II ENUMERATION

25

1. Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, Meth. PI. 617. 1794. Hibiscus esculentus

L. Sp. PI. 696. 1753; FPB 1: 119; FPM 1: 99. MALVACEAE

Herbs, erect, up to 1.5 m tall; stems hispid. Leaves cordate, deeply lob-

ed, coarsely toothed, scabrous. Flowers solitary, axillary, yellow with purple

centre. Capsules oblong, 6-8-ribbed, scabrid; seeds globose, pale brown or pale

white.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; cultivated around tribal ham­

lets.

Loc. name: Benda; Bhendi (Gonds & Kolams).

Uses: Tender fruits used as vegetable; also sold in market.

2. Abelmoschus ficulneus (L.) Wight & Arn. Prodr. 53. 1834. Hibiscus ficulneus

L. Sp. PI. 695. 1753; FPB 1: 117; FPM 1: 98. MALVACEAE

Undershrubs, erect, up to 1 m tall; stems asperulous. Leaves orbicular,

palmately lobed, coarsely crenate, base cordate. Flowers pale yellow, in termi­

nal racemes. Capsules 5-angled, obtuse, beaked.

FI. & Fr.: February-September. Common; in open areas of dry deciduous

forests. TRS 83113.

Loc. name: Adivi Bhenda (Kolams).

Uses: Stem fibre used for cordage.

3. Abrus precatorius L. Syst. Nat. ed. 12.2: 472, 1767; FPB 1: 382; FPM 1: 349.
PAPILIONACEAE

Twiners. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets opposite, linear-oblong, glabrous,

entire. Flowers pink, in axillary racemes. Pods oblong; seeds subglobose, red

or white, with a black spot. Photo 22.

FI. & Fr.: September-February. Common; along hedges and bushes.

TRS 86588.

Uses reported for the first time are given in bold face.
 26

Loc. name: Guriginja, Thella guiriginja; Gulivinda (Koyas).

Uses: Seed paste diluted with water and orally administered for abortion

by Gonds and Kolams - 3 to 4 spoonfuls twice a day for 3 days, or the paste

mixed with 'jowar' (Sorghum bicolor) flour and made into 'roaties' (pan cakes)

and consumed. Roots pounded with cane sugar (Saccharum officinarum), mixed

in water and orally administered for peptic ulcer by Kolams and Koyas - 2-

to 3 spoonfuls till cure; also the same taken for urinary disorders by Kolams

twice a day for 3 days. Leaf juice orally administered for sore throat by Koyas

- 1 spoonful twice a day for 3 days. Root pieces tied around waist of children

to keep-off evil spirits by Kolams. Root paste applied on wounds of cattle

by Koyas.

Seeds of white variety ground into paste and applied for veneral diseases

by Gonds.

4. Acacia chundra (Roxb. ex Rottl.) Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1078. 1806; FPM 1: 428,

"sundra". Mimosa chundra Roxb. ex Rottl. in Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Neue

Schriften 4: 207. 1803. MIMOSACEAE

Trees, up to 5 m tall; bark rusty brown; branches armed. Leaves bi-

pinnate; leaflets minute, linear-oblong, puberulous. Flowers yellowish-white,

in spikes. Pods compressed, brown.

FI. & Fr.: June-August. Common; in open areas of dry deciduous forests.

TRS 85233, 85254.

Loc. name: Sundra; Khayyur (Gonds).

Uses: Leaves dried and powdered, mixed with castor (Ricinus communis)

oil and applied for boils and blisters by Gonds. Wood used for making agricul­

tural implements, house building and musical instruments.

5.Acacia ferruginea DC. Prodr. 2: 458. 1825; FPB 1: 477; FPM 1: 428.
MIMOSACEAE
 27

Trees, up to 5 m tall, armed; bark fissured, rusty brown. Leaves bi-

pinnate; leaflets opposite, linear-oblong, obtuse, glabrous. Flowers pale yellow,

in slender spikes. Pods flat, thin, pale brown.

FI. & Fr.: January-April. Common; in open areasof hilly regions. TRS

83154.

Loc. name: Vaani (Kolams).

Uses: Stem bark ash mixed with gingelly (Sesamum indicum) oil and

applied for cracked lips by Kolams - till cure, and bark ash alone applied for

bleeding gums.

6.Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1083. 1806; FPB 1. 475; FPM 1:

427. Mimosa leucophloea Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 150. 1800. MIMOSACEAE

Trees, up to 9 m tall, armed; bark whitish. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets

opposite, linear-oblong, glabrous, acute. Flowers yellow, in paniculate heads.

Pods flat, strap-shaped, brown.

FI. & Fr.: August-December. Common; in open areas of dry deciduous

forests. TRS 85134, 83650.

Loc. name: Thelta thumma.

Uses: Root ash sprinkled on eyes to cure mental disorders by Lambadis -

once a day in the evening for 3 days. Stem bark pounded, mixed with albumen

and applied for burns by Gonds. Stem bark used for brewing arrack by Lamba­

dis. Wood used for making agricultural implements.

7. Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. subsp. indica (Benth.) Brenan in Kew Bull.

12: 84. 1957. A. arabica (Lam.) Willd. var. indica Benth. in London J. Bot.

1: 500. 1842. A. arabica auct. non (Lam.) Willd. 1806; FPB 1: 472; FPM 1:

425. MIMOSACEAE

Trees, up to 6 m tall; bark rough, fissured, ; black. Branches armed,

thorns white. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets I inear-oblong, V, subobtuse, glabrous.

&
S'
/
I
\
>
Y'

* t

Vi r
v
K.
/
 28

Flowers yellow, in globose heads. Pods torulose, grey-tomentose.

FI. & Fr.: August-April. Common; in dry localities. TRS 86109.

Loc. name: Nalla thumma.

Uses: Stem bark used for brewing arrack by Gonds & Koyas. Wood

used for making agricultural implements and house building.

8. Acacia pennata (L.) Wilid. Sp. PI. 4: 1090. 1806; FPB 1: 480; FPM 1: 429.

Mimosa pennata L. Sp. PI.522. 1753. MIMOSACEAE

Large climbing shrubs, prickly. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets linear-oblong,

glabrous, base oblique or truncate, apex obtuse or acute. Flowers white or

yellow, in paniculate heads. Pods strap-shaped, thin, glabrous, brown; seeds

compressed, dark-brown.

FI. & Fr.: August-December. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

86506.

Loc. name: Thel Jhari (Gonds); Kortheega (Kolams).

Uses: Crushed stem bark used as fish poison by Gonds and Kolams.

9. Achyranthes aspera L. Sp. PI. 204. 1753; FPB 2: 580; FPM 2: 1176.
1 AMARANTHACEAE

Herbs, erect, diffuse, pubescent; stem quadrangular. Leaves simple,

opposite-decussate, elliptic or obovate, entire, base obtuse, apex obtuse or acute.

Flowers greenish-white, in elongate terminal spikes. Utricle oblong, pale yellow;

seeds subcylindric, shining, brown.

FI. & Fr.: October-March. Common; in fallow lands and waste places.

TRS 86592.

Loc. name: Vuthareni.

Uses: Leaves ground into paste, applied on cuts and wounds by Gonds

thrice a day till cure. Leaf juice applied for scorpion sting by Koyas to get
h
temporary relief from pain. Leaf juice applied for ophthalmic infection twice

a day for 3 days by Gonds.

 29

10. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 5: 223. 1800; FPB

1: 204; FPM 1: 171. Crataeva marmelos L. Sp. PI. 444. 1753. RUTACEAE

Trees, up to 7 m tall, thorny. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets elliptic, cre-

nulate, apex obtuse or emarginate. Flowers greenish white, fragrant, in axillary

panicles. Berries globose; pulp sweet, orange; seeds embedded in pulp.

FI. & Fr.: August-December. Occasional; in open areas of dry deciduous

forest^in sacred groves. GVSR 22257.

Loc. name: Maredu.

Uses: Stem bark pounded, mixed with water and orally administered

for cough and cold by Gonds - 2 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days. Leaf juice

mixed with butter and applied for mouth sores byGonds and Kolams - twice

a day till cure. Unripened fruit pulp eaten for dysentery by Gonds - 2 to

3 spoonfuls thrice a day till cure. Fruits edible. Tribal children use fruit

pulp as gum for pasting. Tree worshipped during religious ceremonies.

11. Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schultes in Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 11: 1^1.

1803; FPB 2: 576; FPM 2: 1178. Achyranthes lanata L. Sp. PI. 204. 1753.
AMARANTHACEAE

Herbs, erect, pubescent, up to 30 cm tall. Leaves simple, alternate,

elliptic or orbicular, base cuneate, apex obtuse or mucronate. Flowers white,

in dense axillary spikes. Utricle globose; seeds smooth, black.

FI. & Fr.: August-January. Common; along edges of forests. TRS 83122.

Loc. name: Thella Gurugu; Pindikura (Kolams).

Uses: Leaves, roots and stem peelings mixed in hot ragi (Eleusine cora-

cana) porridge and taken for cooling effect by Kolams. Leaves used as vegeta­

ble by Koyas.

12. Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 23. 1795; FPB 1: 205; FPM 1: 163.
SIMAROUBACEAE
 30

Trees, up to 10 m tall. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets alternate or sub­

opposite, elliptic, irregularly toothed, base oblique, apex acute. Flowers yellow,

in axillary or terminal panicles. Samara 1-seeded.

FI. & Fr.: November-April. Common; in deciduous forests. TRS 86561.

Loc. name: Peddamanu; Gandhgu (Kolams).

Uses: Root bark pounded, mixed with water

and orally administered
With
by Gonds for snake bite - 3 to 4 spoonfuls as soon as bitten and repeated twicer

a gap of 1 to 2 hours. Fresh stem bark chewed and the juice swallowed for

immediate relief from stomach pain, by Kolams.

13. Alangium salvifolium (L.f.) Wang, in Engler, Pflanzenr. 41: 9. 1910, FPM

1: 572. Grewia salvifolia L.f. Suppl. PI. 409. 1781; FPB 1: 149. ALANGIACEAE

Trees, up to 5 m tall, armed. Leaves simple, alternate, or subopposite,

oblong-elliptic, base rounded, apex acute or acuminate. Flowers white, in axi­

llary or terminal panicles. Berries globose, pink.

FI. & Fr.: February-August. Common; in fringes of forests. TRS 85190.

Loc. name: Vuduga, Vudugu; Dohka (Kolams).

Uses: Stem bark pounded mixed with water and orally administered

for stomach pain by Kolams - 50 to 75 ml 3 times for only one day. Leaves

fried with 'jowar' (Sorghum bicolor) grains and placed on the bed of an ailing

patient by Kolams and changed consecutively for three days in case of prolonged

enteric fever. Fruits edible. Wood used for making agricultural implements

and house building.

14. Albizia lebbeck (L.) Wilid. Sp. PI. 4. 1066. 1806; FPB 1: 481; FPM 1: 432.

Mimosa lebbeck L. Sp. PI. 516. 1753. MIMOSACEAE

Trees, up to20 m tall; bark brownish-grey. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets

broadly oblong, entire, base rounded. Flowers white, fragrant, in globose umbe­

llate heads. Pods oblong, thin, straw coloured when dry.

 31

FI. & Fr.: February-July. Common; in outskirts of forests. TRS 85196.

Loc. name: Bhimunisarpamu (Koyas).

Uses: A piece of bark kept in house premises to ward off evil spirits

by Koyas. Wood used for making agricultural implements and house building.

15. Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth. in London J. Bot. 3: 88. 1844; FPB 1:

482; FPM 1: 431. Mimosa odoratissima L.f. Suppl. PI. 437. 1781. MIMOSACEAE

Trees, up to 5 mtall. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets oblong, base oblique,

apex mucronate. Flowers pale yellow, in globose heads. Pods thick, flat, red.

FI. & Fr.: December-May. Common; on rocky slopes in dry deciduous

forests. TRS 85122.

Loc. name: Khayyur (Gonds).

Uses: A piece of inner bark along with that of Dolichandrone falcata

is chewed as a masticatory for easy digestion.

16. Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. in London J. Bot. 3: 89. 1844; FPB 1: 482;

FPM 1: 431. Mimosa procera Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 121. 1798. MIMOSACEAE

Trees, up to 10 m tall; bark yellowish-white. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets

opposite, obliquely ovate. Flowers cream coloured, in globose heads. Pods

thin, orange-brown.

FI. & Fr.: January-May. Common; along streamlets in dry deciduous

forests. TRS 86509.

Loc. name: Keeding (Gonds).

Uses: Pounded stem bark mixed in water, used as fish poison by Gonds.

17. Allmania nodiflora (L.) R. Br. ex Wight in J. Bot. (Hooker) 1: 226. t. 128.

1834; Hook.f. FI. Brit. India 4: 716. 1885 incl. vars. dichotoma & aspera; FPB

2: 571; FPM 2: 1168. Celosia nodiflora L. Sp. PI. 205. 1753. AMARANTHACEAE
 32

Herbs, erect, branches angular. Leaves simple, alternate, linear-oblong

or lanceolate. Flowers green, in axillary or terminal globose heads. Capsules

ovoid.

FI. & Fr.: August-December. In shady areas of moist deciduous forests.

TRS 85275.

Loc. name: Molkokko (Gonds).

Uses: Whole herb ground into paste and applied for foot sores twice

a day till cure, by Gonds. Leaves used as vegetable.

18. Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. FI. Ind. 83. 1768; FPB 3: 283; FPM 3: 1520. A^

perfoliata L. var. vera L. Sp. PI. 320. 1753. LILIACEAE

Herbs, stoloniferous. Leaves succulent, ensiform, spinous-dentate. Flowers

scarlet or yellowish-green, in dense terminal racemes. Capsules locuticidal.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; in dry localities.

Loc. name: Kalabandha.

Uses: Leaves ground with seeds of Strychnos potatorum, and the extract

mildly heated and orally administred for chest pain by Koyas - 1 to 2 spoonfuls

twice a day for 3 days.

19. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC. Cat. Hort. Monosp. 4: 77. 1813.

Gomphrena sessilis L. Sp. PI. 225. 1753. Alternanthera triandra Lam. Encycl.

1: 95. 1783; FPB 2: 584; FPM 1: 1179. , AMARANTHACEAE

Herbs, prostrate. Leaves simple, opposite, oblong-lanceolate or linear

oblong, glabrous. Flowers white, in axillary capitulate clusters, utricles winged.

FI. & Fr.: August-March. Common; along edges of water sources.

Loc. name: Kambar modi (Gonds).

Uses: Whole plant pounded with a pinch of salt and the paste applied

on forehead for head-ache by Gonds. Tender leaves used as vegetable.

 33

20. Alysicarpus heyneanus Wight & Arn. Prodr. 234. 1834. A. rugosus DC.

var. heyneanus (Wight & Arn.) Baker in Hook.f. FI. Brit. India 2: 159. 1876;

FPB 1: 371; FPM 1: 339. PAPILIONACEAE

Herbs, up to 1 m tall; branches terete, striate. Leaves 1-foliolate; leaf­

lets obovate-oblong or linear-oblong, entire, base rounded or acute, apex acute.

Flowers yellow, in axillary or terminal racemes. Lomentum moniliform, 4-jointed,

transversely ribbed.

FI. & Fr.: September-March. Common; in open areas of plains and

near foot hills. TRS 85147. Loc. name: Adavi kandi.

Uses: Seeds used as famine food by Gonds.

21. Amaranthus viridis L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 2: 1405. 1763; FPB 2: 574; FPM 2:

1171. AMARANTHACEAE

Herbs, erect, branched. Leaves simple, alternate, ovate or deltbid-ovate,

glabrous, apex obtuse. Flowers pale green, in axillary or terminal paniculate

racemes. Utricle suborbicular; seeds shining, black.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; in and around the tribal

hamlets.

Loc. name: Thota kura.

Uses: Leaves used as greens.

22. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson var. campanulatus (Blume

ex Decne.) Sivadasan in Taxon 32: 130. 1983. A. campanulatus (Roxb.) Blume

ex Decne. in Nouv. Ann.. Mus. Hist. Nat. 3: 366. 1834; FPB 3: 336; FPM 3:

1587. Arum campanulatum Roxb. PI. Cor. 3: 68. 1819. ARACEAE

Herbs, rootstock tuberous. Leaves segmented; petioles warted, dark-green

with pale blotches. Spathe campanulate, margins recurved. Spadix 15-20

cm long, deep red-p'urple. Photo 23."'

FI. & Fr.: September-November. Common; cultivated around tribal

hamlets.
 34

Loc. name: Kandha.

Uses: Processed corms edible.

23. Amorphophallus sylvaticus (Roxb.) Kunth, Enum. PI. 3: 34. 1841; FPM 3:

1587. Arumsylvaticum Roxb. FI. Ind. 3: 511. 1832. ARACEAE

Herbs, tuberous. Leaves segmented; segments lanceolate; petioles up

to 50 cm long. Flowers crowded in cylindric masses; spathes streaked with

green and pale pink, ovate; spadix stipitate. Berries subglobose or ovoid.

