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DC machines: Principle & Construction, Types, EMF equation of generator and torque equation
of motor, applications of DC motors (simple numerical problems)
An electrical machines deals with the energy transfer either from mechanical to electrical or
electrical to mechanical form. This process is called electromechanical energy conversion.
An electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is called
electric generator.
While an electrical machines which convert electrical energy into mechanical energy is
called electric motor.
Construction of DC Machines
F1
Ra
E
F2
A2
DC Series generator:
E Vt
IL=Load current
A2
Voltage equation:
E Vt I a Ra I a Rse Vbrush
IL
Ish
A1 Ia
IL I a I L I sh
F1
Ra
Rsh Vt
Load
E Vt I sh
Rsh
F2
A2
E Vt I a Ra Vbrush
Fig.5.8 DC Shunt Generator
DC compound Generator:
In this type the part of field winding is connected in parallel with armature and part in series with
the armature. Both the series and shunt windings are mounted over same pole.
Depending upon the connection of shunt and series field windings, compound generator is
further classified as:
1. Long shunt compound generator
2. Short shunt compound generator
Long shunt compound generator:
Ise I a I L I sh
IL
Ish
Vt
A1 Ia I sh where Rsh=resistance of shunt wdg
F1
Rsh
Load
Ra Vt
E Vt I a Ra I a Rse Vbrush
E
F2
A2
Load
A1 Vt where Rse= resistance of series winding
F1
Ra
E Neglecting brush drop i.e.
F2
A2
E I a Ra Vt I L Rse
a) Separately excited generators: As separate supply is required to excite field, the use is
restricted to special applications like electro-plating, electro-refining of materials etc.
b) Shunt generators: Commonly used in battery charging and ordinary lighting purpose.
c) Series generator: Commonly used as boosters on DC feeders, as a current generators for
welding generator and arc lamp.
d) Cumulatively compound generators: These are used for domestic lighting purposes
and to transmit energy over long distance.
e) Differentially compound generators: The use of this type of generators is very rare and
it is used for special application like electric arc welding.
Ex.5.1A 4-pole, lap-wound armature has 144 slots with two coil sides per slot, each coil having
two turns. If the flux per pole is 20 mWb and the armature rotates at 720 rpm, what is the
induced voltage?
Solution:
N P
Induced voltage = Z
60 A
For lap wound armature A = P (number of pole) = 4
20mWb 20 103Wb
N 720 rpm
Total number of conductor in armature Z = 144 slots × 2 coil/slot × 2 turns/coil
20 103 (144 2 2) 720 4
Now, induced voltage
60 4
138.24 volts.
Ex.5.2 A 20 KW, 200 V shunt generator has an armature resistance of 0.05 and a shunt field
resistance of 200. Calculate the power developed in the armature when it delivers rated
output.
Solution:
Vt 200
Field current, I f 1A
Rf 200
PL Vt IL
PL 20 1000
Load current, I L 100 A
Vt 200
Armature current
I a I L I f = 100 + 1 = 101 A
Eg Vt I a Ra
= 200 + 101 × 0.05 = 200 + 5.05
Eg = 205.05 V
Power development by armature,
Eg I a = 205.05 × 101 = 20.71 KW
Working principle of DC motor
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying
conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it
will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the
external magnetic field.
In DC motor, field winding produces a required magnetic field while armature conductors play a
role of current carrying conductors and hence armature conductors experience a force. The
magnitude of the force experienced by an armature conductor is given by:-
F=Bil Newton(N)
The direction of this force can be determined by using Fleming’s left hand rule.
Since the entire armature conductors are mounted over the periphery of armature core, so
tangential force give arises a torque and motor starts rotating.
PNZ
Eb= Volts (5.2)
60 A
This back EMF is shown systematically in fig (a) below. So as if V is supply voltage in volts and
Ra is the value of the armature resistance, the equivalent electric circuit can be shown in fig (b)
Ia Ia
A1
Ra Ra
voltage
Supply
Eb Eb
A2
b) When motor is suddenly loaded: The first effect is to cause the armature to slow down.
Therefore, the speed at which the armature conductors move through the field is reduced
and hence the back emf falls. The decreased back emf allows a larger current to flow
through armature and larger current means increased driving torque.
c) When the load on motor is suddenly decreased: Armature speed increases when load is
decreases. As armature speed increases, hence the back emf. Increased back emf causes
to decreased armature current and motor speed will start decreasing until armature current
is just sufficient to produce the reduced torque required by load.
IL
Ish
A1 Ia
IL
F1
Ra Supply
Rsh
Eb voltage,
V
F2
A2
Now flux produced by field winding is proportional to the current passing through it, i.e., Ish
I sh
As long assupply voltage is constant, which is generally so in practice, the flux produced is
constant. Hence DC shunt motor is also called constant flux motor.
Series motor:
Ise
A1 Ia F1 Rse F2
IL
Ra Supply
Eb voltage
V
A2
In series motor, entire armature current is passing through the series field winding. So flux
produced is proportional to armature current:
I se I a
DC compound motor:
Ise
Rse IL
Ia Ish Supply
A1 voltage
F1
V
Ra Rsh
Eb
A2 F2
Ise=Ia
V
I sh
Rsh
V=Eb+IseRse+IaRa+Vbrush
V=Eb+Ia(Rse+Ia)+Vbrush
Ise
IL
Ish
Ia Supply
A1 voltage
F1
v
Ra
Eb
F2
A2
The entire line current is passing through the series field winding.
