COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

What is Comparative Police System?

It is the science and art of investigating and comparing

the police system of nations. It covers the study of police
organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various
nations.

What is the Comparative Criminal Justice?

It is subfield of the study of Criminal Justice that

compares justice systems worldwide. Such study can take a
descriptive, historical , or political approach. It studies the
similarities and differences in structure, goals, punishment
and emphasis on rights as well as the history and political
stature of different systems.3.

What are the 3 basic functions of criminal justice system?

1. Policing

2. Adjudication

3. Corrections

What is the International Criminal Justice?

It involves the study and description of one country’s

law, criminal procedure, or justice (Erika Fairchild).
Comparative criminal justice system attempts to build on
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM 1|Page
the knowledge of criminal justice in one country by
investigating and evaluating, in terms of another country,
culture, or institution.

What is transnational crime?

It is a term that has been used in comparative and

international criminal justice study in recent years to reflect
the complexity and enormity of global crime issues. It is
defined by the United Nations (UN) offences whose
inception, proportion and/or direct or indirect effects
involve in more than one country. Examples are:

Money laundering

Drug trafficking

Terrorism

Human trafficking

Cyber crimes

What is International Crime?

Defined as crimes against the peace and security of

mankind (Adler, Mueller, and Laufer, 1994). The UN has
identified the following as international crimes.
Aggression (by one state against another)

Treat of aggression

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM 2|Page

Genocide (destroying a national, ethnic, racial, or religious
group)

Terrorism

Drug trafficking

What is meant by model system?

Model system is used to describe the countries being

used as topics of discussion. These countries are chosen not
because they are greater than others but because they are
the focus of comparison being studied.

Why compare systems and issues in criminal justice?

According to Harry Damner there are many reasons
why we need to compare but the basic reasons are:

To benefit from the experience of others

To broaden our understanding of the different cultures and

approaches to problems

To help us deal with the many transnational crime

problems that plague our world today9.

What are the 4 types of societies?

The following are the four types of societies in the world

that comparativists study:

1. Folk-communal societies are also called primitive

societies. A folk-communal society has little codification
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM 3|Page
 law, no specification among police, and a system of
punishment that just lets things go for a while without
attention until things become too much, and then
harsh, barbatic punishment is resorted to. Classic
examples include the early Roman gentles, African and
Middle Eastern tribes, and Puritan settlements
in North America (with the Salem “with trials”).

2. Urban-commercial societies, which rely on trade as the

essence of their market system. An urban-commercial
society has civil law (some standards and customs are
written
down), specialized police forces (some for religious
offenses, others for enforcing the King’s
Law), and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh,
sometimes lenient. Most of Continental Europe
developed along this path.3.

Urban-industrial societies, which produce which

produce most of the goods and services they need without
government interference.

An urban-industrial society not only has codified laws

(statutes that prohibit) but laws that prescribes good
behavior, police become specialized in how to handle
property crimes, and the system of punishment is run on
market principles of creating incentives and disincentives.
England and the U.S. followed this positive legal path.4.

Bureaucratic societies are modern post-industrial

societies where the emphasis is upon technique or the
“technologizing” of everything, with the government.

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 A bureaucratic society has a system of laws (along with
armies of lawyers), police who tend to keep busy handling
political crime and terrorism, and a system of punishment
characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding.
The U.S. and perhaps only eight other nations fit the
bureaucratic pattern. Juvenile delinquency is a
phenomenon that only occurs in a bureaucratic society.

Types of criminal justice law in the world?

1. Common Law System- these are also known as Anglo-

American justice, and exist in most English-speaking
countries of the world, such as the U.S., England,
Australia, and New Zealand. They are distinguished by
a strong adversarial system where lawyers interpret and
judges are bound by precedent. Common law systems
are distinctive in the significance they attach top
precedent (the importance of previously decided
cases). They primarily rely upon oral systems of
previously in which the public trial is a main focal point.