FI. & Fr.: June-September. Less common; in shady or moist areas of

deciduous forests. TRS 85266.

Loc. name: Adavi mokka (Kolams).

Uses: Corms ground into a fine paste and pressed into rectum of chil­

dren suffering from constipation twice a day for 3 days.

24. Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch, in Vigne Amer. Vitic. Europe 8: 374.

1844; FPM 1: 230. Vitis latifolia Roxb. FI. Ind. 1: 661. 1832; FPB 1: 269.
VITACEAE

Climbers, herbaceous; young branches pubescent. Leaves simple, glabrous,

orbicular, serrate, base cordate. Flowers in cymes, purplish. Berries globose,

glabrous, black.

FI. & Fr.: June-September. Common; in hilly areas of dry deciduous

forests. PVS 84002.

Loc. name: Darra theega (Koyas).

Uses: Fruits edible, eaten by Koyas.

25. Ampelocissus tomentosa (Heyne ex Roth) Planch.InVigne Amer. Vitic. Europe

8: 375. 1884; FPM 1: 230. Vitis tomentosa Heyne ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 157.

1821; FPB 1: 268. VITACEAE

 35

Large climbing shrubs; stems tomentose. Leaves simple, orbicular, serrate-

dentate, base cordate. Flowers reddish brown, in peduncled thyrsoid cymes.

Berries globose, glabrous.

FI. & Fr.: July-September. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

83108, 85252.

Loc. name: Velupthi (Kolams).

Uses: Pounded stem bark, boiled in water and the viscous water bathed

to get relief from rheumatic pain, by Kolams. Fruits eaten by Koyas and

Lambadis.

26. Anacardium occidentale L. Sp. PI. 383. 1753; FPB 1: 292; FPM 1: 260.
ANACARDIACEAE

Trees, up to 4 m tall. Leaves simple, alternate, obovate-elliptic, glab­

rous, base attenuate, apex obtuse. Flowers yellow with pink streaks, fragrant,

in terminal panicles. Nuts reniform, seated on fleshy pedicel.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Cultivated around tribal hamlets. TRS 85204.

Loc. name: Jeedi Mamidi; Kohka (Gonds).

Uses: Fleshy pedicel and roasted kernel edible.

27. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall, ex Nees in Wall. PI. Asiat. Rar.

3: 116. 1832; FPB 2: 451; FPM 2: 1048. Justicia paniculata Burm.f. FI. Ind.

9. 1768. ACANTHACEAE

Herbs, erect, branched; stem angular. Leaves simple, linear-lanceolate,

base acute. Flowers pink, in lax spreading axillary or terminal paniculate

racemes. Capsules yellowish-brown.

FI. & Fr.: December-February. Common; undergrowth in dry deciduous

forests. TRS 85123.

Loc. name: Thella Bhareta (Lambadis).

Uses: Whole herb ground with water and the extract orally administered
 36

for infantile convulsions - 2 to 4 spoonfuls once in the morning for 3 days,

by Lambadis.

28. Annona squamosa L. Sp. PI. 537. 1753; FPB 1: 15; FPM 1; 20. ANNONACEAE

Shrubs, up to 3 m tall. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, obtuse or

subacute. Flowers solitary, rarely fascicled, leaf-opposed, greenish. Fruits

globose, with projecting ovoid areoles, yellowish-green; seeds many, black.

FI. & Fr.: July-September. Common; in the outskirts of forests, also

cultivated. TRS 85267.

Loc. name: Seethapalamu.

Uses: Stem bark extract orally administered for boils and blisters -

50 to 70 ml once in the morning for 3 days, by Gonds. Fruits edible.

29. Anogeissus acumianta (Roxb. ex DC.) Guill. & Perr. FI. Seneg. Tent. 7:

280. 1832; FPM 1: 467. Conocarpus acuminata Roxb. ex DC. Prodr. 3: 16.

1828. COMBRETACEAE

Trees, up to 15 m tall; bark rough, dark grey; branches drooping. Leaves

simple, elliptic-lanceolate, base cordate. Flowers greenish-white, in dense glo­

bose heads. Fruits packed in dense heads, broadly winged.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Common; in deciduous forests. TRS 86108.

Loc. name: Paasi.

Uses: Wood used for agricultural implements, house building, musical

instruments and household articles.

30. Anogeissus latifolla (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall, ex Guill. & Perr. FI. Seneg. Tent.

7: 280. 1832; FPB 1: 512; FPM 1: 466. Conocarpus latifolia Roxb. ex DC.

Prodr. 3: 16. 1828. COMBRETACEAE

Trees, up to 15 m tall; bark smooth, grey. Leaves simple, elliptic or

suborbicular, base rounded. Flowers pale yellow, in axillary cymes. Fruits

broadly winged, yellowish-brown.

 37

FI. & Fr.: September-January. Common; in dry deciduous forests.

TRS 83155, 85126.

Loc. name: Chirumanu, Thirumanu; Velama (Kolam); Yelama (Gonds).

Uses: Stem bark chewed and the juice swallowed for scorpion sting,

to reduce pain and prevent giddiness, by Gonds; also used to reduce dry cough,

by Kolams. Gum edible, boiled in water mixed with jaggery and consumed

by Gonds and Kolams; also sold in markets. Wood ash used as detergent by

Koyas. Wood used for making agricultural implements and house building.

31. Antidesma acidum Retz. Obs. Bot. 5: 30. 1788. A. diandrum (Roxb.) Roth,

Nov, Sp. 369. 1821; FPB 3: 90; FPM 2: 1298. Stilago diandra Roxb. PI. Cor.

2: 35. t. 166. 1802. STILAGINACEAE

Trees, up to 5 m tall, dioecious; bark smooth, grey. Leaves alternate,

lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, base acute. Flowers pale green, in axillary

or terminal spikes. Drupes purplish red.

FI. & Fr.: July-September. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

83168.

Loc. name: Koddhusi (Gonds).

Uses: Stem bark ground into a fine paste and applied on pseudomamme

of prepubertal males, by Gonds. Fruits edible.

32. Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn. Fruct. 1: 189. t. 39. 1788; FPB 3: 89;

FPM 2: 1298. STILAGINACEAE

Trees, up to 6 m tall, dioecious; bark pale brown. Leaves alternate,

orbicular, obovate or oblong, apex obtuse or emarginate. Flowers pale green,

in slender paniculate spikes. Drupes reddish-purple.

FI. & Fr.: July-September. Common; in hilly areas. TRS 83668.

Loc. name: Puliseri; Jonna Puliseri (Koyas & Lambadis).

 38

Uses: Stem bark pounded with pepper (Piper nigrum) and the filtered

extract boiled with ragi (Eleusine corocana) porridge and orally administered

to sterile women by fertile women to improve fertility, by Lambadis - 2 to

3 spoonfuls in the morning for only one day. Fruits edible.

33. Arachis hypogaea L. Sp. PI. 741. 1753; FPB 1: 435; FPM 1: 426.
PAPILIONACEAE

Herbs, erect or prostrate. Leaves paripinnate; leaflets obovate-elliptic,

entire, base attenuate or cuneate, apex obtuse, mucronate. Flowers solitary

with long pedicels, yellow. Pods oblong, constricted; seeds maroon.

FI. & Fr.: April-June; September-November. Common; cultivated around

tribal areas.

Loc. name: Palli Kayalu, Verusenagalu.

Uses: Seeds edible; seed oil used for culinary purpose, also sold in market.

34. Argemone mexicana L. Sp. PI. 508. 1753; FPB 1: 28; FPM 1: 35.
PAPAVERACEAE

Herbs, erect, prickly, with yellow latex. Leaves sessile, semi-amplexicaul,

variegated with white. Flowers solitary, bright yellow. Capsules oblong or

elliptic, prickly; seeds many, black.

FI. & Fr.: January-April. Common; in barren lands. TRS 86512.

Loc. name: Korta (Gonds).

Uses: Root juice diluted in water and taken for cooling effect, by Gonds.

Stem peeling powdered and mixed with honey, applied below the tongue for

cough, by Kolams. Powdered seeds mixed with water, orally administered as

an antidote for snake bite by Gonds - 2 to 3 spoonfuls immediately when

bitten. Ash of burnt seeds filtered with a fine cloth applied for ophthalmic

infection, by Gonds and Kolams. Ash of burnt herb mixed with coconut (Cocos

nucifera) oil applied for skin diseases - 3 to 4 times daily till cure; diet. -

to avoid jaggery (Saccharum officinarum).

 39

35. Argyreia sericia Dalz. in Dalz. & Gibs. Bombay FI. 169. 1861; FPB 2: 326;

FPM 2: 908. CONVOLVULACEAE

Twining herbs, large, silky. Leaves broadly ovate, hispid above, silky

beneath, base rounded or slightly cordate, apex acute. Flowers pink, in axillary

peduncled cymes. Berries orange.

FI. & Fr.: August-October. Scarce; near foot hills of deciduous forests.

TRS 83111.

Loc. name: Burla theega (Kolams).

Uses: Whole plant (twig) extract orally administered for epilepsy - 2

to 3 spoonfuls daily in the morning for 5 days, by Gonds. Also the same along

with the bark juice of Cassia fistula, orally administered for snake bite - 2

to 3 spoonfuls, by Kolams.

36. Argyreia setosa (Roxb.) Choisy, Convolv. Orient. 43. 1834. Lettsomia setosa

Roxb. FI. Ind. 1: 490. 1820; FPB 2: 330; FPM 2: 910. CONVOLVULACEAE

Shrubs, climbing. Leaves broadly ovate, entire, base cordate, apex acute

or acuminate. Flowers pale-rose, in dense corymbose cymes, hairy. Berries

red; fruiting calyx hirsute.

Fi. & Fr.: November-February, Occasional; in open areas of dry decidu­

ous forests. TRS 85160.

Loc. name: Godhuma theega (Gonds).

Uses: Stem paste applied for heel cracks and leaf paste applied on boils,

by Gonds.

37. Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott var. curvatum (Roxb.) Engler in Pflanzer.

73: 191. 1920. Arum curvatum Roxb. FI. Ind. 3: 506. 1832. Arisaema tortuosum

sensu Fischer in Gamble FI. Pres. Madras 1584. 1931, non (Wall.) Schott 1832;

FPB 3: 331. ARACEAE

 40

Herbs, up to 1 m tall; tubers spheroidal. Leaves palmisect; leaflets

(4) 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Spathe pale green

or purplish. Spadix with smooth purple appendage, decurved. Berries 4-5 seeded.

FI. & Fr.: November-December. Common; in moist shady areas. PVS

84013.

Loc. name: Dhamma gadda.

Uses: Processed tubers eaten by Koyas.

38. Aristida setacea Retz. Obs. Bot. 4: 22. 1786; FPB 3: 529; FPM 3: 1809.
POACEAE

An erect, tufted herb. Leaves flat, convolute, coriaceous with long

sheaths. Panicles contracted, rachis slender, smooth.

FI. & Fr.: December-April. Common; in open areas of dry deciduous

forests. TRS 86596.

Loc. name: Cheepuri gaddi.

Uses: Inflorescence used for making brooms and also sold in market.

39. Aristolochia indica L. Sp. PI. 960. 1753; FPB 3: 16; FPM 2: 1202.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

Twining shrubs, slender, woody at base. Leaves simple, alternate, linear-

oblong to obovate-oblong, base cuneate. Flowers greenish-white, in axillary

racemes. Capsules oblong or globose-oblong; seeds deltoid-ovate, winged.

FI. & Fr.: July-November. Common; in fringes of dry forests. TRS

85286.

Loc. name: Thella usirika.

Uses: Stem bark peelings along with the bark of Azadirachta indica

and Cassia fistula powdered and mixed in water orally administered as an anti­

dote for snake bite by Gonds - 2 to 3 spoonfuls - first dose immediately after

the bite and later two times with a gap of 1 hour.

 41

40. Asparagus racemosus Wilid. Sp. PI. 2: 152. 1799; FPM 3: 1517. LILIACEAE

Undershrubs, scandent, spiny. Leaves minute; cladodes compressed.

Flowers white, in axillary racemes; pedicels slender, jointed at the middle.

Berries globose.

FI. & Fr.: September-December. Common; in shady areas. TRS 83652.

Loc. name: Sessapadi (Lambadis).

Uses: Tubers ground with pepper (Piper nigrum) and cane sugar (Saccha-

' rum officinarum) and the juice orally administered by Lambadis for boils and

blisters as well as for cooling effect - 4 to 5 spoonfuls daily in the morning

for 3 days.

41. Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.) Benth. in Miq. PI. Jungh. 242. 1852; FPB 1:

409; FPM 1: 369. Dolichos scarabaeoides L. Sp. PI. 726. 1753. PAPILIONACEAE

Herbs, slender, trailing. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets elliptic or elliptic-

obovate, base cuneate, apex acute. , Flowers yellow, in axillary clusters. Pods

septate, brownish hairy.

FI. & Fr.: August-November. Abundant; in deciduous forests and scrub

forests. TRS 79597, 83657.

Loc. name: Lavundi (Kolams).

Uses: Seeds ground into a paste, diluted and applied for ophthalmic

infection by Koyas - 2 to 3 drops into each eye in the night time for 3 to

5 days.

42. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. in Mem. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 19: 221. t. 2.

f. 5. 1830; FPB 1: 220; FPM 1: 177. Melia azadirachta L. Sp. PI. 385. 1753.
MELIACEAE

Trees, up to 12 m tall. Leaves simple pinnate; leaflets lanceolate,

serrate, base oblique, apex acuminate. Flowers white, fragrant, in axillary

panicles. Drupes 1-seeded, yellow.

 42

FI. & Fr.: February-July. Common; in plains and around tribal hamlets.

TRS 86550.

Loc. name: Vepa, Yepa.

Uses: Stem bark juice mixed with cane sugar (Saccharum officinarum),

orally administered by Gonds as a febrifuge - 2 to 3 spoonfuls 3 times for

only one day. Stem bark juice dipped in for 5 to 10 seconds by a hot iron

rod, orally administered by Gonds for rib muscle pain and back pain (especially

in aged persons) - 100 ml 1 to 2 times a day for three days. Leaf paste applied

on blisters of chicken pox till cure by Gonds and Kolams. Tender leaves ground

into paste and made into pills of 1 cm dia. consumed every morning in empty

stomach for 40 days byKolams to improve immune system of body and to

develop resistance to scorpion sting; also the same as an anthelmintic - thrice

a day for one day. Tender leaves and inflorescence along with jaggery (Saccha­

rum officinarum) consumed as a vegetable. Tender twigs used as tooth brush.

Leaves fumigated as a mosquito repellent. Leaf bits put into granaries as

an insect repellent. Leaf twigs and branches used in religious rituals and cere­

monies. Tree is worshipped by all tribes. Wood used for house building. Leaf

twigs kept in house premises to keep off evil spirits.

43. Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Descr. Egypt. Hist. Nat. 2: 221. t. 28. f.

1. 1813. Ximenia aegyptiaca L. Sp. PI. 1194. 1753. Balanites roxburghii Planch.

in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 4.4: 258. t. 2. 1854; FPB 1: 207; FPM 1: 164.
BALANITACEAE

Trees, up to 10 m tall, thorny; bark grey. Leaves 2-foliolate; leaflets

elliptic or obovate, base obtuse or subacute. Flowers pale green, fragrant,

in axillary cymes. Drupes elliptic-oblong. Photo 24.

FI. & Fr.: March-September. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

83656, 85195.

Loc. name: Ringidi (Gonds & Kolams).

 43

Uses: Root and stem bark along with stem barko^Erythrina variegata

ground with cane sugar (Saccharum officinarum) and the juice orally administered

for menstrual disorders by Kolams - 3 to 5 spoonfuls, thrice a day for 3 days.

Fruit juice orally administered by Lambadis for leucorrhoea - 3 to 4 spoonfuls

thrice a day for 3 to 5 dcfys. Seeds ground into a fine paste, applied into

eyes in diluted form for cataract by Kolams and Gonds - 2 to 3 drops till

cure. Root juice orally administered by Gonds and Koyas for urinary disorders

of men - 2 to 3 spoonfuls twice a day for 3 days. Stem bark used as fish

poison.

44. Baliospermum montanum (Wi I Id.) Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15(2): 1125. 1866;

FPB 3: 106; FPM 2: 1342. Jatropha montana Willd. Sp. PI. 4. 563. 1805.
' EUPHORBIACEAE

Undershrubs, stout, up to 2 m tall. Leaves simple, alternate, lanceolate,

ovate-oblong or rounded, biglandular at base. Flowers greenish-white, in axillary

racemes. Capsules obovoid; seeds ellipsoid, smooth, mottled.

FI. & Fr.: Deeember-March. Frequent; in dry localities. TRS 85120.

Loc. name: Chittayidam (Koyas).

Uses: Roots pounded with sugar candy (Saccharum officinarum) and the

juice orally administered for rib muscle pain by Koyas - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice

a day for 3 days. Seed oil used as a purgative by Gonds.

45. Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 79. 1796; FPB 3: 569; FPM

3: 1859. Bambos arundinacea Retz. Obs. Bot. 5: 24. 1788. POACEAE

Shrubs or trees, up to 20 m tall; branches armed; nodes prominent.

Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, base rounded; sheaths yellow. Spikelets in

compound panicles, yellowish.

FI. & Fr.: December-June. Common; along hill slopes. TRS 86563.

Loc. name: Veduru, Bongu Veduru.

 44

Uses: Grains cooked and eaten. Tender sprouts used as vegetable.

Culms used for making baskets, mats, water-bottles and house building; also

sold in weekly markets.

46. Barleria gibsonii Dalz. in Hooker's, J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: 339. 1850;

FPB 2: 464; FPM 2: 1061. ACANTHACEAE

Undershrubs, glabrous, up to 1 m tall. Leaves simple, ovate or lanceolate,

base attenuate, apex acuminate. Flowers solitary, axillary or terminal, pale

pink. Capsules oblong; seeds ellipsoid, black.

FI. & Fr.: September-November. Less common; in hill slopes. TRS

83135.

Loc. name: Mirasadhonda (Kolams).

Uses: Fresh roots chewed and juice swallowedto improve potency and

vigour in males, by Kolams.

47. Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. Fruct. 2: 97. t. 101. 1790; FPB 1: 528;

FPM 1: 487. Eugenia acutangula L. Sp. PI. 471. 1753. BARRINGTONIACEAE

Trees, up to 7 m tall. Leaves simple, alternate, obovate-oblong, or ellip-

tic-cuneate, base narrowed, apex subacute. Flowers pink, in long pendent

racemes. Drupes quadrangular, red. Photo 25.

FI. & Fr.: July-October. Common; along streams of deciduous forests.

TRS 83681.

Loc. name: KanigirbKadapadi (Lambadis).

Uses: Stem bark pounded and mixed in water, used as fish poison by

Lambadis and Koyas. Wood used for making agricultural implements and house

hold articles.

48. Basella alba L. var. rubra (L.) J.L. Stewart, Punjab PI. 177. 1869. B. rubra

L. Sp. PI. 272. 1753; FPB 2: 594; FPM 2: 1185. CHENOPODIACEAE

 45

Climbers; stems succulent. Leaves alternate, broadly ovate, entire, base

cordate, apex acute. Flowers pink, in axillary spikes. Utricles globose, red

or black.

FI. & Fr.: November-January. Common; cultivated around tribal pockets.

Loc. name: Bacchali.

Uses: Leaves used as vegetable.

49. Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Encycl. 1: 390. 1785; FPB 1: 459; FPM 1: 406.
CAESALPINIACEAE

Shrubs, up to 3 m tall. Leaves simple, bilobed; lobes obtuse, base cor­

date. Flowers yellow, in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes. Pods falcate,

turgid.

FI. & Fr.: March-September. Common; in plains and hill slopes of deci­

duous forests. TRS 79548, 83137, 83149, 83686, 85247.

Loc. name: Aare; Dondra (Gonds); Dhondera (Kolams).

Uses: Stem bark along with that of Sterculia urens pounded and the

filtered juice administered orally by Gonds and Kolams for menstrual disorders

- 2 to 3 spoonfuls twice a day for 3 days; also ground into a fine paste and

mixed with curd, orally administered for dysentery - 75 ml daily in the morning

for 3 days. Stem bark juice diluted with water and orally administered as

a febrifuge by Koyas - 3 to 5 spoonfuls thrice a day for 5 days. Leaves and

stem bark ground together and made into pills of 1 cm dia. and given orally

for stomach pain - 3 times for one day, by Gonds and Kolams. Tender leaves

used to sprinkle cow's urine during religious ceremonies, by Gonds and Kolams.

50. Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. in DC. Monog. Phan. 3: 513. 1881. Cucur-

bita hispida Thunb. FI. Jap. 322. 1784. Benincasa cerifera Savi in Biblioth.

Ital. 9: 158. 1818; FPB 1: 582; FPM 1: 543. CUCURBITACEAE

Trailing shrubs; tendrillar. ■ Leaves broadly ovate to reniform ovate,

hairy, dentate, base cordate. Flowers solitary, axillary, bright yellow. Pods
oblong, fleshy, ashy coated.
 46

FI. & Fr,: July-October. Common; cultivated around tribal pockets.

Loc. name: Budidha Gummadi.

Uses: Fruits used as vegetable and also sold in market.

51. Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. Prodr. 1: 690. 1824; FPB 1: 177; FPM 1:

132. Oxalis sensitiva L. Sp. PI. 434. 1753 p.p. OXALIDACEAE

Herbs, erect. Leaves crowded at apex; leaflets opposite, obovate-oblong,

base oblique. Flowers dimorphous, yellow, in small umbels. Capsules ellipsoid.

FI. & Fr.: September-January. Common; in moist shady places. TRS

83117, 85125.

Loc. name: Lavundi Pasur (Gonds).

Uses: Leaf juice applied on scorpion sting for temporary relief by Gonds.

52. Blumea mollis (D. Don) Merr. in Philipp. J. Sci. 5: 395. 1910. Erigeron

molle D. Don, Prodr. FI. Nep. 172. 1825. Blumea wightiana DC. in Wight,

Contrib. 14. 1834; FPB 2: 75; FPM 2: 686. ASTERACEAE

Herbs, erect, slender, strong-smelling. Leaves alternate, elliptic, ovate-

elliptic, irregularly serrulate, base decurrent. Heads in dense terminal cymes

or panicles, pale purple. Achenes elliptic-oblong, brown.

FI. & Fr.: January-April. Common; along water sources of deciduous

forests. TRS 79574, 85114.

Loc. name: Neelmithugu (Kolams).

Uses: Whole herb pounded and mixed in water as fish poison, by Kolams.

53. Boerhavia diffusa L. Sp. PI. 3. 1753; FPB 2: 563; FPM 2: 1162.
NYCTAGINACEAE

Herbs, erect, branched; rootstock stout. Leaves simple, opposite, ovate-

oblong or suborbicular-. Flowers pink, in axillary or terminal umbels. Fruits

clavate, 5-ribbed glandular.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Most common; in barren lands. TRS

79593.
 47

Loc. name: Gudimpalle, Guddikura (Koyas).

Uses: Roots ground into a fine paste, applied on testicles for hydrocele

and the testicles covered with leaves of either Butea monosperma or Erythrina

suberosa daily before going to bed till cure, by Gonds and Kolams. Roots pound­

ed with pepper (Piper nigrum) and mixed in water, orally administered for sto­

mach pain by Koyas. Leaves edible.

54. Bombax ceiba L. Sp. PI. 511. 1753. B. malabaricum DC. Prodr. 1: 479.

1824; FPB 1: 127; FPM 1: 99. BOMBA.CACEAE

Trees, up to 20 m tail, armed; bark grey. Leaves digitately 5-7-foliolate;

leaflets elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, entire. Flowers in clusters at the ends

of branchlets, bright red. Capsules ellipsoid; seeds covered with silk-cottony

hairs.

FI. & Fr.: January-April. Common; cultivated around tribal hamlets.

PVS 84005.

Loc. name: Burugu, Buruga.

Uses: Tender seedling eaten by Koyas, used as stimulant in males,

silk cotton sold in market.

55. Borassus flabelllfer L. Sp. PI. 1187. 1753; FPM 1562; FPB 3: 321; FPM 3:

1562. ARECACEAE

Trees, dioecious, up to 20 m tall; trunk greyish-black. Leaves palmatifid,

base sheathing. Peduncles sheathed with spathes. Drupes subglobose, black

when ripe.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Common; in dry localities and around tribal

hamlets. TRS 86111.

Loc. name: Thati.

Uses: Dried male inflorescence along with the excreta of hare or rabbit

burnt into ash, and mixed with coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil, applied on burns
 48

by Koyas. Toddy tapped from the inflorescence. Boiled primary root, tender
%
kernel and fruit pulp edible. Trunks used for house building. Leaves used

for thatching, making baskets, mats and umbrellas. Fibre from petiole used

for making ropes.

56. Boswelfia serrata Roxb. ex Coleb. in Asiat. Res. 9: 379. t. 5. 1807; FPB

1: 210; FPM 1: 168. BURSERACEAE

Trees, up to 25 m tall; bark ash-coloured, papery. Leaves odd-pinnate;

leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, crenate-serrate. Flowers white, fragrant,

in axillar^anicles. Drupes trigonous, ovoid.

FI. & Fr.: December-March. Common; in dry places of deciduous forests.

TRS 85102, 86533.

Loc. name: Andugu.

Uses: Resin from the bark boiled in water and the steam inhaled to

cure head ache by Gonds. Bark ash mixed with castor (Ricinus communis)

oil applied on burns by Gonds and Kolams. Resin fumigated inside house premi­

ses, believed to keep off ailments and diseases, by Gonds. Wood used for agri­

cultural implements, musical instruments and combs.

57. Bridelia montana (Roxb.) Willd. Sp. PI. 4. 978. 1805; FPM 2: 1281. Clutia

montana Roxb. PI. Cor. 2. 36. t. 171. 1802, "Cluytia". EUPHORBIACEAE

Trees, up to 6 m tall; bark grey. Leaves thin, rhomboid-obovate, glab­

rous, entire, base cuneate, apex acute. Flowers greenish-yellow, in axillary

or terminal clustered spikes. Drupes fleshy, purple black.

FI. & Fr.: September-January. Common; in moist or shady places of

deciduous forests. TRS 83110, 85107.

Loc. name: Mukram (Kolam); Nulagayi (Gonds).

Uses: Stem bark pounded and the pulp orally administered for stomach

pain by Gonds. Fruits edible.

 49

58. Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3: 48. 1826; FPB 3: 68; FPM 2: 1280.

Clutia retusa L. Sp. PI. 1042. 1753, 'Cluytia11. EUPHORBIACEAE

Trees, up to 7 m tall; bark greyish brown. Leaves simple, alternate,

elliptic-oblong to obovate, entire, base obtuse, apex acute. Flowers greenish-

yellow, in axillary or terminal long paniculate spikes. Drupes globose, black.

FI. & Fr.: September-January. Common; in dry deciduous forests.

TRS 83156, 85140.

Loc. name: Koravi (Kolam).

Uses: Fruits edible. Wood used for making agricultural implements

and house building.

59. Buchanania axillaris (Desr.) Ramam. in Saldanha & Nicolson, FI. Hassan

Dist. 374. 1976. Mangifera axillaris Desr. in Lam. Encycl. 3: 697. 1792.

Buchanania angustifolia Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 262. 1820; FPB 1: 294; FPM 1: 259.
ANACARDIACEAE

Trees, up to 7 m tall; bark rough, grey. Leaves simple, alternate, linear-

oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous, entire, base acute, apex obtuse. Flowers

white, in terminal or axillary branched panicles. Drupes obliquely globose,

black. Photo 26.

FI. & Fr.: July-October. Common; in dry areas. TRS 83684.

Loc. name: Adavi morli, Pedda morli.

Uses: Dried and powdered resin mixed with rice-cooked water applied

on chest for chest pain by Koyas and Lambadis. Resin boiled and mixed with

rice flour and applied for sprains and ribmuscie pains by Lambadis. Powdered

resin mixed in goat milk, orally administered for asthma by Kolams - 1 to

2 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days. Kernel edible, and sold in weekly markets.

60. Buchanania lanzan Spreng. in J. Bot. (Schrader) 2: 234. 1800; FPB 1: 293;

FPM 1: 258. ANACARDIACEAE

 50

Trees, up to 15 m tall; bark rough, tessellated into squares. Leaves

broadly-oblong, coriaceous, entire, base rounded, apex obtuse. Flowers greenish-

white, in terminal or axillary panicles. Drupes obliquely lentiform, black.

FI. & Fr.: January-May. Common; in open areas of deciduous forests.

TRS 79553, 83709, 85111.

Loc. name: Saara, Morli; Seeri (Kolams).

Uses: Resin powdered, and fomented on forehead to relieve head ache.

Fruits and kernel edible, sold in market.

61. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. in Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 3(3): 366.

1894. Erythrina monosperma Lam. Encycl. 1: 391. 1785. Butea frondosa Koen.

ex Roxb. in Asiat. Res. 3: 369. 1792; FPB 1: 395; FPM 1: 357. PAPILIONACEAE

Trees, up to 7 m tall; bark rough, greyish. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets

broadly obovate or obliquely obovate, coriaceous, base cuneate. Flowers orange-

scarlet with olive green velvety calyces, in axillary or terminal racemes. Pods

flat, pubescent. Photo 27.

FI. & Fr.: January-April. Common; in open areas of dry deciduous

forests. TRS 83710, 85128, 85173.

Loc. name: Modhugu.

Uses: Stem bark boiled in water and the filtered water used for bathing

while suffering from Jaundice, by Gonds and Kolams. Flowers used for the

extraction of dye. Leaves used for making meal plates, umbrellas and as cigar

leaves.

62. Butea superba Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 1. 23. 1795; FPB 1: 396; FPM 1: 358.
PAPILIONACEAE

Large climbers. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets subrhomboid, coriaceous,

apex obtuse. Flowers bright orange, in long panicles. Pods flat, pubescent.
 51

FI. & Fr.: February-April. Common; in shady areas of moist deciduous

forests.

Loc. name: Theega Modhuga.

Uses: Leaves used for making meal plates, umbrellas and cigar leaves.

63. Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. in Publ. Field Columbian Mus. Bot. ser. 2. 53.

1900, Cytisus cajan L. Sp. PI. 739. 1753. Cajanus indicus Spreng. Syst. Veg.

3: 248. 1826; FPB 1: 435; FPM 1: 369. PAPILIONACEAE

Shrubs, erect. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets elliptic-ovate, pubescent, apex

acute. Flowers yellow, in axillary racemes. Pods tomentose.

FI. & Fr.: February-April. Cultivated; around tribal areas, also run

wild. TRS 86553.

Loc. name: Kandulu.

Uses: Seeds edible. The whole plant used for thatching.

64. Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 2: 1811; FPB

2: 214; FPM 2: 832. Asclepias gigantea L. Sp. PI. 214. 1753. ASCLEPIADACEAE

Shrubs, up to 2 m tall; latex white. Leaves simple, opposite-decussate,

ovate or obovate, glaucous, base cordate. Flowers white and purplish-white,

in umbellate cymes. Follicles oblong, curved; seeds with white coma.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; in open areas of plains.

TRS 86521, 86523.

Loc. name: Jilledu; Palandi (Gonds, Kolams).

Uses: Roots pounded and mixed with goatmilk orally administered

for menstrual disorders - 3 to 5spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days, by Gonds

and Kolams. Leaves ground and filtered juice poured into nostril for snake

bite by Gonds - 2 to 3 drops into each nostril. Leaves smeared with castor

(Ricinus communis) oil and mildly warmed, together with diluted latex applied

for boils and blisters, by Gonds, Kolams and Koyas. Latex applied for injuries
 52

and infections of cattle. Stem fibre used for making ropes. Branches and

leaves used in religious ceremonies by Koyas.

Petals from the white variety along with betel (Piper betle) leaves orally

administered for bronchial pains, by Gonds and Kolams.

65. Calycopteris floribunda Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 2: 485. t. 357. 1797; FPB 1:

512; FPM 1: 467. COMBRETACEAE

Shrubs, diffuse, scandent. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-

oblong, entire, base obtuse, apex acute. Flowers yellowish-green, in axillary

panicles. Samara oblong, 5-ribbed, pubescent.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Common; along streams and fringes of forests.

TRS 85171.

Loc. name: Bontha (Koyas).

Uses: Leaf stalks used to make small baskets to store grains (granaries) '

for off season. Stems used for fencing.

66. Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. Prodr. 2: 404. 1825. Dolichos gladiatus

Jacq. Coll. Bot. 2: 276. 1788. Canavalia ensiformis sensu Baker in Hook.f.

FI. Brit. India 2: 195. 1876, non DC. 1825. FPB 1: 397; FPM 1: 359.
PAPILIONACEAE

Climbing shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets ovate, entire, base obtuse

or truncate, apex acute. Flowers pinkish-white, in axillary racemes. Pods

flat, turgid.

FI. & Fr.: January-April. Less common; in outskirts of forests, also

cultivated. TRS 83707.

Loc. name: Thamba.

Uses: Tender fruits and seeds used as vegetable.

67. Cannabis sativa L. Sp. PI. 1027. 1753; FPM 3: 1350. CANNABACEAE
 53

Herbs, up to 1 m tall. Leaves palmately compound. Flowers unisexual,

axillary; males in panicled cymes; females in heads. Achene crustaceous;

seeds flattened.

FI. & Fr.: December-March. Occasional; around tribal areas. TRS

85136.

Loc. name: Ganjayi.

Uses: Leaves used as an intoxicant/sedative.

68. Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schultes, Syst. 3: 301. 1820;

FPB 2: 257; FPM 2: 878. Gentiana diffusa Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 47. 1794.
GENTIANACEAE

Herbs, erect, much branched; stems quadrangular. Leaves simple, opposite,

membranous, elliptic-lanceolate, entire, base acuminate, apex acute. Flowers

rose, in lax paniculate cymes. Capsules narrowly oblong, pale brown.

