert '-1'.
"~""""""""_"""""""""""" """"_
AMD 5712 A p p e n d i x H. Guidance on acceptance
levels
July 1987
After the list of quality categories insert the following:
'NOTE. There is no relationship between the letter designations for
quality categories and those usedfor hydrogen scales.'
--
""""""""""""""""""""""""""
||| |||||
T a b l e 18. Guidance on acceptance for butt joints

||
AMD 5712 levels

||||||||||| ||
July 1987
In the row for 'Lack of fusion' and 'Lack of root penetration', after the entry in column 5
for quality category D, insert the following:
|||||
'(applicable only
to joints welded
|
from one side).'

||| | |
""""""""""""""""""""""""""
|| ---
3
WEE117

BS 5135 Welding of Ferrtic Steel

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' B S I BS*5l135 8 4 W Lb24bb7 0 0 b 3 2 4 2 O W

O British Standards Institution.No part

British Standard Specification for

Soudage B l'arc des aciers au carbone et au carbone-manganèse - Spécifications ~-

British Standards Institution

Contents Page Page

Foreword 1 7. Conditions for manual metal-arc welding

12. Run lengths and runout- ratios for electrodes

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-- ||| ||||| || ||||||||||| || ||||| | ||| | | || ---

'Arc-welding of carbon and carbon manganese steels

(i) Quality control arrangements.

and to be documented structure (see 7.5.2).

and the properties requiredto meet service conditions

(see 3.1 (b)).

combinations for submerged arcwelding shall comply with

5.5 Gas-shieldedprocesses Wire or cored electrodes shall be suitably packed to guard

against damage, including that during transportation.

When stored, the wire or electrode shall be kept in i t s

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(i) (i¡) (iii)

(al Desirable (b) Acceptable because

(c) Not acceptable because of reduced throat thickness

Figure 2. Fillet welds applied to the edge of a part

treatment or removed by mechanical means. The removal of

before cutting. The steel suppliershould be consulted for can be achieved.

NOTE. When no appropriate application standard exists,it is

parties. recommended to be f 5" and for U and J preparations +IO", -0".

which depend on the characteristics of the process.

In joints welded by an automatic or mechanized process

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parentmetalthickness to allow for temperature . -

(see 21.2 and, for guidance, appendix E);

(c) lamellar tearing (for guidance see appendix G ) .

measurement, readings shall be taken on the exposed

drawn up in graphical form in figure 4 for the normal range

of compositions, expressed as carbon equivalent, coveredby

Steel grade T Plates andother than structural hollowsections T Structural hollowsections

All 40 and 43 grades 0.40 4 4(a), (b) and (dl 0.40 4

* For information only.

Table 4. Conditions for manual metal-arc welding

Scale A 4 1 .o O O O 50 100 125 125 125 125

* For individual run.

Scale B 4 1.3 O O O O 20 50 75 100 100

* For individual run.

Scale A 4 1.o O 20 100 125 125 150 150 150 150

6 2.0 O O O O 20 75 100 100 125

Scale B 4 1.3 O O O 20 75 100 125 125 125

Scale C 4 1.3 O O O O 20 50 75 100 100

mm kJ/mm OC O c O c Oc Oc. O c O c O c "c

Scale C 4 1.3. O O O 20 75 100 125 "125 125

Scale D 4 1.3 O O O O o ' O O O O

* For individual run.

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mm kJ/mm 'c Oc O cO c O c "c Oc O c O c

Scale B 4 1.3 O 20 75 125 125 150 150 150 175

Scale C 4 1.3 O O 50 100 100 125 125 150 150

5 1.7 O O O 50 75 100 125 125 125

Scale D 4 1.3 O O O O 20 50 75 100 100

Hydrogen scale Specified

mm kJ/mm 'c O c Oc "c O c "c Oc O c O c

Scale B 4 1.3 O 50 125 125 150 150 175 175 175

Scale C 4 1.3 O 20 100 125 125 150 150 150 175

Scale D 4 1.3 O O O 20 75 100 100 125 125