2. Civil Law System- also known as Continental justice or

Romano-Germanic justice, and practice through
outmost of the European Union as well as elsewhere, in
places such as Sweden, Germany, France, and Japan.
They are distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system
where fewer rights are granted to the accused, and
the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little
interpretation. For example, a French maxim goes like
this: “If judge knows the answer, he must not be
prohibited from achieving it by undue attention to
regulations of procedure and evidence. By contrast,
the common law method is for a judge to at least
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM 5|Page
 suspend belief until the sporting event of a trial is over.
Legal scholarship is much more sophisticated and elitist
in civil law systems, as opposed to the more
democratic common law countries where just
about anybody can get into law school. Romano-
Germanic systems are founded on the basis of natural
law, which is a respect for traditional and custom. The
sovereigns, or leaders, of a civil law system are
considered above the law, as opposed to the
common law notion that nobody is above the law.

3. Socialist Systems- these are also known as Marxist-

Leninist justice, and exist in many places, such as Africa
and Asia, where there has been a Communist
revolution or the remnants of one. They are
distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate or
retrain people into fulfilling their responsibilities to the
state. It is the ultimate expression of positive law,
designed to move the state forward toward the
perfectibility of state and mankind. It is also primarily
characterized by administrative law, where non-legal
officials make most of the decisions. For example, in a
socialist state, neither judges nor lawyers are allowed to
make law. Law is the same as policy, and an orthodox
Marxist view is that eventually, the law will not
benecessary.

4. Islamic System- are also known as Muslim or Arabic

justice, and derive all their procedures and practices
from interpretation of the Koran. These are exceptions,
however. Various tribes (such as the Siwa in the desert
of North Africa) are descendants of the ancient than

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 the harsher Sharia punishments. Islamic systems in
general are characterized by the absence of positive
law(the use of law to move societies forward toward
some progressive future) and are based more on the
concept of natural justice (crimes are considered acts
of injustice that conflict with tradition). Religion plays an
important role that Islamic systems, so much a role that
most nations of this type are theocracies, where legal
rule and religious rule go together.11.

What are the Comparative Research Methods?

Comparative research is usually carried out by the

following:

“Safari” method (a researcher visits another country) or

“collaborative” method (the researcher communicates with
a foreign researcher).

Published works tend to fall into three categories:

1. Single
Culture studies (the crime problem of a single foreign
country is discussed)

2. Two-culture studies (the most common type)

Comprehensive textbooks (it covers three or more
countries). The examination of crime and its control in
the comparative context often requires an historical
perspective since the phenomena under study are
seen as having developed under unique social,
economic, and political structures.

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 3. Historical- comprehensive method the most often
employed by researchers. It is basically an alternative
to both quantitative and qualitative research methods
that is sometimes called historiography or holism.

What are the Countries with lesser or no crime?

1. Switzerland
For many years used to have travel brochures saying
“there is no crime in Switzerland”and criminologist were
stumped on why this was so, whether because of the high
rate of firearm ownership or the extensive welfare system. It
turned out that the Swiss (along with some other welfare
nations, like Sweden) were not reporting all their crime rate.
However, it was true that their crime rate was fairly low.
Reasons of having low crime rates:

They did not remarkable job managing their underclass

population, the poor people who lived the ghettos and
slums.

Swiss crime control is highly effective in using an “iron fist,

velvet glove” approach toward those who commit crime
and come from the bottom echelons of Swiss society. For
example, when a poor person commits a crime, the
government goes to work analyzing the family, educational,
and employment needs of everyone in that poor person’s
family. Then, after some punishment (which the
offender frequently agrees with as deserved, a long term
treatment plan is put into effect to raise that family out of
poverty.