FI. & Fr.: January-April. Common; in marshy areas. TRS 79575,

85115.

Loc. name: Neella jeenuga (Kolams); Pungari jadi (Gonds).

Uses: Roots pounded and the fiIterate mixed with cane sugar (Saccharum

officinarum) and administered for stomach pain by Gonds and Kolams - 2 to

3 spoonfuls thrice a day for 1 to 3 days.

69. Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) Teijsm. & Binn. Cat. Hort. Bog. 113. 1866.

Psydrax dicoccos Gaertn. Fruct. 1:125. t. 26. f. 2. 1788. Plectronia didyma

Benth. & Hook.f. ex Brandis, For. FI. 276. 1876 quoad descr.; FPM 2: 624.
RUBIACEAE

Trees, up to 7 m tall; bark smooth, dark grey. Leaves ovate or ovate-

lanceolate, shining, base acuminate. Flowers pale green, in axillary cymes.

Drupes globose,

FI. & Fr.: October-March. Less common; in shady areas along streams.

TRS 86593.
 54

Loc. name: Nalla Balusu (Koyas).

Uses: Fruits edible, tender leaves used as vegetable by Koyas. Wood

used for house building.

70. Canthium parviflorum Lam. Encycl. 1: 602. 1785. Plectronia parviflora

(Lam.) Bedd. For. Man. Bot. 134. 1872; FPB 2: 35; FPM 2: 625. RUBIACEAE

Shrubs, up to 2 m tall; thorny. Leaves ovate, orbicular, base attenuate,

apex subacute. Flowers pale yellow, in axillary fascicled cymes. Drupes oblong-

el I psoid, yellow when ripe.

FI. & Fr.: April-August. Common; in plains of scrub forests. GVSR

20059.

Loc. name: Balusu.

Uses: Fruits edible, leaves used as vegetable.

71. Capparis grandis L.f. Suppl. PI. 263. 1781; FPB 1: 50; FPM 1: 46.
CAPPARACEAE

Trees, unarmed, up to 4 m tall. Leaves alternate, velvety, ovate to

obovate, elliptic or suborbicular, base obtuse, apex shortly acute. Flowers

white to pale pink, in terminal corymbs. Berries globose, purple-red.

FI. & Fr.: March-June. Common; in hilly slopes and open forests.

TRS 79571.

Loc. name: Uppi (Kolams).

Uses: Stem bark pounded with pepper (Piper nigrum) and the filtered

juice administered orallyfor stomach pain by Kolams - 3 to 5 spoonfuls thrice

a day for 1 to 3 days. Leaves crushed and the juicy pulp applied for insect

bite by Gonds and Kolams. Tender fruits used as vegetable by Kolams.

72. Capparis sepiaria L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1071. 1759; FPB 1:51; FPM

1: 46. CAPPARACEAE
 55

Shrubs, straggling, thorny. Leaves oblong-elliptic or obovate, base obtuse,

apex emarginate. Flowers white, in dense umbels. Drupes globose, black

when ripe.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Common; along hedges and in fringes of

dry forests. TRS 83151.

Loc. name: Kampa.

Uses: Tender leaf paste given orally to improve fertility in women

by Gonds - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days.

73. Capparis zeylanica L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 720. 1762; FPB 1: 47; FPM 1: 46.
CAPPARACEAE

Shrubs, straggling, armed. Leaves simple, ovate-elliptic, entire, base

subacute, apex acute or obtuse. Flowers solitary, axillary, pink. Berries ovoid,

reddish brown.

FI. & Fr.: February-April. Common; in outskirts of forests. TRS

83194, 85181.

Loc. name: Aare dhonda (Kolams); Adhonda (Koyas).

Uses: Root bark juice orally administered for muscle pain by Kolams -

2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for 1 to 2 days. Paste of tender leaves warmed

and fomented on eyes for ophthalmic infection by Koyas. Tender fruits used

as vegetable. Fruits edible.

74. Capsicum annuum L. Sp. PI. 188. 1753; FPB 2: 347; FPM 2: 941.
SOLANACEAE

Herbs, erect. Leaves alternate, ovate, glabrous, entire, base cuneate

to apex acute. Flowers axillary, solitary, rarely in pairs, white.

Berries ovoid, pendant, red when ripe.

FI. & Fr.: July-December. Common; cultivated around tribal hamlets.

Loc. name: Mirapa.

Uses: Fruits used in food preparation.

 56

75. Capsicum frutescens L. Sp. PI. 189. 1753; FPB 2: 348; FPM 2: 941.
SOLANACEAE

Shrubs, up to 1 m tall; branches angular. Leaves more or less pubescent,

broadly ovate, base cuneate to oblique, apex acuminate. Flowers axillary,

solitary, rarely in pairs, greenish-white. Capsules oblong, acuminate, erect,

red.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; cultivated around tribal

hamlets.

Loc. name: Mirapa.

Uses: Seeds used as an ingredient in medicinal preparations. Fruits

used in curries and for culinary purpose, also sold in markets.

76. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sp. PI. 366. 1753. FPB 1: 280; FPM 1:

244. SAPINDACEAE

Herbs, slender, tendrillar. Leaves biternate, ovate-lanceolate, glabrous,

coarsely crenate-serrate, apex acute. Flowers white, in axillary umbellate

cymes. Fruit an inflated capsule, trigonous, 3-valved.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; in open areas and along

hedges. GVSR 22526.

Loc. name: Theega (Kolams).

Uses: Roots pounded and the juice administered orally for diarrhoea

and dysentery by Kolams - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for 1 to 3 days.

Leaf ash mixed with coconut (Cocos nucifera ) oil applied for boils by Koyas

and Kolams.

77. Careya arborea Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 218. 1811; FPB 1: 528; FPM 1: 488.
BARRINGTONIACEAE

Trees, up to 10 m tall; bark thick, dark grey. Leaves alternate, broadly

ovate, glabrous, crenate-denticulate, base, tapering. Flowers yellowish white,

bad smelling, in terminal spikes. Berries globose.

 57

FI. & Fr.: March-May. Common; in deciduous forests. TRS 79552,

85187.

Loc. name: Kumbhi, Kumudi; Buradoni (Koyas).

Uses: Stem bark pounded and the filtrate orally administered for rheu­

matic pain and stomach pain by Gonds - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for

3 days. Stem fibre used for making ropes. Tender fruits fed to cattle to

improve milking.

78. Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold in Feddes Repert. 91: 52. 1980. Cerbera

thevetia L. Sp. PI. 209. 1753. Thevetia neriifolia Juss. ex Steud. Nomencl.

ed. 2. 2: 680. 1841, "nereifolia"; FPB 2: 207; FPM 2: 821. APOCYNACEAE

Shrubs, up to 4 m tall. Leaves simple, alternate, linear-lanceolate.

Flowers bright yellow, in terminal cymes. Drupes broadly turbinate, yellow.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; in open areas and also grown

as hedge plant. TRS 86564.

Loc. name: Paccha Ganneru.

Uses: Ripened epicarp eaten by Koyas.

79. Casearia elliptica Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 628. 1799. C. tomentosa Roxb. FI.

InCL 2: 421. 1832; FPB 1: 554; FPM 1: 521. FLACOURTIACEAE

Trees, up to 6 m tall; bark thick, ash-coloured. Leaves oblong, tomen-

tose, base subcordate, apex acute. Flowers greenish-white, crowded in axillary

fascicles. Capsules broadly elliptic, yellow.

FI. & Fr.: February-April. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

85164, 85210.

Loc. name: Kaniminche (Koyas).

Uses: Seeds pounded and mixed in ponds or still water as fish poison.

80. Casearia graveolens Dalz. in Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: 107.

1852; FPB 1: 553; FPM 1: 520. FLACOURTIACEAE

 58

Trees, up to 5 m tall; bark dark grey. Leaves simple, alternate, broadly-

elliptic, crenate-serrate, base rounded. Flowers greenish yellow, in axillary

fascicles. Capsules subglobose, deep yellow.

FI. & Fr.: March-June. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS 85237.

Loc. name: Mysamara (Gonds).

Uses: Fruits pounded and mixed in ponds as fish poison, by Gonds,

Kolams and Koyas.

81. Cassia auriculata L. Sp. PI.379. 1753; FPB 1: 448; FPM 1: 402.
CAESALPINIACEAE

Shrubs, up to 2 m tall; bark smooth. Leaves abruptly pinnate, glands

between the leaflets; leaflets elliptic-obtuse, base rounded. Flowers bright

yellow, in terminal and axillary corymbs. Pods thin, flat, pale brown.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; in scrub forests. GVSR

20091.

Loc. name: Thangedu.

Uses: Pounded bark mixed with water and orally administered for sun­

stroke by Gonds.

82. Cassia fistula L. Sp. PI. 377. 1753; FPB 1: 444; FPM 1: 400.
CAESALPINIACEAE

Trees, up to 5 m tall; bark rough, dark brown. Leaves pinnate; leaflets

opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong, base cuneate, apex acute. Flowers yellow,

in axillary lax racemes. Fruits indehiscent, terete, brownish-black.

FI. & Fr.: April-September. Common; in open areas of dry deciduous

forests. TRS 83129, 85217.

Loc. name: Rela (Gonds, Kolams&Koyas).

Uses: Stem bark pounded and the juice orally administered for cough -

2 to 3 spoonfuls 3 times for one day. Stem bark pounded and the filtered
 59

juice, orally administered as an antidote for snake bite by Kolams - 3 doses

of 1 to 2 spoonfuls each - first immediately after the bite and the rest with

an hour gap in between. Stem bark dried, powdered and mixed with water

orally administered for stomach pain by Gonds and Kolams - 2 to 3 spoonfuls

3 times for one day. Tender leaves boiled in water and the water used for

bathing daily in the morning and evening for 7 days to cure rheumatic pains,

by Koyas. Inflorescence used as vegetable. And also kept along with unripened

mangoes for quick ripening. Bark used for extraction of dye. Wood used

for making agricultural implements.

83. Cassia sophera L. Sp. PI. 379. 1753; FPB 1: 446; FPM 1: 401.
CAESALPINIACEAE

Shrubs, up to 2 m tall. Leaves pinnate, with a conical gland near the

base; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, base rounded. Flowers yellow, in axillary

few-flowered corymbose racemes. Pods slightly recurved.

FI. & Fr.: January-April. Common; in open areas and fringes of forests.

TRS 85113.

Loc. name: Kachonda (Gonds & Pardhans).

Uses: Roasted seeds edible. Leaves used as vegetable by Gonds and

Pardhans.

84. Cassia tora L. Sp. PI. 376. 1753; FPB 1: 447; FPM 1: 401.
CAESALPINIACEAE

Herbs, annual, up to 50 cm tall. Leaves pinnate; leaflets obovate, glab­

rous, base cuneate and oblique, apex obtuse. Flowers yellow, in axillary race­

mes. Pods slender, subtetragonous; seeds black.

FI. & Fr.: July-January. Common; in dry localities. TRS 86585.

Loc. name: Toreta (Gonds).

Uses: Tender sprouts

dhans,
BHarathlar Unlvaraity
library
 60

85. Cassytha filiformis L. Sp. PI. 35. 1753; FPB 3: 35; FPM 2: 1241.
LAURACEAE

Climbers, leafless, parasitic; stems twining filiform, green. Flowers

white, in lax spikes. Drupes globose.

FI. & Fr.: September-February. Common; parasitic climbers on bushes

and small trees of dry localities. TRS 83192, 83661.

Loc. name: Pasupu theega; Ambaravalli (Lambadis).

Uses: Juice of plants mixed with cane sugar(Saccharum officinarum)

and orallyadministered for cooling effect andstomach ulcers by Lambadis

- 4 to 5 spoonfuls daily in the morning for 3 days.

86. Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirvengadum in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris)

ser. 3. 35: 13. 1978. Gardenia spinosa Thunb. Diss. Gard. 7: 16. t. 2. f. 4.

1780. Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 2: 829. 1811;

FPB 2: 27; FPM 2: 615. Gardenia dumetorum Retz. Obs. Bot. 2: 14. 1781.
RUBIACEAE

Shrubs, up to 4 m tall. Leaves simple, obovate, base cuneate, apex

obtuse. Flowers white turning yellow, in subsessile cymes. Drupes ovoid,

ribbed, yellow.

FI. & Fr.: December-April. Common; in dry localities of deciduous

and scrub forests. TRS 85239.

Loc. name: Manga; Kuvve (Gonds).

Uses: Crushed fruits used as fish poison by Gonds and Kolams.

87. Cayratia auriculata (Roxb.) Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 237. 1918. Cissus

auriculata Roxb. FI. Ind. 1: 130. 1820. Vitis auriculata Wall. Cat. n. 6031.

1831-32; FPB 1: 273. VITACEAE

Climbers, succulent; tendrils leaf-opposed. Leaves 5-foliolate; leaflets

obovate or rhomboidal, serrate, apex acute. Flowers pale green, in axillary

much branched divaricate cymes. Berries globose, smooth, red.

 61

FI. & Fr.: August-December. Common; in dry forests. TRS 83133.

Loc. name: Pulusu theega (Kolams).

Uses: Fruits edible.

88. Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 370. 1927. Vitis trifolia

L. Sp. PI. 203. 1753; FPB 2: 254. Cayratia carnosa (Lam.) Gagnep., Not.

Syst. 1: 347. 1911; FPM 1: 237. Cissus carnosa Lam. Encycl. 1: 31. 1783.
VITACEAE

Shrubs, fleshy, twining; tendrils leaf-opposed. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets

broadly-elliptic, crenate-serrate, base oblique, apex acute. Flowers pale green,

in axillary corymbs. Berries white; seeds trigonous.

FI. & Fr.: June-September. Common; in shaded localities of deciduous

forests. TRS 83131, 85225.

Loc. name: Thipuriveli (Gonds); Pul lari (Kolams).

Uses: Roots ground into a fine paste and applied for lymphatic swelling

till cure by Kolams. Leaves used as vegetable by Gonds and Kolams.

89. Celastrus paniculatus Willd. Sp. Pi. 1: 1125. 1797; FPB 1: 245; FPM 1:

208. CELASTRACEAE

Large climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate, broadly elliptic, ovate or obovate,

crenulate-serrate, apex acuminate. Flowers greenish-white, in terminal pyrami­

dal panicles. Capsules subglobose, bright yellow.

FI. & Fr.: March-September. Common; in deciduous forests. TRS

79576, 83167, 83683.

Loc. name: Aadi (Kolams), Vadaguli (Gonds).

Uses: Leaves ground into paste and massaged on joints for rheumatic

pain by Kolams. Unripened fruits ground into paste and applied for wounds

by Gonds. Fruits edible.

 62

90. Celosia argentea L. Sp. PI. 205. 1753; FPB 2: 570; FPM 2: 1166.
AMARANTHACEAE

Herbs, erect, glabrous; stem angular. Leaves simple, linear or linear-

lanceolate, apex acute. Flowers pinkish white, in terminal spikes. Capsules

ellipsoid; seeds compressed, black.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; cultivated around tribal

hamlets. TRS 86544.

Loc. name: Paccha Kura; Gurugu (Kolams).

Uses: Seed flour used for making 'roaties' (Pan cakes). Leaves used

as vegetable.

91. Cerlscoides turgida (Roxb.) Tirvengadum in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris)

35: 15. 1978. Gardenia turgida Roxb. FI. Ind. 2: 557. 1824; FPM 2: 619.
RUBIACEAE

Trees, up to 6 m tall, armed; bark smooth, bluish-grey. Leaves simple,

obovate-oblong, apex acute. Flowers white; male in fascicles; female solitary.

Berries ovoid or globose, woody. Photo 28.

FI. & Fr.: December-March. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

83198.

Loc. name: Thella Yelaka.

Uses: Tender fruits used as vegetable by Koyas and Lambadis.

92. Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.) Baker in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 15: 332. 1876;

FPB 3: 281; FPM 3: 1526. Anthericum tuberosum Roxb. FI. Ind. 1: 149. 1832.
LILIACEAE

Herbs, erect; roots tuberous. Leaves radical, falcate, Unear-lanceolate,

membranous, base sheathing, apex acuminate. Flowers white, in terminal scape.

Capsules obovoid; seeds black, photo 29.

FI. & Fr.: March-June. Common; in moist areas of deciduous forests.

TRS 85220.
 63

Loc. name: Lodanga Bhaji (Gonds).

Uses: Tender leaves cooked and eaten, by Gonds.

93. Chloroxylon sweitenia DC. Prodr. 1: 625. 1824; FPB 1: 232; FPM 1: 153.
FLINDERSIACEAE

Trees, up to 4 m tall, deciduous; bark rough, corky, yellowish. Leaves

pinnate; leaflets alternate, oblong, gland-dotted, base oblique, apex obtuse.

Flowers yellowish white, in axillary and terminal branched panicles. Capsules

oblong; seeds compressed, winged above.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

79584.