And IL=Ia+Ish
Now the drop across the shunt field winding is to be calculated from the voltage equation
So V=Eb+IseRse+IaRa+Vbrush
A Long shunt compund motor can
Drop across shunt field winding is, be cumulative or differential type.
Similarly short shunt compund
=V ILRse=Eb+ IaRa+Vbrush motor can be cumulative or
V I L Rse Eb I a Ra Vbrush differential type.
I sh
Rsh Rsh
2 N
Rad/sec
60
Workdone F 2 R 2 N
P=Power developed = F R
Time 60 60
N
P T Watts
Let Ta be the gross torque developed by the armature of the motor. It is also called Armature
Torque. The gross mechanical power developed in the armature is Eb Ia, as seen in power
equation.
Eb Ia=Ta 2 N
60
PNZ
But Eb in a motor is given by, Eb
60 A
PNZ 2 N
I a Ta
60 A 60
1 PZ PZ
Ta Ia 0.159 I a N-m (5.6)
2 A A
Characteristics of DC motor
The performance of DC motor under various conditions can be judged by the following
characteristic.
Before analyzing the various characteristics of motors, let us revise the torque and speed
equation. Fundamentally all characteristics are derived from these equation
Eb
N From speed equation (refer equation no.)
In shunt motor Rsh and supply voltage are constant and hence flux is also constant
T Ia (5.6)
Ta
Ia
Fig.5.18 Torque-Armature current characteristics (T Vs Ia)
Eb
N
V I a Ra
For DC shunt motor N
NV I a Ra as is constant (5.7)
Hence for constant supply eq (5.7) represent a line of negative slop as shown in Fig.5.19
Ia
Speed-Torque characteristics(N Vs T)
This characteristic can be derived from the above two characteristics. This graph is similar to
speed-armature current characteristics as torque is proportional to armature current.
Characteristic is shown in Fig.5.
N Constant speed line
In series motor
Eq (5.8) represents a parabolic relation, as shown in Fig.5.21. Further when the poles get
saturated, flux becomes contant and torque & armature current relation becomes linear.
Ta
T
T Ia
T I a2
Ia
Fig.5.21 Torque-Armature current characteristics(T Vs Ia)
Speed-Armature current characteristics(N Vs Ia)
From speed equations, we get
Eb
N
V I a Ra I se Rse
For DC series motor N as I a is constant
Ia
Now the value of Ra and Rse are so small that the effect of change in Ia on speed overrides the
effect of change in V I a Ra I se Rse on the speed. So speed equation reduces to,
1
N (5.9)
Ia
Ia
Differential
Cumulative Differential
T Series N N
Shunt
Shunt Shunt
Cumulative
Cumulative
Differential Series
Ia Ia T
Application of DC motor
Type of Motor Characteristic Application
Speed is fairly constant and Blower and fans
starting torque is medium Centrifeuga and reciprocating pumps
Shunt Lathe Machines
Milling Machines
Drilling Machines
High starting torque. No load Cranes
condition is dengerous. Hoists
Variable speed Elevators
Series
Trolleys
Conveyers
Electrical Locomotive
High starting torque. No load Rolling mill
Cumulative condition is allowed Punches
compound Shears
Heavy Planner
Differentially Speed increases as load Not suitable for Practical Application
compound increase
Ex5.3 A DC shunt motor runs at 600 rpm taking 60A from a 230 V supply. Armature
resistance is 0.2 ohm and field resistance is 115 ohms. Find the speed when the current
through the armature is 30A.
Solution:
Ra 0.2
R f 115
V I f Rsh
230 I f .115
I f 2A
Is Ia I f
Ia Is I f
Armature current
( I a1 ) = 60 – 2 = 58 A
Back emf
E V I R
b1 a a
230 58 0.2
218.4 volt.
If armature current
( I a2 ) = 30 A
Than back emf
E V I
b2 a2 Ra
230 30 0.2
244 volt.
Eb
but, N 2 N1 2
Eb1
600 224
N2
218.4
N 2 615 rpm.
Ex5.4 A DC shunt generator running at 1200rpm supplies a load of 60 kW at 250V. Find
the speed at which it runs as a sh8unt motor when taking 60kW from 250 V supply. Take
armature resistance at 0.1 ohm and field winding resistance AS 50 OHM. Neglect brush drop.
Solution:
As a generator
Pout=60kW, Vt=250V, Ng=1200rpm
Pout 60 103
IL 240 A
Vt 250
Vt 250
I sh 5A
Rsh 50
Ia=IL+Ish=245A
Eg=Vt+IaRa=250+245X0.1=274.5V
As a motor
Pin=60kW, V=250V
P
I L in 240 A
V
V 250
I sh t 5A
Rsh 50
Ia=IL Ish=240 5=235A
Eg=Vt IaRa=250 235X0.1=226.5V
E
Now N E
Ng Eg
Nm Eb
Eb 226.5
Nm Ng 1200 990.1639 rpm
Eg 274.5
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