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 2. Japan
Another country with an interestingly low crime
rate is Japan where the crime rates are not necessarily
that low, but stable and resistant to fluctuating spikes.
Some reasons of having low crime rates are the
characteristics of this country which include:

Community policing

Patriarchal family system

The importance of higher education, and the way

businesses serve as surrogate families. Asian societies
are also “shame based” rather than guilt as Western
societies are. For example, it is unthinkable to commit a
crime in such places because of shame it would bring
upon one’s family and the business or corporation with
which that family is associate
d with.

3. Ireland
Ireland is another place with a unexpectedly low crime
rate. Despite a serious unemployment, the presence of
large urban ghettos, and a crisis with religious terrorism, the
Irish pattern of urban crime is no higher than its pattern or
rural crime. The key reason of having low crime rate is the
factor that appears to be:

A sense of hope and confidence among the people

Legitimate surveys, for example, show that 86% of more of
the population believe that the local authorities are well-
skilled and doing everything they can. People felt like they

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM 9|Page

had a high degree of population participation in crime
control.

4. Egypt
The Siwa Oasis in Egypt is another place with little or no
crime. The population of 23,000consists of 11 tribes who are
the descendants of ancient Greeks, and it is said that Plato
himself fashioned his model or perfect government in the
Republic there. The inhabitants practice a moderate form
of Islamic justice, rejecting Shariah punishment and
embracing Urrf law (the law of tradition). Conflicts are
resolved by a tribal council, and there are no jails or prisons.
The last known crime occurred around 1950, and was an
act of involuntary manslaughter. The typical punishment of
wrong doing is social ostracization (shunning). This type of
society is an excellent example of the folk-communal, or
informal justice system.

What are the 6 Theories of Comparative Criminology?

According to Scheider (2001), the various theories that

exist with empirical support arethe following theories of
comparative Criminology:
1. Alertness to crime theory is that as a nation develops,
people’s alertness to crime is heightened, so they
report more crime to police and also demand the
police become more effective at solving crime
problems.

2. Economic or migration theory is that crime

everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration

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 and over population in urban areas such as ghettos
and slums.

3. Opportunity theory is that along with higher

standards of living, victims become more careless of
their belongings, and opportunities for committing
crime multiply.
4. Demographic theory is based on the event of when
a greater number of children are being born,
because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent
subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity
crisis. Deprivation theory holds that progress comes
along with rising expectations, and people at the
bottom develop unrealistic expectations while
people at the top don’t see themselves rising fast
enough.
5. Modernization theory sees the problem as society
becoming too complex.
6. Theory of anomie and synomie (the latter being a
term referring to social cohesion onvalues), suggests
that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the
disintegration of oldernorms that once held people
together (anomie).14.

Types of police in the world?

The following are some of the types of police:

Uniformed police
Detectives
Auxiliary
Special police
Military police
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Religious police
Border police8.
Transport police

Differentiate centralized from decentralized system of

law enforcement?
Decentralized Law Enforcement Decentralized
police refers to a system where police administrations
and operations are independent from one state to
another. It is more applicable to countries with federal
government. In many countries, particularly those with a
federal system of government, there may be several police
or police-like organizations, each serving different levels of
government and enforcing different subsets of the
applicable law. The United States has a highly decentralized
and fragmented system of law enforcement, with over
17,000 state and local law enforcement agencies. Germany
and UK have also decentralized law enforcement agencies.
Countries with Centralized policing system Simply means on
police force operating in a country. Some countries, such as
Chile, Israel, Philippines, France, Austria, use a centralized
system of policing. A country with only one recognized
police force which operates entire that country is called is
called centralized police. Thus, Philippines is an example of
centralized police because the Philippine National Police
has one central office with many regional, provincial and
local branches throughout the country.

What can the Philippines National Police Adopt?

As to organization, decentralization of regional or city

police office that can be financially support its operation.
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This is to do away with the scenario that the fault of Manila is
the fault of the entire officers of the PNP. As the
responsibilities, the specific functions of officers assigned in
the Koban and Chuzaizho can be applied hence, the new
PNP officers can be assigned to.