Loc. name: Billuga, Billugu.

Uses: Root bark pounded and the extract mixed with goat milk, orally

administered for improving potency in males - 2 to 3 spoonfuls twice a day

for 7 days, by Koyas. Leaf twigs fumigated as a mosquito repellent by Koyas.

Wood used for house building.

94. Chrysopogon polyphyllus (Flack, ex Hook.f.) Baker & McCann in J. Bombay

Nat. Hist. Soc. 32: 416. 1928; FPM 3: 1739. Andropogonpolyphyllus Hack,

ex Hook.f. FI. Brit. India 7: 194. 1896. POACEAE

Herbs, up to 1 m tall; rhizomes creeping, woody. Leaves narrow, linear,

glabrous, apex acuminate. Flowers pale white, in dense panicles.

FI. & Fr.: December-March. Common; in open rocky localities of

dry deciduous forests. TRS 85155.

Loc. name: Thellagaddi.

Uses: Whole plant used for thatching.

95. Cicer arietinum L. Sp. PI. 738. 1753; FPB 1: 435; FPM 1: 349.
PAPILIONACEAE
 64

Herbs, erect, branched, up to 30 cm tall. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets

sessile, elliptic, serrate. Flowers solitary, axillary, purple. Pods elliptic-oblong,

pubescent; seeds brownish-black.

FI. & Fr.: December-March. Common; cultivated around tribal hamlets.

Loc. name: Chenagalu, Kommusenagalu, Senagalu.

Uses: Seeds edible and also sold in market.

96. Cissus pallida (Wight & Arn.) Planch, in DC. Monog. Phan. 5. 477. 1887;

FPM 1: 234. Vitis pallida Wight & Arn. Prodr. 125. 1834; FPB 1: 265.
VITACEAE

Shrubs, erect; stems woody; bark grey. Leaves simple, ovate or orbi­

cular, base cordate. Flowers reddish-green, in compound umbellate cymes.

Berries pyriform, globose.

FI. & Fr.: June-September. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

85251.

Loc. name: Dotto, Dotta (Gonds).

Uses: Leaf paste mildly warmed and applied on joints for joint pains

and rheumatic pains by Gonds. Tubers ground into paste and applied externally,

for wounds of the horn in cattle.

97. Cissus vitiginea L. Sp. PI. 117. 1753; FPM 1: 234. VITACEAE

Shrubs, climbing, grey pubescent. Leaves simple, ovate, base cordate

or truncate, apex acuminate. Flowers cream coloured, in leaf opposed umbellate

cymes. Berries pyriform, black.

FI. & Fr.: July-October. Occasional; in open areas near streams.

TRS 83175, 85177, 85261.

Loc. name: Godhuma theega (Kolams); Vorupaku (Koyas).

Uses: Fruits eaten by Gonds, Kolams and Koyas.

 65

98. Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura & Nakai in Cat. Sem. Spor. Hort.

Bot. Univ. Imp. Tokyo 1916. Momordica lanata Thunb. Prodr. PI. Cap. 13.

1794. Citrullus vulgaris Schrader ex Eckl. & Zeyher, Enum. 279. 1836; FPB

1: 571; FPM 1: 536. CUCURBITACEAE

Herbs, annual, trailing; stems angular, villose. Leaves rounded or triangu­

lar-ovate, lobed, base cordate. Flowers solitary, or in fascicles, greenish.

Fruits subglobose or ellipsoid, smooth.

FI. & Fr.: April-July. Cultivated in sandy areas.

Loc. name: Puccha.

Uses: Fruits edible.

99. Clelstanthus collinus (Roxb.) Benth, ex Hook.f. FI. Brit. India 5: 274. 1887;

FPM 2: 1282. Clutia collina Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 169. 1802. "Cluytia".
EUPHORBIACEAE

Trees, up to 4 m tall; bark rough, dark brown. Leaves alternate, bi-

farious, elliptic-obovate or orbicular, apex retuse. Flowers pale green, in

axillary clusters of spikes. Capsules trilocular; seeds globose.

FI. & Fr.: June-October. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS 83120.

Loc. name: Kodise, Kodisa, Korisa; Odise (Kolams).

Uses: Stem bark pounded and the filtrate diluted, mixed with cane

sugar (Saccharum officinarum) and orally administered for dysentery by Gonds

- 2 to 3 spoonfuls 3 times for only one day. Fruits and stem bark pounded

and used as fish poison. Stem bark and young leaves ground into paste and

applied for blisters of cattle. Wood used for house building and carpentry

work.

100. Cleome viscosa L. Sp. PI. 672. 1753; FPB 1: 40; FPM 1: 41. CLEOMACEAE

Herbs, erect, up to 40 cm tall; stems grooved. Leaves 3-5-foliolate;

leaflets elliptic-oblong or obovate, apex acute. Flowers yellow, in axillary

lax racemes. Capsules obliquely striate, hairy; seeds subglobose, brown-black.

 66

FI. & Fr.: April-July. Common; in all dry localities. TRS 85241.

Loc. name: Thirudi Bhaji (Gonds).

Uses: Leaf juice applied for ear infections by Gonds - 3 to 5 drops

twice a day till cure.

101. Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f. Suppl. PI. 292. 1781; FPB 2: 511;FPM 2:

1099. VERBENACEAE

Shrubs, up to 2 m tall. Leaves opposite, ovate or sub-rhomboid, crenate-

dentate, base truncate, apex acute. Flowers pale white, fragrant, in axillary

cymes. Drupes broadly obovoid.

FI. & Fr.: August-February. Common; in open areas of deciduous forests.

TRS 83164, 85103.

Loc. name: Thakkidi (Gonds).

Uses: Leaf twigs along with that of Vitex negundo boiled in water

andthe water used for bathing by women for relief from puerperal pains.

102. Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon, Cat. PI. Ceylon 46: n. 382. 1824; FPB

2: 512; FPM 2: 1100. Volkameria serrata L. Mant. PI. 90. 1767. VERBENACEAE

Shrubs, up to 2 m tall; stems 4-angled. Leaves oblong-elliptic, coarsely

serrate, apex acute. Flowers bluish-purple, in long lax pyramidal panicles.

Drupes broadly obovoid, black.

FI. & Fr.: May-September. Common; in fringes of dry deciduous forests.

TRS 83126.

Loc. name: Bokkala mudigi (Kolams).

Uses: Roots pounded and the filtered juice orally administered for

rheumatic pain and body pains by Kolams - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day

for 3 days. Roots as well as the leaf twigs boiled in water and the water

used for bathing for rheumatic pain by Gonds and Kolams.

 67

103. Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt, Hort. Sub. Calc. 59. 1845. Bryonia grandis

L. Mant. PI. 126. 1767. Coccinia indica Wight & Arn. Prodr. 347. 1834; FPB

1: 572; FPM 1: 537. CUCURBITACEAE

Climbers, tendrils simple, dioecious. Leaves simple, palmately lobed,

gland-dotted, base cordate. Flowers white; male flowers solitary or subcymose;

female flowers solitary. Berries ellipsoid, bright scarlet when ripe.

FI. & Fr.: July-October. Common; along hedges and fringes of deciduous

forests. TRS 83679.

Loc. name: Adavi dhonda.

Uses: Fruits edible. Unripened fruits used as a vegetable. Leaves

fed to cattle to improve milking.

104. Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels in Engler, Pflanzenr. 46: 236. 1910; FPM

1: 29. Menispermum hirsutum L. Sp. PI. 341. 1753. MEN1SPERMACEAE

Shrubs, slender, climbing; young parts villous. Leaves simple, ovate-

oblong, base subcordate, apex obtuse, subacute or retuse. Flowers pale yellow,

in axillary cymose panicles. Drupes purplish-black.

FI. & Fr.: December-May. Common; in dry localities of deciduous

forests. TRS 83146, 85132.

Loc. name: Vasiniveli (Gonds); Vaasini (Kolams); Dusseri (Koyas).

Uses: Roots pounded and the filtered juice orally administered for

menstrual disorders by Kolams - 3 to 5 spoonfuls twice either on full moon

or half moon day. Leaf paste applied on forehead for jaundice twice a day

till cure by Lambadis also the same applied on eyelids for ophthalmic infections

by Gonds and Kolams. Leaves ground into a fine paste, dried and orally admini­

stered for leucorrhoea - thrice a day for 3 days. Dried roots, powdered and

mixed with rice taken for cooling effect by Koyas. Tender leaves used as

vegetable by Gonds and Kolams.

 68

105. Coiocasia esculenta (L.) Schott in Schott & Endlicher, Melet. Bot. 18.

1832. Arum esculentum L. Sp. PI. 965. 1753. Coiocasia antiquorum Schott

in Schott & Endlicher, Melet. Bot. 18. 1832; FPB 3: 340; FPM 3: 1580.
ARACEAE

Herbs, tuberous, up to 50 cm tall. Leaves peltate, ovate or suborbicular,

base sagittate-cordate. Spathes oblong, narrowly lanceolate, caudate-acuminate,

pale yellow. Berries obconic or oblong.

FI. & Fr.: July-September. Less common; in shady areas along stream­

lets.

Loc. name: Serna; Dovve (Koyas).

Uses: Tender leaves used as vegetable by Gonds and Koyas. Tubers

consumed after repeated washing in water, by Gonds, Kolams and Koyas.

106. Combretum albidum G. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 15: 429. 1827.

C. ovalifolium Roxb. FI. Ind. 2: 226. 1832; FPB 1: 515; FPM 1: 469.
COMBRETACEAE

Shrubs, scandent, large; bark smooth, pale-brown. Leaves opposite,

ovate to lanceolate, base obtuse. Flowers pale yellow, in axillary panicles.

Fruits oblong, with 4-papery wings.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

79559, 83181, 83701.

Loc. name: Aaretheega; Deewar (Kolams); Bontha (Koyas).

Uses: Plant used as fodder and also to improve milking.

107. Combretum roxburghii Spreng. Syst. 2: 331. 1825; Santapau & Wagh in

Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5: 106. 1964. C. decandrum Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 59. 1796,

non Jacq. 1760; FPM 1: 468. COMBRETACEAE

Shrubs, scandent, large. Leaves opposite, oblong, abruptly acuminate.

Flowers cream-white, scented, in axillary panicles. Fruits oblong with 5-papery

wings.
 69

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Common; in deciduous forests. TRS 85182.

Loc. name: Burada Maredu (Koyas).

Uses: Tender leaf paste applied on boils; also used for skin diseases

by Koyas. Branch twigs used for making raised platform to look after crops

and also for thatching.

108. Corchorus olitorius L. Sp. PI. 529. 1753; FPB 1: 158; FPM 1: 122.
TILIACEAE

Undershrubs, erect, up to 50 cm tall; stem glabrous. Leaves simple,

ovate-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, lower pair of teeth prolonged into hairs.

Flowers solitary, axillary or in clusters, pale yellow. Capsules linear, 5-valved,

beaked.

FI. & Fr.: August-September. Common; in open dry localities. TRS

83118.

Loc. name: Adavi Janumu (Kolams).

Uses: Seeds powdered and mixed with gingeliy (Sesamum indicum) oil

applied for skin diseases, by Kolams. Seed powder mixed with salt and used

as gun powder for country guns by Gonds and Kolams. Fibre from stem used

for making ropes, by Gonds and Kolams.

109. Cordia dichotoma Forst.f. Prodr. 18. 1786. C, obliqua Willd. Phytogr.

4. t. 4. 1794; FPM 2: 887. BORAGINACEAE

Trees, up to 7 m tall; bark fissured, dark brown. Leaves alternate,

elliptic-oblong, undulate, base truncate or oblique, apex obtuse or subacute.

Flowers white, in axillary and terminal cymose panicles. Berries ovoid, shiny,

pale purple.

FI. & Fr.: March-May. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS 79550,

86524.

Loc. name: Salte, Selte (Gonds); Nakkiraka (Koyas).

 70

Uses: Stem bark ground and the filtered extract orally administered

for chest pain - 3 to 5 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days by Gonds. Dried

stem powder mixed with palm jaggery (Borassus f label lifer) and made into

pills 5 mm dia., administered orally for stomach pain by Gonds and Kolams

- 3 pills a day for 1 day. Fruits edible.

110. Costus speciosus (Koen.) J.E. Smith in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 1: 249.

1791; FPB 3: 243; FPM 3: 1490. Banksea speciosa Koen. in Retz. Obs. Bot.

3: 75. 1783. COSTACEAE

Herbs, erect, succulent. Leaves spirally arranged, oblong or oblong-

lanceolate, entire, base rounded, apex acute. Flowers white, in dense terminal

racemes; bracts bright red, ovate. Capsules globose, red; seeds black; aril

white.

FI. & Fr.: August-October. Common; in shady areas of moist deciduous

forests. TRS 83643.

Loc. name: Merisingi (Gonds).

Uses: Rhizome edible: boiled and kept in a closed pot, for 3 days and

eaten as an appetizer while suffering from fever, by Lambadis. Rhizome

extract orally administered for stomach pain and indigestion in children - 1

to 2 spoonfuls thrice for one day, by Gonds. Dried rhizomes powdered and

mixed with wheat (Triticum vulgare) flour and eaten as 'roaties' (Pan cake).

Rhizome paste warmed and applied for abscess by Gonds till cure. A twig

of the stem tied to the waist to keep off evil spirits.

111. Crinum defixum Ker-Gawl. in J. Sci. Arts (London) 3: 105. 1817; FPB

3: 257; FPM 3: 1504. AMARYLLIDACEAE

Herbs, fleshy, up to 1 m tall. Leaves linear, lorate or ensiform, obtuse.

Flowers white, in 6-12 flowered umbels. Fruits subglobose, beaked^ seeds

rugose.
 71

FI. & Fr.: July-October. Common; in swampy areas of moist deciduous

forests. TRS 83130.

Loc. name: Neella gadda, Eeera gadda, Ganji gadda (Kolams); Keda

ulli (Gonds); Penjara Gadda (Lambadis).

Uses: Bulbs pounded and the filtered extract orally administered for

snake bite by Lambadis - 3 to 5 spoonfuls immediately after the bite. Bulbs

ground into paste and applied on boils and blisters by Kolams, till cure. Juice

of bulbs applied for ear pain by Gonds and Kolams - 3 to 5 drops twice a

day till cure.

112. Crotalaria juncea L. Sp. PI. 714. 1753; FPB 1: 320; FPM 1: 297.
PAP1LIONACEAE

Herbs, erect, up to 2 m tall. Leaves simple, linear-oblong or oblong-

lanceolate, sericeous on both sides, entire, base rounded, apex acute or mucro-

nate. Flowers yellow, in terminal and lateral racemes. Pods cylindric.

FI. & Fr.: July-October. Cultivated around tribal areas.

Loc. name: Janumu.

Uses: Stem fibre used for making ropes.

113. Crotalaria quinquefolia L. Sp. PI. 716: 1753; FPB 1: 324; FPM 1: 301;

Ravisankar & Rama Rao in Indian J. Bot. 12: 73. 1989. PAPILIONACEAE

Undershrubs, erect, up to 2 m tall; stems furrowed. Leaves 5-foliolate;

leaflets linear-oblong, base acute, apex obtuse-subacute. Flowers yellow, in

lax terminal racemes. Pods oblong, inflated.

FI. & Fr.: July-September. Abundant; near ponds in deciduous forests.

TRS 83688.

Loc. name: Adavi Janumu.

Uses: Used as fodder and as a lactogogue for cattle.

 72

114. Cryptolepis buchanani! Roem. & Schultes, Syst. 4: 409. 1819; FPB 2: 210;

FPM 2: 826. PERIPLOCACEAE

Twining shrubs, large, branched. Leaves opposite, elliptic-oblong, entire,

base acute, apex apiculate. Flowers greenish yellow in lax, terminal or axillary

peduncled cymes. Follicles 2, smooth, green.

FI. & Fr.: April-September. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

79596, 83123.

Loc. name: Palakobera Theega (Kolams).

Uses: Roots pounded and the filtered extract orally administered for

stomach pain by Kolams - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day. Leaves boiled in

water and the water used for bathing for nervous disorders, and jaundice in

children by Kolams.

115. Cucumis meio L. Sp. PI. 1011. 1753; FPB 1: 570; FPM 1: 535.
CUCURBITACEAE

Herbs, prostrate, hirsute, monoecious. Leaves angular or suborbicular,

lobed; lobes obtuse, base cordate. Male flowers in clusters; female flowers

solitary, yellow. Berries globose.

FI. & Fr.: April-September. Occasional; in open areas. TRS 85283.

Loc. name: Budama; Lanjaputnal (Gonds).

Uses: Tender fruits used as vegetable by Gonds.

116. Cucumis trigonus Roxb. FI. Ind. 2: 722. 1832; FPB 1: 569; FPM 1: 535.
CUCURBITACEAE

Herbs, scabrid, trailing, monoecious; tendrils simple. Leaves palmately

5-lobed, dentate-serrate. Flowers solitary, axillary, yellow. Fruits ellipsoid

or sufoglobose, pale yellow.

FI. & Fr.: July-September. Common; in shaded localities of deciduous

forests.
 73

Loc. name: Lanjaputna! (Gonds).

Uses: Tender fruits used as vegetable by Gonds.

117. Cucurbita maxima Duchesne ex Lam. Encycl. 2: 151. 1786; FPB 1: 582;

FPM 1: 543. CUCURBITACEAE

Herbs, prostrate, monoecious; stems cytindric, ribbed, hispid. Leaves

coarsely hairy, cordate, dentate, apex acute. Flowers solitary, rarely fasciculat­

ed, yellow. Pepo pulpy, fibrous, golden yellow; seeds compressed, white.

FI. & Fr.: March-August. Common; cultivated around tribal hamlets.

Loc. name: Gummadi, Thiyya Gummadi.

Uses: Tender shoots, leaves and fruits used as vegetable.

118. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Fruct. 1: 63. t. 16. f. 11. 1788; FPB 3: 255;

FPM 3: 1502. HYPOXIDACEAE

Herbs, erect, up to 30 cm tall. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate,

plicate, base sheathing, apex acute. Flowers bright yellow, in axillary racemes.

Capsules subulate to ovate; seeds black. Photo 30.

FI. & Fr.: June-July. Common; in moist shaded localities along streams.

TRS 85228.

Loc. name: Kekada mati, Padde mati (Gonds).

Uses: Tuberous roots ground into a fine paste applied for scorpion

sting by Gonds. Tuberous roots dried, pounded and the flour along with that

of jowar (Sorghum bicolor) or wheat (Triticum vulgare) made into 'roaties'

and eaten by Gonds.

119. Curcuma pseudomontana Graham, Cat. PI. Bombay 210. 1839; FPM 3:

1483. ZINGIBERACEAE

Herbs, erect, up to 50 cm tall; rootstock with small almond like tubers.

Leaves lanceolate-oblong, base tapering, apex acuminate. Flowers bright yellow,

in dense strobiliform spike; floral bracts green with a pink tip. Capsules globose.
 74

FI. & Fr.: September-November. Common; in shaded areas of moist

deciduous forests. TRS 83653.

Loc. name: Adavi pasupu.

Uses: Sliced and dried tubers boiled in water and the paste is mixed

with sufficient cane sugar (Saccharum officinarum), and consumed by Lambadis

for improving potency and vigour. Tender tubers used as vegetable.

120. Cyperus niveus Retz. Obs. Bot. 5; 12. 1791; FPB 3: 377; FPM 3: 1640.
CYPERACEAE

Herbs, perennial, up to 30 cm tall; stems trigonous. Leaves basal, linear;

bracts unequal, leafy. Spikelets lanceolate, straw coloured; glumes ovate,

acute. Nutlets obovoid-ellipsoid.

FI. & Fr.: June-August. Common; in shady areas of deciduous forests.

TRS 85231.

Loc. name: Kadamada jadi (Gonds).

Uses: Rhizomes dried and powdered, mixed with toddy obtained from

Phoenix sylvestris and consumed by Gonds for cooling effect.

121. Cyperus paniceus (Rottb.) Boeckeler in Linnaea 36: 381. 1870 p.p. Schae-

noides paniceus Rottb. Descr. PI. Rar. 15. 1772. Mariscus paniceus (Rottb.)

Vahl, Enum. PI. 2: 373. 1805; FPB 3: 388; FPM 3: 1644. CYPERACEAE

Herbs, erect, up to 50 cm tall; roots stoloniferous; stems trigonous.

Leaves narrow, 1-nerved. Spikes cylindric; spikelets subulate, 1-flowered.

Nut oblong-ellipsoid, slightly curved, pale brown.

FI. & Fr.: July-October. Less common; in open areas of hills. TRS

85243.

Loc. name: Lavve gadda (Gonds).

Uses: Roots ground with water and orally administered for urinary

disorders by Gonds - 100 ml once in the morning for 3 to 5 days.

 75

122. Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f. Suppi. PI. 316. 1781; FPB 1: 425; FPM 1: 383.
PAPILIONACEAE

Trees, up to 10 m tall; bark smooth, grey. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets

ovate-oblong, glabrous, base rounded or subacute, apex obtuse. Flowers pinkish

white, in axillary and terminal panicles. Pods thin, flexible.

FI. & Fr.: March-June. Scarce; in hilly areas of dry deciduous forests.

TRS 79555.

Loc. name: Irugudu; Thoppar (Kolams).

Uses: Seeds ground into paste, warmed and applied for rheumatic pain

by Kolams. Wood used for making agricultural implements and house building.

123. Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 113. 1799; FPB 1: 422; FPM 1: 383.
PAPILIONACEAE

Trees, up to 15 m tall; bark thick, grey. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets

broadly ovate or suborbicular, glabrous, base rounded. Flowers yellowish-white,

in axillary or extra-axillary lax corymbose panicles. Pods strap-shaped, obtuse.

FI. & Fr.: August-October. Common; in hilly areas of dry deciduous

forests. TRS 83673.

Loc. name: Jittegi.

Uses: Stem bark dried, pounded and mixed with water, given to cattle

for urinary disorders, by Lambadis. Wood used for making agricultural imple­

ments and house building.

124. Dalbergia paniculata Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 114. 1799; FPB 1: 426; FPM 1: 383.
PAPILIONACEAE

Trees, up to 10 m tall; bark smooth, grey. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets

oblong or obovate, emarginate. Flowers white, in terminal panicles. Samara

oblong or linear-elliptic, flattened.

FI. & Fr.: June-September. Less common; in open areas and at the

fringes of dry deciduous forests. TRS 85277.

 76

Loc. name: Podhiri (Gonds).

Uses: Wood used for making agricultural implements and house building.

125. Dalbergia volubilis Roxb. Pi. Cor. t. 191. 1805; FPB 1: 426; FPM 1: 384.
PAPILIONACEAE

Climbers, large, woody. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets oblong or obovate-

oblong, obtuse-truncate. Flowers pale blue, in axillary and terminal corymbose

panicles. Pods linear, oblong, stipitate; seeds usually 1, rarely 2.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Common; in deciduous forests. TRS 85180.

Loc. name: Thiyya thangedu (Koyas).

Uses: Stem powdered and mixed with water, orally administered for

stomach ulcers by Koyas - 100 ml daily in the morning for 3 days.

126. Datura innoxia Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8. n. 5. 1768. D, metel auct. non

L. 1753; FPB 2: 344; FPM 2: 941. SOLANACEAE

Herbs, densely pubescent, up to 50 cm tall. Leaves ovate-lanceolate,

grey tomentose, base unequal, apex acute. Flowers solitary, white, tinged

with green. Capsules covered with long slender spines.

FI. & Fr.: February-April. Common; in open areas and along hedges.

TRS 86560.

Loc. name: Ummetha.

Uses: Tender fruit juice orally administered for abortion and antifertility

by Kolams - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days.

127. Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees in Linnaea 9: 476. 1834; FPB 3:

572; FPM 3: 1858. Bambusa stricta Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 80. 1798. POACEAE

Perennials, unarmed, tufted, up to 10 m tall; nodes swollen; branches

drooping. Leaves lanceolate, sparsely tomentose, base truncate-cuneate, apex

acuminate, ending with spiny tip. Flowers green, in axillary clusters. Grains

ovoid to subglobose, shining, brown.

 77

FI. & Fr.: April-July. Common; along streamlets of deciduous forests.

TRS 85227.

Loc. name: Kanka, Veduru.

Uses: Tender sprouts used as vegetable. Grains cooked and eaten by

Kolams and Koyas. Culms used for making baskets, mats and for house build­

ing; also sold in weekly markets.

128. Dendropht falcata (L.f.) Etting. in Denskschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss.,

Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 32: 52, 53, 58, t. 13. f. 14. 1872. Loranthus falcatus

L.f. Suppl. PI. 211. 1781. L, longiflorus Desr. in Lam. Encycl. 3: 598. 1792;

FPB 3: 42; FPM 3: 1253. LORANTHACEAE

Shrubs, parasitic. Leaves simple, variable in shape, ovate-lanceolate

oroblong, entire, glabrous, base truncate to amplexicaul, apex obtuse to sub­

acute. Flowers scarlet-orange, in axillary racemes. Berries ovoid-obiong,

pink.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Common; in deciduous forests. TRS 85159,

85194, 86566.

Loc. name: Vajanika, Vadanika; Ajunuka (Gonds, Kolams).

Uses: Leaves and inflorescence pounded with pepper (Piper nigrum)

mixed with water and given orally for hip-pain and back-pain, by Gonds and

Kolams; diet. - to avoid tamarind Tamarindus indica. Fruit resin applied to

sticks used to trap birds, by Koyas.

129. Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4 (Suppl.): 103. 1860;

FPB 1: 430; FPM 1: 387. Dalbergia scandens Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 192. 1805.
PAPILIONACEAE

Shrubs, large, woody, climbing; branches drooping. Leaves imparipinnate;

leaflets opposite, elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong, apex acuminate. Flowers

pinkish-white, in axillary or terminal racemes. Pods obliquely orbicular, tapering

to both ends, winged along upper suture.

 78

FI. & Fr.: November-February. Occasional; along streams of dry decidu­

ous forests. TRS 83180, 85149.

Loc. name: Malakangani (Koyas).

Uses: Tender leaves used as vegetable by Koyas.

130. Desmodium latifolium DC. Prodr. 2: 328. 1825; FPB 1: 380; FPM 1: 346.
PAPILIONACEAE

Undershrubs, erect, up to 1.5 m tall; branches terete, clothed with fulvous

hairs. Leaves 1-foliolate; leaflets broadly ovate or suborbicular, base truncate,

apex obtuse or subacute. Flowers purple, in axillary and terminal racemes.

Pods with several 1-seeded joints.

FI. & Fr.: August-October. Occasional; in hill slopes of dry deciduous

forests. TRS 83160.

Loc. name: Bhumi Ippa (Koyas).

Uses: Stem bark and root boiled in water and the water used for bathing

for rheumatic pain and swelling of face, by Gonds, Koyas and Lambadis.

131. Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Am. Prodr. 271. 1834; FPB 1: 468;

FPM 1: 419. Mimosa cinerea L. Sp. PI. 520. 1753. non L. 517. 1753.
MIMOSACEAE

Shrubs, thorny; up to 3 m tall; bark furrowed, grey. Leaves bipinnate;

leaflets linear, base oblique, apex subacute. Flowers crowded in dense axillary

or extra-axillary spikes; upper yellow, bisexual, lower pink, sterile. Pods linear,

twisted, dark-brown. Photo 31.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; in dry deciduous and scrub

forests. TRS 83196, 83646, 85284.

Loc. name: Veluthuru, Yelthuru (Kolams).

Uses: Roots pounded with pepper (Piper nigrum) and the extract orally

administered for respiratory problems by Kolams and Gonds - 2 to 3 spoonfuls

 79

thrice a day for 3 days. Stem bark pounded and the extract orally administered

for fever by Koyas and Lambadis - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days.

Roots pounded and the extract orally administered by Kolams for menstrual

disorders - 2 to 3 spoonfuls daily in the morning for 3 days. Leaf paste applied

for wounds and skin diseases by Kolams and Koyas. Wood used for making

pounders.

132. Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 20. 1795; FPB 1: 7; FPM 1: 8.
DILLENIACEAE

Trees, up to 7 m tall. Leaves simple, at the extremities of branches,

broadly elliptic, with conspicuous parallel nerves, often forking, margins toothed.

Flowers yellow, fragrant, in fascicles. Fruits globose, pendulous.

FI. &Fr.: February-May. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

83704, 86582.

Loc. name: Kallenga, Kallinga (Koyas, Lambadis).

Uses: Stem bark ground with turmeric (Curcuma longa) and the extract

orally administered for stomach ulcers by Koyas - 2 to 3 spoonfuls daily in

the morning for 5 days. Fruits eaten by Koyas. Bark pounded, mixed with

water and given in the morning for 2 days, for breathing problem in cattle,

by Koyas. Leaves used as meal plates by Koyas.

133. Dioscorea bulbifera L. Sp. PI. 1033. 1753; FPB 3: 265; FPM 3: 1511.
DIOSCOREACEAE

Shrubs, climbing; stems twining left. Leaves simple, broadly ovate,

base cordate, apex acuminate to caudate. Flowers white, in axillary paniculate

spikes. Capsules oblong or ovoid, winged.

FI. & Fr.: August-October. Common; in shady areas of deciduous forests.

TRS 83687.

Loc. name: Nalla gadda.

 80

Uses: Sliced tubers boiled with the wood ash of Diospyros melanoxylon

and water filtered out twice and eaten.

134. Dioscorea hispida Dennst. Schluess. Hort. Ind. Malab. 15. 1818; FPM 3:

1511. DIOSCOREACEAE

Shrubs, climbing; stems twining left. Leaves trifotiolate; leaflets broadly

cuneate-obovate, base tapering, apex caudate-acuminate; lateral leaflets oblique.

Flowers green, in axillary spikes. Capsules oblong, winged. Photo 32.

FI. & Fr.: August-October. Common; in shaded localities of dry deci­

duous forests. TRS 83142, 83693.

Loc. name: Sanne gadda; Kihka mati (Gonds).

Uses: Tubers sliced and kept in running water for one day, boiled and

consumed by Gonds, Kolams and Lambadis,

135. Dioscorea oppositifolia L. Sp. PI. 1033. 1753; FPB 3: 266; FPM 3: 1512.
DIOSCOREACEAE

Shrubs, climbing, large; stems twining right, branches terete. Leaves

opposite, elliptic-oblong, ovate or suborbicular, apex acuminate. Flowers yellow,

in axillary fascicled spikes. Capsules suborbicular.

FI. & Fr.: September-December. Common; in moist and shaded areas

of dry deciduous forests. TRS 83689.

i

Loc. name: Thella gadda.

Uses: Tubers edible.

136. Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Sp. PI. 1032. 1753; FPB 3: 264; FPM 3: 1511.
DIOSCOREACEAE

Climbing shrubs; stems twining left, prickly at base. Leaves alternate,

3-5-foliolate; leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, ovate or obovate, base acute, apex

acuminate; lateral' leaflets oblique at base. Flowers greenish-yellow, in peduncu­

late spikes. Capsules oblong.

 81

FI. & Fr.: September-December. Common; along streams in dry decidu­

ous forests. TRS 83173.

Loc. name: Thella vayamu theega (Koyas).

Uses: Tubers edible.

137. Diospyros chloroxylon Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 49. 1795; FPB 2: 166; FPM 2: 776.
EBENACEAE

Trees, up to 5 m tall, thorny, dioecious; bark fissured, dark brown.

Leaves elliptic, obovate or elliptic-oblong, base acute or obtuse, apex obtuse

or subacute. Flowers white; male in capitate cymes; female solitary. Berries

globose, glabrous.

FI. & Fr.: February-April. Less common; in dry deciduous forests.

TRS 83179.

Loc. name: Eilintha.

Uses: Leaves roasted on a mud pot, mixed with coconut (Cocos nucifera)

oil and applied over boils and blisters by Koyas. Tender leaves used as vegeta­

ble by Koyas. Fruits edible.

138. Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 46. 1795; FPB 2: 159; FPM 2:

772. EBENACEAE

, Trees, up to 10 m tall, dioecious; bark cleft in rectangular plates, greyish-

black. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong, base acute, rarely rounded, apex

obtuse or subacute. Flowers cream coloured; male in peduncled cymes; female

t
solidary. Berries globose, yellowish-orange.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

79583, 86562, 86575.

Loc. name: Thumki.

Uses: Fruit pulp along with twigs of Sarcostemma acidum pounded

and the paste plastered over for bone fracture, by Gonds and Kolams. Fruits

edible. Unripened fruits pounded and soaked in water for extracting a kind
 82

of dye, by Koyas. Leaves used for cigar making. Wood used for house building.

139. Diospyros montana Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 48. 1795; FPB 2: 165; FPM 2: 776.
EBENACEAE

Trees, up to 6 m tall, dioecious; bark thin, greyish-black. Leaves simple,

ovate-oblong or elliptic, .base rounded, apex subacute or obtusely acuminate.

Flowers greenish; male in few-flowered panicles; female axillary, solitary.

Berries globose, reddish-brown.

FI. & Fr.: February-July. Common; in deciduous forests. TRS 85244,

86531.

Loc. name: Dohke mara (Gonds); Pandugu (Kolams).

Uses: Stem bark pounded and the filtered extract orally administered

for stomach pain by Gonds - 3 to 5 spoonfuls twice a day for 3 days. Stem

bark juice mixed with cane sugar (Saccharum officinarum) and orally administered

for jaundice - 1 to 2 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days, by Kolams.'

140. Diospyros sylvatica Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 47. 1795; FPB 2: 160; FPM 2: 773.
EBENACEAE

Trees, up to 5 m tall, dioecious; bark thin, black-grey. Leaves alternate,

elliptic, base acute, apex acute or acuminate. Flowers yellowish-white; male

in axillary cymes; female solitary. Berries globose, dark-green.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Occasional; in hilly areas. TRS 86581.