Gather data related to his jurisdiction (for city police

officer)
Conduct the following (for provincial or municipal police
officer) like:
Visit each house twice a year to be acquainted and
to determine their needs related to law enforcement
seminars among barangay leaders related to
peace and orders to the general entry qualification,
height must not be a requirement (from UK Law
Enforcement) when the applicant has an above
average intelligent quotient. As to participation of
civilian, accreditation of individuals who are not
members of the PNP but with specialization in the fields
related to law enforcement is encourage. For example,
priest, pastors and ministries may be involved in values
trainings of the PNP. Biologist, Ballisticians and other
related profession may be accredited to help in law
enforcement exercises. Another on organization and
supervision, the PNP may be separated and be fully
controlled and supervised by the National Police
Commission without interference of local executives.
For example, a City Chief of Police could have same
position as a City Mayor. The former is in charge with
peace and order and law enforcement concerns while
the last later is more an administration of the city’s
concern not covering the concern of the chief of
police. Coordination and cooperation are imperative
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM 13 | P a g e
 in this recommendation. This idea will empower the PNP
to initiate more constructive and practical ways to
improve peace and order. This recommendation may
also reduce the incidence of taking orders from the
whims and caprices of corrupt politicians, example is
the Maguindanao Massacre.

2 Types of Court Systems of the World?

1. Adversarial System in adversarial the accused is

innocent until proven guilty, and inquisitorial, where
the accused is guilty until proven innocent or
mitigated. The U.S. adversarial system is unique in the
world. No other nation, not even the U.K. places as
much emphasis upon determination of factual guilt
in the courtroom as the U.S. does. Outside the U.S.
most trials are concerned with legal guilt where
everyone knows the offender did it, and the purpose
is to get the offender to apologize, own up to their
responsibility, argue for mercy, or suggest an
appropriate sentence for themselves.

2. Inquisitorial Systems- where lesser rights are granted

to the accused, and the written law is taken as
gospel and subject to little interpretation.18.

What is Globalization?

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration

among the people, companies, and government of
different nations, as process driven by international trade
and investment and aided by information technology. This

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process has effects on the environment, on culture, on
political systems, on economic development and prosperity,
and on human physical well-being in societies around the
world. In economic context, it refers to the reduction and
removal of barriers between national borders in order to
facilitate to flow of goods, capital, services and labor.
Although considerable barriers remain to the flow of labor.

What are Effects of Globalization to Law Enforcement in the

Philippines? (V. Delos Santos)

The facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be

easily achieved.
There is a need for transnational policing. The cooperation
among police organization in the world is vital.
Training instructional for incoming law enforcement officers
must include advance computer to prepare them as cyber
cops so they can be better prepared to deal with
cybercrimes.
Development of new strategies to deal with international
organized crimes is a must.
Provisions of law enforcement with updated legislations
related to modernization theory of crime.

Threats to Law Enforcement Brought by Globalization

International

Criminal networks have been quick to take

advantage of the opportunities resulting from the
revolutionary changes in world politics, technology,
and communication that have strengthened
democracy and free markets, brought the world’s

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM 15 | P a g e

 nations closer together, and given the some countries
unprecedented security and prosperity.
Globalization allowed international criminals to
expand their networks and increase their cooperation
in illicit activities and financial transactions. Criminals
have taken advantage of transitioning and more open
economies to establish front companies and quasi-
legitimate businesses that facilitates smuggling, money
laundering, financial frauds, intellectual property
piracy, and other illicit ventures. Criminal groups have
taken advantage of the high volume of legitimate
trade to smuggle drugs, arms, and other contraband
across national boundaries.

Criminals are able to exploit the complexity of the

international system to hide drugs or other contraband or to
conceal the true origin and ownership of cargo within
contraband is hidden. Through the use of computers,
international criminals have an unprecedented capability
to obtain, process, and protect information and sidestep
law enforcement investigations. They can use the
interactive capabilities of advanced computer and
telecommunications system to plot marketing strategies
for drugs and other illicit commodities to find the most
efficient routes and methods for smuggling and moving
money or banking security. International criminals also take
advantage of the speed and magnitude of financial
transactions and the fact that there are few safeguards to
prevent abuse of the system to move large amounts of
money without scrutiny. More threateningly, some criminal’s
organizations appear to be adept at using technology for
counter intelligence purpose and for tracking law
enforcement activities.
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Different Police Global Organizations

The different police international associations in the

world are:

ASEAN Chiefs of Police

Europol
IACP
Interpol
UN policing

When was ASEAN Chiefs of Police Establish?

Aseanapol (ASEAN Chiefs of police) was established in

1998.

Member of countries of ASEAN CP?

Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Brunei Darussalam
Vietnam
Lao PDR
Myanmar
Cambodia

Objectives of ASEANAPOL

Enhancing police professionalism

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Forging stronger regional co-operation in police work and
Promoting lasting friendship among the police officers of
ASEAN countries.

What is EUROPOL?

It means European Police Office or Europol.

Europol is the European Union’s criminal intelligence

agency. It became fully operational on 1 July 1999.

What is the aim of Europol?

Europol’s aim to improve the effectiveness and

cooperation between the competent authorities of the
member states primarily by sharing and pooling intelligence
to prevent and combat serious international organized
crime. Its mission is to make a significant contribution to
the European Union’s law enforcement efforts targeting
organized crime.

Mission of Europol?

The mission of Europol is to make a significant

contribution to the European Union’s law enforcement
action against organized crime and terrorism with an
emphasis on targeting criminal organizations.

How does Europol Assist Member States Investigations?

Europol supports the law enforcement activities of the

member states by: Facilitating the exchange of information
between Europol and Europol Liaison Officers (ELO’s) are
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seconded the Europol by the Members States as
representatives of their national law enforcement agencies,
thus they are not under the command of Europol and its
Director as such. Furthermore, they act in accordance with
their national law. Providing operational analysis and
support to Member States operations; Providing expertise
and technical support for investigations and operations
carried out within the EU, under the supervision and the
legal responsibility of the Member States; Generating
strategic reports (e.g. threat assessment) and crime analysis
on the basis of information and intelligence supplied by
Member States or gathered from other sources.29.

What is Europol’s mandate?

Europols supports the law enforcement activities of the

member states mainly against:

Illicit drug trafficking

Illicit immigration networks;
Terrorism; Forgery of money (counterfeiting of the euro)
and other means of payment;
Trafficking in human beings (including child pornography);
Illicit vehicle trafficking;
Money laundering.

Does Europol only act on request?

Yes, Europol only acts on request at present. However,

the Protocol of the 28 November2002 amending the Europol
convention, allows Europol to request the competent
authorities of the Member States to investigate. Article 3 b of

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the Protocol states that “Member States should be deal with
any request from Europol to initiate, conduct or co-ordinate
investigations in specific cases and should give such
requests due consideration. Europol should be informed
whether the requested investigation will be initiated”.

What is the added value of having Europol as a European

law enforcement agency?

There are numerous advantages for the European law

enforcement community. Europol is unique in this field as it is
multi-disciplinary agency, comprising not only regular price
officers but staff members from the various law enforcement
agencies of the Member States and covering specialized
areas such as customs, immigration services, intelligence
services, border and financial police.

What is IACP?

It stands for International Association of Chiefs of Police.

The International Association of Chiefs of Police is the world’s
oldest and largest nonprofit membership organization of
police executives, with over 20,000 members in over 80
different countries. IACP’s leadership consists of the
operating chief executes of international, federal, state and
local agencies of all sizes.

Missions of IACP

The IACP shall:

1. Advance professional police services;

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 2. Promote enhanced administrative, technical, and
operational police practices, foster cooperation and
the exchange of information and experience among
police leaders and police organizations of recognized
professional and technical standing throughout the
world.

What is Interpol?