Loc. name: Aayi (Koyas).

Uses: Stem bark pounded and mixed in water as fish poison, by Koyas.

141. Dipteracanthus prostratus (Poir.) Nees in Wall. PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 81. 1832.

Ruellia prostrata Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 349. 1804; FPM 2: 1017.

ACANTHACEAE

Herbs, prostrate. Leaves opposite, ovate or elliptic, glabrous, apex

acute. Flowers solitary, pale blue. Capsules clavate.

 83

FI. & Fr.: July-September. Common; in plains, dry areas. GVSR 22501.

Loc. name: Thella mundlaku.

Uses: Leaves munched for tooth infection and also used as an astringent

by Koyas and Lambadis.

142. Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 19. 1760; FPB 1: 287; FPM

1: 253. Ptetea viscosa L. Sp. PI. 118. 1753. SAPINDACEAE

Shrubs, up to 2 m tall; bark thin, grey. Leaves alternate, oblanceolate,

base attenuate, apex subacute. Flowers greenish yellow, in axillary or terminal

racemose cymes. Samara membranous, 2-4 valved, winged.

FI. & Fr.: July-October. Common; in open and rocky areas of deciduous

forests. TRS 83663.

Loc. name: Puliyayila (Koyas & Lambadis).

Uses: Water boiled with leaf twigs, bathed by pregnant woman for

relieving body pain and swellings by Gonds and Kolams.

143. Dolichandrone falcata (Wall, ex DC.) Seem, in J. Bot. 8: 381. 1870; FPB

2: 404; FPM 2: 996. Spathodea falcata Wall, ex DC. Prodr. 9: 206. 1845.
BIGNONIACEAE

Trees, up to 10 m tall; bark exfoliating in scales, bluish grey. Leaves

pinnate; leaflets suborbicular or obovate, entire, base cuneate or rounded.

Flowers white, in terminal few flowered racemes. Capsules flat, falcate.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Common; in open areas of dry deciduous

forests. TRS 79570, 83182, 85167.

Loc. name: Medising mara (Gonds), Odhi (Kolams).

Uses: Stem bark with that of Gardenia latifolia pounded and the extract

orally administered for menstrual disorders by Gonds - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice

0

a day for 3 days. Stem bark juice orally administered for fever by Gonds

- 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days. Stem bark powder fomented over
 84

the joints for rheumatic pain by Gonds and Koiams. Twigs and fruits smoked

in the house to keep off evil spirits. Wood used for making bullock-cart parts

and agricultural implements.

144. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 209. 1833; FPM 3: 1776.

Panicum colonum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759; FPB 3: 447. POACEAE

Herbs; culms up to 50 cm tall. Leaves flat, linear or lanceolate, glab­

rous, apex acuminate; ligules absent. Spikelets ovoid, acute or subcuspidate.

Grains elliptic, yellow.

FI. & Fr.: September-January. Cultivated around tribal hamlets. GVSR

20118.

Loc. name: Samalu (Gonds & Koiams).

Uses: Grains edible.

145. Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 53 & 161. 1812; FPM

3: 1777. Panicum crusgalli L. Sp. PI. 56. 1753. POACEAE

Herbs, up to 1 mtall. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, base

rounded, apex acuminate; ligules absent. Flowers in paniculate racemes, pale

yellow.

FI. & Fr.: April-September. Cultivated; around tribal hamlets. GVSR

20126.

Loc. name: Gadakalu, Samalu.

Uses: Grains cooked and eaten by Gonds, Koiams and Koyas.

146. Echinochloa frumentacea Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 204. 1827. E. colona (L.)

Link. var. frumentacea (Link) Ridley, FI. Malay Penins. 5: 223. 1925; FPM

3: 1777. POACEAE

Herbs; culms up to 1.5 m tall. Leaves linear-lanceolate, scaberulous

beneath, smooth above, apex acuminate; ligules absent. Spikelets ovoid to

broadly ellipsoid. Grains elliptic, yellow.

 85

FI. & Fr.: August-January. Common; cultivated in and around tribal

hamlets.

Loc. name: Samalu; Sama (Gonds & Kolams).

Uses: Grains edible.

147. Echinops echinatus Roxb. FI. Ind. 3: 447. 1832; FPb 2: 112; FPM 2: 724.
ASTERACEAE

Herbs, tufted, up to 40 cm tall; branches white, cottony pubescent.

Leaves oblong, deeply pinnatifid, spinous. Flowers white, in globose spinous

heads. Achenes elongate, villous.

FI. & Fr.: February-April. Common; in dry places. TRS 79577.

Loc. name: Thella Baaburu (Kolams).

Uses: Roots pounded, mixed with water and orally administered for

diarrhoea and dysentery by Kolams - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days.

148. Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. Fruct. 1: 8. t. 1. f. 11. 1789; FPB 3: 561;

FPM 3: 1839. Cynosurus coracana L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 875. 1759. POACEAE

Herbs, erect, glabrous, up to 1 m tall. Leaves linear-lanceolate, scaberu-

ious above, smooth beneath. Spikes terminal, umbellate, green. Grains sub-

globose, brown.

FI. & Fr.: July-November. Common; cultivated around tribal hamlets.

Loc. name: Raagulu, Sollu.

Uses:Grain flour made into porridge taken for cooling effect by Gonds,

Kolams and Koyas. Flour also boiled with rice (Oryza sativa) to prepare cakes

for usual diet.

149. Enicostema axiliare (Lam.) Raynal in Adansonia 9: 75. 1969. Gentiana

axillaris Lam. Tabl. Encypl. 1: 487. 1793. EnicostenrT^a littorale auct. non

Blutne 1826. FPB 2: 225; FPM 2: 875. GENTIANACEAE

 86

Herbs, erect, up to 20 cm tall, branched from the base. Leaves linear

or linear oblong, apex obtuse or acute. Flowers white, in dense axillary clusters.

Capsules ellipsoid.

FI. & Fr.: August-October. Common; in dry localities. TRS 83127, 83166.

Loc. name: Putha (Gonds).

Uses: Roots applied on infected teeth and munched for tooth ache

and infection by Gonds.

150. Eriolaena hookeriana Wight & Arn. Prodr. 70. 1834; FPB 1: 139; FPM

1: 110. STERCULIACEAE

Trees, up to 7 m tall. Leaves orbicular, rounded-ovate, crenulate, base

cordate, apex abruptly acuminate. Flowers yellow, in axillary cymes. Capsules

ovoid, woody.

FI. & Fr.: July-September. Common; in hilly areas ofdry deciduous

forests. TRS 83150.

Loc. name: Bontha thada (Kolams).

Uses: Stem bark pounded with pepper (Piper nigrum) and the extract

orally administered for nervous disorders by Kolams - 50 ml, twice a day

for 3 days.

151. Erythrina suberosa Roxb. FI. Ind. 3: 253. 1832; FPB 1: 392; FPM 1: 354.
PAPILIONACEAE

Trees, up to 8 m tall, armed; bark thick, grey. Leaves trifoliolate;

terminal leaflets rhomboid-ovate, laterals obliquely and broadly ovate. Flowers

scarlet, in dense axillary or terminal racemes. Pods torulose.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Common; in dry forests. TRS 86505.

Loc. name: Panjora (Gonds); Pangora (Kolams).

Uses: Stem bark pounded with water and cooked with 'pesalu' (Vigna

radiata) and 'senagalu' (Cicer arietinum) and consumed for jaundice by Gonds

3 to 5 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days; diet. - to avoid rice, salt and chilli.
 87

152. Erythrina variegata L. Herb. Amboin. 10. 1754. E. indica Lam. Encycl.

2: 391.1786; FPB 1: 390; FPM 1: 353. PAPILIONACEAE

Trees, up to 8 m tall; bark thin, grey. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets

broadly rhomboid-ovate, apex acute or acuminate. Flowers red, in axillary

or terminal peduncled racemes. Pods torulose.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Common; in dry deciduous forests.

Loc. name: Thella mothuka.

Uses: Stem bark ground with pepper (Piper nigrum) and the extract

orally administered for piles by Kolams - 2 to 3 spoonfuls once in the morning

for three days; diet. - to avoid tamarind (Tamarindus indica), garlic (Allium

sativum) and smoking. Stem bark pounded and the filtered extract orally

administered for stomach pain by Kolams - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day.

153. Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 88. 1798; FPM 1: 127.
ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Trees, up to 5 m tall; bark dark brown. Leaves alternate, obovate,

apex obtuse. Flowers solitary, axillary, greenish-white. Drupes red, one-seeded.

FI. & Fr.: July-October. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS 83647.

Loc. name: Devadari, Devadaru.

Uses: Leaf juice orally administered for jaundice by Kolams - 2 to

3 spoonfuls twice a day till cure. Fruits edible.

154. Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C.E. Hubbard in Hook. Ic. PI. sub. tab. 3262.

1935. Andropogon binatus Retz. Obs. Bot. 5: 21. 1789. Potlinidium binatum

(Retz.) C.E. Hubbard in Kew Bull. 1932: 72. 1932; FPM 3: 1717. POACEAE

Herbs, up to 1 m tall, perennial; culms tufted. Leaves wiry, convolute.

Spikes compound, forming filiform panicles; spikelets 2-nate, pedicelled; lemmas

hyaline.

FI. & Fr.: March. Common; in the hilly areas. TRS 79582.
 88

Lex:, name: Maga Nulaka gaddi; Kobiri gaddi (Kolams).

Uses: Grass used for cordage and also sold in market.

155. Euphorbia fusiformis Buch.-Ham. in D. Don, Prodr. FI. Nep. 62, 1825.

E. acaulis Roxb. FI. Ind. 2: 472. 1832; FPB 3: 57; FPM 2: 1276.
EUPHORBiACEAE

Herbs, up to 20 cm tall, glabrous; stems subterranean. Leaves radical,

glabrous, obovate or oblanceolate, base cuneate, apex obtuse or subacute.

Flowers greenish, in long peduncled cymes. Capsules glabrous.

FI. & Fr.: April-June. Less common; in hilly areas of dry deciduous

forests. PVS 84003.

Loc. name: Pala Gadda (Koyas).

Uses: Extract of tuber mixed with the latex of plant applied on breasts

for desolidifying and for increased lactation, by Koyas.

156. Euphorbia hirta L. Sp. PI. 454. 1753; FPM 2: 1275. EUPHORBIACEAE

Herbs, ascending, laticiferous, hispid. Leaves obliquely lanceolate or

obovate-lanceolate, serrulate or dentate, apex acute. Flowers greenish, in

axillary cymes. Capsules appressedly hairy.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Common; in barren lands of dry localities.

TRS 86518.

Loc. name: Pala dumki (Gonds).

Uses: Whole herb pounded and cooked with copra (Cocos nucifera) and

the seeds of poppy (Papaver somniferum), consumed to increase lactation,

by Gonds - 3 to 5 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days.

157. Euphorbia nivuiia Buch.-Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14: 286. 1825;

FPM 2: 1277. EUPHORBIACEAE

Trees, up to 4 m tall, with stipular spines and milky latex. Leaves

oblanceolate, base narrowed, apex obtuse. Flowers pale yellow, in subterminal

cymes. Capsules 4-angled.

 89

FI. & Fr.: March-June. Common; in dry forests. TRS 79580; 85188.

Loc. name: Konda Palundi; Jambada, Thed Palandi (Kolams).

Uses: Roots pounded and the juice mixed with water and orally administ­

ered for snake bite by Gonds - 3 to 5 spoonfuls immediately after the bite

and if giddiness persists again a dose given after sometime. Latex diluted

and smeared on throat for mumps daily before going to bed for 3 days, by

Kolams.

158. Euphorbia perbracteata Gage in Kew Bull. 1914: 238. 1914; Haines, Bot.

Bihar & Orissa 1: 150. 1925 & Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 8: 10. 1954.
EUPHORBIACEAE

Herbs, erect, up to 60 cm tall; stems terete. Leaves alternate, linear,

base slightly obtuse, entire. Cyathia terminal, solitary or in pairs, yellowish.

Capsules trilobed, glabrous.

FI. & Fr.: February-April. Occasional; in fallow lands and waste places.

TRS 79561, 83199.

Loc. name: Vathani (Gonds & Kolams).

Uses: Whole herb pounded and mixed in ponds or streams as fish poison,

by Kolams.

159. Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1: 392. 1762; FPB 2: 297; FPM

2: 923. Convolvulus alsinoides L. Sp. PI. 157. 1753. CONVOLVULACEAE

Herbs, prostrate. Leaves elliptic-oblong, clothed with silky hairs, base

acute, apex obtuse, apiculate. Flowers solitary, long pedicel led, pale blue.

Capsules globose, 3-valved.

FI. & Fr.: June-September. Common; in open dry areas. TRS 85229.

Loc. name: Vusthikantha, Yisthikantha.

Uses: Whole herb ground with seeds of cumin (Cuminum ciminum) and

the extract orally administered for flu and malaria by Lambadis - 3 to 5 spoon­

fuls daily in the morning for 3 days.

 90

160. Ficus amplissima J.E. Smith in Rees, Cyclop. 14: n. 1. 1810. F. tsiela

Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 15: 149. 1826; FPB 3: 150;

FPM 3: 1362. MORACEAE

Trees, up to 15 m tall, without aerial roots; bark smooth, greenish-grey.

0

Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, base narrowed, apex acute. Syconia sessile,

axillary, in pairs, smooth, purple.

FI. & Fr.: December-April, Occasional; in dry areas. TRS 85150.

Loc. name: Pedha Juvvi; Jivvu (Kolams).

Uses: Fruits edible.

161. Ficus arnottiana (Miq.) Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavum 3: 287.

1867; FPB 3: 149; FPM 3: 1363. Urostigma arnottiana Miq. in London J. Bot.

6: 564. 1847. MORACEAE

Trees, up to 10 m tall, glabrous, without aerial roots; bark smooth,

pale. Leaves subcoriaceous, broadly ovate, base rounded, apex acuminate.

Syconia sessile or shortly peduncled, in pairs, purple with greenish dots.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Occasional; near tribal hamlets and in open

areas. TRS 86587.

Loc. name: Kondaravi; Juvvi (Kolams).

Uses: Stem bark along with asafoetida (Ferula asafoetida), seeds of

Foeniculum vulgare and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) ground and orally adminis­

tered for leucorrhoea by Koyas - 3 to. 5 spoonfuls daily in the morning for

3 days. Fruits edible. Leaves used as a cattle feed for increased milking.

162. Ficus benghalensis L. Sp. PI. 1059. 1753; FPB 3: 145; FPM 3: 1361.
MORACEAE

Trees, up to 20 m tall, with aerial roots; bark greyish-white. Leaves

coriaceous, ovate or orbicular-ovate, base rounded or subcordate, apex obtuse.

Syconia in axillary pairs, globose, crimson red.

 91

F!. & Fr.: December-May. Common; in most of the localities. TRS

85265.

Loc. name: Marri.

Uses: Latex diluted and applied to a wet cloth and put on forehead

of children suffering from fever, by Lambadis. Aerial roots pounded and mixed

with coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil used as a hair-tonic. Leaf twigs and aerial

roots used for religious ceremonies.

163. Ficus hispida L.f. Suppl. PI. 442. 1781; FPB 3: 154; FPM 3: 1367.
MORACEAE

Trees, up to 8 m tall, without aerial roots; bark rough, grey. Leaves

elliptic-ovate, oblong or subobovate, hispid, base rounded or subcuneate, apex

acuminate or cuspidate. Syconia on short branches, yellow when ripe.

FI. & Fr.: January-April. Common; in shady areas of deciduous forests.

TRS 85176, 86559.

Loc. name: Kukka medi (Kolams).

Uses: Fruits edible.

164. Ficus racemosa L. Sp. PI. 1060. 1753. F. glomerata Roxb. PI. Cor. t.

123. 1799; FPB 3: 154; FPM 3: 1364. MORACEAE

Trees, up to 15 m tall; bark grey to reddish-brown. Leaves elliptic-

lanceolate, ovate or obovate-oblong, base narrowed, obtuse, apex acute. Syconia

on short leafless warted branches, globose, orange-red. Photo 33.

FI. & Fr.: January-May. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

79554, 85200.

Loc. name: Medi.

Uses: Leaf extract mixed with urine of a black goat administered orally

for jaundice by Koyas - 2 to 3 spoonfuls daily in the morning for 3 days,

and the same slightly smeared over face. Latex applied for mumps by Koyas
 92

and Lambadis. Diluted latex used for curing ophthalmic infection by Kolams.

Fruits edible; also used for brewing arrack by Koyas. Tender fruits used as

vegetable. Leaf twigs used for religious ceremonies.

165. Ficus religiosa L. Sp. PI.1059. 1753; FPB 3: 149; FPM 3: 1363. MORACEAE

Trees, up to 20 m tall; bark smooth, grey. Leaves ovate-rotund, base

rounded, apex caudate. Syconia in axillary pairs, globose, pink.

FI. & Fr.: January-April. Common; in dry deciduous forests.