Interpol is the short form of International Criminal Police

Organization. It began in 1923, and at the same time its
name was International Criminal Police Commission. In 1956,
its name became International Criminal Police Organization.
The word Interpol was a short of International Criminal Police
Organization. This short form served as the address to
receive telegrams. Slowly, the name of this international
organization became famous as Interpol. Now, Interpol is
the second biggest international organization; the United
Nations is the first. Some important information about
Interpol: Interpol is crime fighting organization, just like your
local police department. Instead, they help other member
countries that need to co-operate by connecting all
members of Interpol by a network of files of criminals and
cases if any of Interpol’s 182 nations need them.

What does Interpol do?

Interpol records any information about something that

was in a criminal case, ex: Information on criminals, type of
crime, vehicles, anything to help any police officer with
information about a certain crime.

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Why was Interpol created?

The countries in Europe needed a co-operation

between countries. This was needed because criminals
would commit crimes in one country in Europe and then skip
to another country to avoid prosecution. Since Europe is a
tightly packed continent, police didn’t have enough time to
catch criminals, and the idea was created.

What UN Police Do?

One of the objectives of the Philippine National Police

Officers being deployed in the UN mission is for mentoring
other law enforcement of foreign countries like East Timor
and Kosovo. Assistance to host-state police and other law
enforcement agencies. United Nations Police Officers
support the reform, restructuring and rebuilding of domestic
police and other law enforcement agencies through
training and advising. Direct assistance is also provided,
often through trust funds, for the refurbishment of facilities
and the procurement of vehicles, communication
equipment and other law enforcement material. Such
assistance has been provided in the past, for example, by
the police components of peace operations in Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Burundi, Cote dlvoire, Democratic Republic of
Congo, Haiti, Kosovo, Liberia and Sierre Leone.

Transnational Organized Crime?

Transnational organized crime involves the planning

and execution of illicit business ventures by groups or
networks of individuals working in more than one country.
These criminal groups use systematic violence and
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corruption to achieve their goal. Crimes commonly include
money laundering; human smuggling; cybercrime; and
trafficking of humans, drugs, weapons, endangered
species, body parts, or nuclear material. Transnational crime
ring activities weaken economies and financial systems and
undermine democracy. These networks often prey on
governments that are not powerful enough to oppose
them, prospering on illegal activities, such as drug trafficking
that bring them immense profits. In carrying out illegal
activities, they upset the peace and stability of nations
worldwide, often using bribery, violence, or terror to achieve
their goals.39.

Major Transnational Organized Crime Groups

Transnational crime often operate in well-organized
groups, intentionally united to carryout illegal actions.
Groups typically involve certain hierarchies and are headed
by a powerful leader. These transnational organized crime
groups work to make a profit through illegal activities.
Because groups operate internationally, their activity is a
threat to global security, often weakening governmental
institutions or destroying legitimate business endeavors. Well-
known organized crime groups include:

Russian Mafia- Around 200 Russian groups that operate in

nearly 60 countries worldwide. Theyhave been involved in
racketeering, fraud, tax evasion, gambling, drugtrafficking,
ransom, robbery and murder.

La Cosa Nostra- Known as the Italian or Italian-American

mafia. The most prominent organized crime group in the
world from the 1920’s to the 1990’s. They have been
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM 23 | P a g e
involved in violence, arson, bombings, torture, sharking,
gambling, drug trafficking, health insurance fraud, and
political and judicial corruption.
Yakuza- Japanese criminal group. Often involved in
multinational criminals activities, including human trafficking,
gambling, prostitution, and undermining licit businesses.

FukChing- Chinese organized group in the United States.

They have been involved in smuggling, street violence, and
human trafficking.

Triads- Underground criminal societies based in Hong Kong.

They control secret markets and bus routes and are often
involved in money laundering and drug trafficking.

Heijin Taiwanese gangsters who are often executives in

large corporations. They are often involved in white collar
crimes, such as illegal stock trading and bribery, and
sometimes run for public office.

Jao Pho.Organized crime group in Thailand. They are

often involved in illegal politicaland business activity.

Red Wa Gangsters from Thailand, they are involved in

manufacturing and traffickingmethamphetamine.40.

What is Human Trafficking?

Human Trafficking is the illegal in human beings for the

purposes of commercial sexual exploitation or forced labor:
a modern-day form of slavery. It is the fastest growing
criminal industry in the world, and tied with the illegal arms
industry as the second largest, after the drug, trade.
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 Human Trafficking is a crime against humanity. It further
defined as an act of recruiting, transporting, transferring,
harboring or receiving a person through a use of force,
coercion or other means, for the purpose of exploiting them.
Every year, thousands of men, women and children fall into
the hands of traffickers, in their own countries and abroad.
Every country in the world is affected by trafficking, whether
as a country of origin, transit or destination for victims.
UNODC, as guardian of the United Nations Convention
against Transnational Organized Crime(UNTOC) and the
Protocols thereto, assists States in their efforts to implement
the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in
Person (Trafficking in Persons Protocol).

What are the Elements of Human Trafficking?

On the basis of the definition given in the trafficking in
persons protocol, t is evidentthat trafficking in persons has
three constituent elements;

The Act (What is done)Recruitment, transportation, transfer,

harboring, or receipt of persons

The Means (How it is done)Threat or use of force, coercion,

abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power
orvulnerability, or giving payments or benefits to a person
in control of the victim

The Purpose (Why it is done)For the purpose of

exploitation, which include exploiting the prostitution
of others, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery or similar
practices and the removal of organs. To ascertain whether
a particular circumstances constitutes trafficking in persons,

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consider the definition of trafficking in the Trafficking in
Persons Protocol and the constituent elements of the
offence, as defined by relevant domestic legislation.

What is Drug Trafficking?

Drug trafficking involves selling drugs and drug

paraphernalia, whether is it local exchange between a user
and a dealer or a major international operation. Drug
trafficking I problem that affects every nation in the world
and exists in many levels. Drug trafficking is the commercial
exchange of drugs and drug paraphernalia. This include
any equipment used to manufacture illegal drugs or use
them.

What are Cybercrimes?

Cybercrimes are generally defined as any type of

illegal activity that makes use of the Internet, a private or
public network, or an in-house computer system. While
many forms of cybercrime revolve around the appropriation
of proprietary information for unauthorized use,other
examples are focused more on an invasion of privacy. As a
growing problem around the world, many countries are
beginning to implement laws and other regulatory
mechanisms in an attempt to minimize the incidence of
cybercrime.

What is Terrorism?

The use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce,

especially for politicalpurposes. The state of fear and
submission produced by terrorism for terrorization. A
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM 26 | P a g e
terroristic method of governing or of resisting a government.
Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means
of coercion. At present, the International community has
been unable to formulate a university agreed, legally
binding, criminal law definition of terrorism. Common
definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which
are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for a
religious, political, or ideological goal, and deliberately
target or disregard the safety of non-combatants (civilians).

Some definitions also include acts of unlawful violence

and war. This history of terrorism organizations suggest that
they do not select terrorism for its political effectiveness.
Individual terrorists tend to be motivated more by a desire
for social solidarity with other members of their organization
than by political platforms or strategic objectives, which are
often murky and undefined.

What is Money Laundering?

Money Laundering is the process of creating the

appearance that large amounts of money obtained from
serious crimes, such as drug trafficking, originated from a
legitimate source. It is a crime in many jurisdictions with
varying definitions. It is a key operation of the underground
economy.

Who is the only Filipino Former President of the Interpol?

Jolly R. Bugarin was the Filipino President of the Interpol in

1980, 1984 after the term of Carl G. Person of Sweden.

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 CHAPTER III
(Comparative Police in Matrix)

CHAPTER IV
(Police Ranks)

CHAPTER V
(Types of Police)

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