Loc. name: Raavi, Raayi.

Uses: Twigs used in festivals and religious ceremonies, trees grown

in Gond and Kolam temples.

166. Ficus virens Ait. var. lambertiana (Miq.) Raizada in Indian Forester 94:

443. 1968. Urostigma lambertiana Miq. in London J. Bot. 6: 565. 1847. Ficus

infectoria Roxb. var. lambertiana (Miq.) King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta)

1: 63. t. 76. 1887; FPB 3: 151; FPM 3: 1363. MORACEAE

Trees, up to 10 m tall, without aerial roots; bark greenish grey. Leaves

ovate or ovate-oblong, base broadly rounded, apex abruptly acuminate. Syconia

in axillary pairs, globose, pale green.

FI. & Fr.: December-Mareh. Common; in open areas of deciduous

forests. PVS 84025.

Loc. name: Banda Juvvi.

Uses: Stem bark pounded with pepper (Piper nigrum) and the extract

orally administered for leucorrhoea by Koyas - 2 to 3 spoonfuls daily in the

morning for 3 days. Stem bark ground into a fine paste mixed with clove

(Syzygium aromaticum) and cane sugar (Saccharum officinarum) orally administer­

ed for menstrual disorders - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for 5 days by Koyas.

167. Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amb. 377. 1917.

Gmelina indica Burm.f. FI. Ind. 132. t. 39. f. 5. 1768. Flacourtia ramontchi
 93

L'Herit. Strip. Nov. 3: 59. tt. 30 30 B. 1786; FPB 1: 59; FPM 1: 54.
FLACOU RT1ACEAE

Trees, up to 4 m tall, armed. Leaves glabrous, oblong, orbicular to

obovate, crenate or serrate, base attenuate, apex acute. Flowers cream-yellow,

in pubescent racemes. Drupes globose, purple.

FI. & Fr.: January-May. Common; in dry areas. TRS 83193, 85141,

85207.

Loc. name: Kandringa (Koyas).

Uses: Fruits edible.

168. Flemingia nana Roxb. FI. Ind. 3: 339. 1832; FPB 1: 417; Ravisankar &

Rama Rao in Journ. Econ. Tax. Bot. 12(2): 387. 1988. PAPILIONACEAE

Herbs, woody, up to 40 cm tall. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets obovate-

rhomboid, obliquely oblong, puberulous on both sides, base cuneate, apex acute.

Flowers pinkish green, in axillary racemes. Pods oblong, beaked, with reddish

orange glands.

FI.: November-December; Fr.: December-February. Rare; in shady

areas as an undergrowth in moist deciduous forests, restricted to Adilabad

district. TRS 85124.

Loc. name: Theephatiyal (Gonds).

Uses: Roots pounded and the extract orally administered by Gonds

for increasing potency and vigour in males.

169. Flemingia strobilifera (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2.4: 350. 1812;

FPB 1: 416; FPM 1: 377. Hedysarum strobiliferum L. Sp. PI. 746. 1753.
PAPILIONACEAE

Shrubs, erect, up to 1 m tall. Leaves 1-foliolate; leaflets lanceolate,

glabrous, base rounded, apex acute. Flowers white, in axillary and terminal

simple or branched racemes; bracts membranous. Pods oblong, turgid.

 94

FI. & Fr.: February-April. Common; along streamlets in deciduous forests.

TRS 86519.

Loc. name: Dauri Naseer (Gonds).

Uses: Roots chewed and the juice gulped for instant relief from stomach

pain.

170. Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. Suppl. PI. Succ. 73. 1819. Agave foetida L.

Sp. PI. 323. 1753. Furcraea gigantea Vent, in Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris

1: 65. 1793; FPM 3: 1505. AGAVACEAE

Shrubs, woody. Leaves lanceolate, fleshy, margins and tip spinescent.

Scapes up to 4 m tall, woody; flowers fragrant, white.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; along hedges and in open

forests.

Loc. name: Kittali.

Uses: Leaf fibre used for making cordage and nets.

171. Gardenia gummifera L.f. Suppl. PI. 164. 1781; FPB 2: 31; FPM 2: 618.
RUBIACEAE

Trees, up to 4 m tall; bark greyish-brown. Leaves elliptic-oblong or

obovate-oblong, obtuse. Flowers solitary, terminal or axillary, fragrant, white.

Berries ellipsoid or oblongoid.

FI. & Fr.: February-September. Common; in hilly areas of dry deciduous

forests. TRS 83105, 85209.

Loc. name: Chitamoti (Kolams).

Uses: Fruits edible.

172. Gardenia latifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 1.1: 294. 1789; FPB 2: 30; FPM

2: 619. RUBIACEAE

Trees, up to 5 m tall; bark greenish grey. Leaves opposite, broadly

elliptic or obovate, base attenuate. Flowers solitary, axillary, fragrant, white,

 95

turning yellow. Berries globose or ellipsoid, with persistent calyx.

FI. & Fr.: April-September. Common; in dry hilly areas. TRS 79556,

83691, 85170.

Loc. name: Karinga; Padiya (Gonds); Gaggera (Kolams).

Uses: Stem bark pounded with sugar candy (Saccharum officinarum)

and the extract mixed with water, orally administered for diarrhoea and dysentery

by Gonds and Kolams - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days. Fruits edible.

Leaves used for making baskets for storing grains to be sown in next season.

173. Gardenia resinifera Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 150. 1821. G. lucida Roxb. FI.

Ind. 2: 553. 1824; FPB 2: 30; FPM 2: 618. RUBIACEAE

Trees, up to 4 m tall; bark in flakes, greenish-grey. Leaves elliptic,

elliptic-oblong, base narrowed, apex subacute. Flowers solitary, axillary, fra­

grant, white, turning yellow. Berries ellipsoid or globose.

FI. & Fr.: February-September. Common; in deciduous forests. TRS

83178, 83675.

Loc. name: Kaaringa, Kaaringi.

Uses: Tender leaves and resin boiled in gingelly (Sesamum indicum)

oil and smeared over blisters and other skin infections by Gonds. Fruits edible.

Wood used for house building.

174. Garuga pinnata Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 208. 1819; FPB 1: 211; FPM 1: 169.
BURSERACEAE

Trees, up to 15 m tall; bark furrowed, outer layers peeling off in flakes.

Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets opposite, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, crenate,

base oblique, apex acuminate. Flowers cream-yellow, in axillary panicles.

Drupes fleshy, black.

FI. & Fr.: February-July. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS 83184.

Loc. name: Garuga, Garugu.

 96

Uses: Stem bark pounded and the filtered extract applied for ophthalmic

infections by Lambadis - 2 to 3 drops put into eyes daily before going to

bed till cure. Fruits edible; also used for pickle making.

175. Glinus lotoides L. Sp. PI. 463. 1753. Mollugo lotoides (L.) Kuntze, Rev.

Gen. PI. 214. 1891; FPM 1: 552. MOLLUGINACEAE

Herbs, prostrate, with stellate hairs. Leaves orbicular to obovate, spathu-

late. Flowers greenish, in axillary fascicles. Capsules oblong, globose.

FI. & Fr.: July-September. Common; in dry areas. TRS 85274, 86516.

Loc. name: Neera velum (Gonds).

Uses: Plant ash mixed with coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil applied for

boils and blisters by Gonds.

176. Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn.) Juss. Euphorb. Gen. Tent. 107. 1824; FPM

2: 1306. Bridelia zeylanica Gaertn. Fruct. 2: 128. t. 109. 1790.

EUPHORBIACEAE

Trees, up to 5 m tall. Leaves simple, glabrous, ovate-lanceolate or

oblong, base rounded or cordate, apex acute. Flowers yellowish-green, in axillary

clusters. Capsules globose, grooved.

FI. & Fr.: December-April, Common; along streamlets in deciduous

forests. TRS 85179.

Loc. name: Vete (Koyas).

Uses: Stem bark crushed and mixed in water for stupefying fish by

Koyas.

177. Gloriosa superba L. Sp. PI. 305. 1753; FPB 3: 274; FPM 3: 1519. LILIACEAE

Climbers; herbaceous. Leaves linear to ovate-lanceolate, apex acuminate,

ending in a tendril. Flowers solitary, axillary, red below, scarlet above. Capsu­

les linear-oblong.
 97

FI. & Fr.: June-September. Common; along hill slopes and plains of

deciduous forests. TRS 83655.

Loc. name: Kandla pootha (Koyas); Laday (Lambadis).

Uses: Tubers ground and the extract orally administered for abortion

by Lambadis - 1 to 2 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days.Leaves smoked and

inhaled for joint pains.

178. Gmelina arborea Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 246. 1815; FPB 2: 504; FPM 2: 1097.
VERBENACEAE

Trees, up to 8 m tall; bark greyish-yellow. Leaves deltoid-ovate, fulvous

tomentose beneath, base cordate, apex acuminate. Flowers brownish-yellow,

in lax peduncled cymes. Drupes fleshy, ovoid, orange-yellow.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Common; in dry areas of deciduous forests.

TRS 79589, 86534.

Loc. name: Gummudu; kumera, Kumri (Kolams).

Uses: Stem bark pounded, boiled, and the paste applied for whitlow

by Kolams. Wood used for making bullock cart and musical instruments by

Kolams and Gonds.

179. Gnaphalium polycaulon Pers. Syn. 2: 421. 1807. G. indicum auct. non

L. 1753; FPB 2: 87; FPM 2: 698. ASTERACEAE

Herbs; woolly. Leaves Iinear-obovate or spathulate, obtuse, apiculate.

Flowers yellowish-green, in dense terminal or subterminal heads. Achenes

oblong, slightly papillose.

FI. & Fr.: February-April. Common; in shady places of dry deciduous

forests. TRS 86517.

Loc. name: Dhudhi (Gonds).

Uses: Roots chewed and the juice swallowed for cooling effect by Gonds.

Dried inflorescence used as cotton, and with spark stone used for lighting

cigars and making fire,by Gonds.

 98

180. Gossypium hirsutum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 975. 1763; FPM 1; 102. G, herbaceum

L. var. hirsutum (L.) Mast, in Hook.f. FI. Brit. India 1: 347. 1874; FPB 1: 124.
MALVACEAE

Undershrubs, erect. Leaves simple, suborbicular, 3-5-lobed; lobes triangu­

lar. Flowers solitary or in clusters, yellow. Capsules ovoid, acute; seeds

black.

FI. & Fr.: August-December. Common; cultivated around tribal hamlets.

Loc. name: Pathi.

Uses: Cotton collected from the fruits; seeds sold in market.

181. Grewia abut!lifolia Juss. in Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 4: 92. 1804; FPB

1: 152. G. aspera Roxb. FI. Ind. 2. 591. 1832; FPM 1: 119. TILIACEAE

Shrubs, straggling; young branches steilately hairy. Leaves 3-ribbed,

irregularly lobed, roundish-ovate, base subcordate, apex acute to acuminate.

Flowers pale yellow, in umbellate cymes. Drupes 4-lobed, fleshy.

FI. & Fr.: July-September. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

83165.

Loc. name: Jibulka.

Uses: Roots pounded, mixed with curd, and fermented for 3 to 4 hrs

orally administered for dysentery - 50 ml twice in a day, by Gonds. Fruits

edible.

182. Grewia hirsuta Vahl, Symb. Bot. 1: 34. 1790; FPB 1: 153; FPM 1: 119.
TILIACEAE

Undershrubs, up to 2 m tall. Leaves 3-ribbed, linear-oblong or ovate-

lanceolate, serrate, base slightly oblique, apex acute. Flowers white, in axillary

umbellate cymes. Drupes 4-lobed, fleshy.

FI. & Fr.: April-September. Common; in hilly areas. TRS 83116, 83649,

85226.
 99

Loc. name: Neyi Ghageda (Gonds); Jibulka (Kolams); Sarabula dhamana

(Lambadis).

Uses: Roots pounded and the concentrated filtrate orally administered

for dysentery by Gonds - 2 to 3 spoonfuls 3 times for one day. Root paste

applied for abscess, boils and blisters by Gonds and Kolams. Fruits edible.

183. Grewia rothii DC. Prodr. 1: 509. 1857. FPM 1: 118. TILIACEAE

Shrubs, up to 2m tall. Leaves 3-ribbed, ovate-lanceolate, finely appressed-

tomentose beneath, serrulate, apex acuminate. Flowers yellow, in axillary

cymes. Drupes pisiform, white tomentose.

FI. & Fr.: August-October. Common; in deciduous forests. TRS 83143,

83654.

Loc. name: Siknam (Kolams); Kaladhamana (Lambadis).

Uses: Fruits edible. Bark fibre for cordage.

184. Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl, Symb. Bot. 1: 35. 1790; FPB 1: 150; FPM 1: 118.
TILIACEAE

Trees, up to 7 m tall; bark pale brown. Leaves 5-ribbed, ovate or orbi­

cular, crenate-dentate, base slightly ob.lique, apex acuminate to lobate. Flowers

yellow, in axillary cymes. Drupes 2-lobed, globose, glabrous when matured,

black.

FI. & Fr.: April-July. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS 83101.

Loc. name: Thada (Kolams).

Uses: Stem bark pounded and the filtered extract administered internally

for dysentery by Kolams and Gonds - 2 to 3 spoonfuls 3 times for one day.

Fruits edible. Wood used for making agricultural implements.

185. Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass, in F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. 59: 237 &

248. 1829; FPB 2: 125; FPM 2: 708. Polymnia abyssinica L.f. Suppl. PI. 383.

1781. ASTERACEAE
 100

Herbs, erect, up to 1 m tall. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, serrate,

base semi-ampiexicaul, Heads axillary, terminal, yellow. Achenes oblong-

obovate, striate, black.

FI. & Fr.: November-December. Common; cultivated around tribal

hamlets.

Loc. name: Apiselu, Rabbi (Gonds); Jivvusu (Kolams).

Uses: Seed oil used for culinary purpose by Gonds and Kolams. Seeds

sold in market.

186. Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br. ex Schultes in Roem. & Schultes,

Syst. 6: 57. 1820; FPB 2: 224; FPM 2: 839. Periploca sylvestris Retz. Obs.

Bot. 2: 15. 1781. ASCLEPIADACEAE

Climbers. Leaves ovate, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, pubescent beneath,

base cuneate to rounded, apex acute. Flowers cream-yellow, in axillary corym­

bose cymes. Follicles attenuated into a beak, glabrous.

FI. & Fr.: August-December. Occasional; along streamlets and shaded

localities of deciduous forests. TRS 83171, 85222.

Loc. name: Kobera theega, Mirasadhode (Gonds).

Uses: Leaf twigs ground and the filtered extract orally administered

for malarial fever by Gonds - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days.

Roots pounded mixed with water and orally administered as an antifertility

by Gonds - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day, for 3 days after menstrual cycle.

187. Habenaria roxburghii Nicolson in Saldanha & Nicolson, FI. Hassan Dist.

834. 1976. Orchis roxburghii Pers. Syn. 2: 503. 1807, nom. i I leg. (incl. O.

plantagineaRoxb.). Habenaria platyphylla Spreng. Syst. Veg. 690. 1826, nom.

i I leg. (incl. Orchis plantaginea Roxb.); FPB 2: 222; FPM 3: 1470. ORCHIDACEAE

Herbs, erect, up to 40 cm tall. Leaves appressed to the ground, fleshy,

broadly elliptic or orbicular, apex rounded or acute. Flowers white, fragrant,

in densely clustered short spikes. Capsules ribbed.

 101

FI. & Fr.: August-October. Common; in moist and shaded localities

as an undergrowth in deciduous forests. TRS 83648.

Loc. name: Reni Halag (Lambadis).

Uses: Tuber juice mixed with sugar candy (Saccharum officinarum)

taken for cooling effect by Lambadis.

188. Haldinia cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale in Blumea 24: 361. 1978. Nauclea

cordifolia Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 53. 1796. Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) Hook.f. ex

Brandis, For. FJ. 263. t. 33. 1874; FPB 2: 7; FPM 2: 584. RUBIACEAE

Trees, up to 7 m tall; bark furrowed, brownish-grey. Leaves orbicular-

cordate, pubescent beneath, apex abruptly acuminate. Flowers yellow, in

axillary globose heads.

FI. & Fr.: December-April. Occasional; in open areas of deciduous

forests. TRS 86570.

Loc. name: Bandari, Bandaru (Koyas).

Uses: Wood used for making agricultural implements, house building

and household articles.

189. Hardwickia binata Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 209. 1811; FPB 1: 456; FPM 1: 412.
CAESALPINIACEAE

Trees, up to 15 m tall; bark rough, dark-grey. Leaves paripinnate;

leaflets subsessile, glabrous, deeply lobed, apex obtuse. Flowers yellow, in

axillary and terminal panicles. Pods strap-shaped, glabrous.

FI. & Fr.: December-April. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

86579.

Loc. name: Naara yepa (Koyas).

Uses: Stem bark extract orally administered for mental disorders by

Lambadis - 3 to 5 spoonfuls once in the morning for 3 days. Fibre used

for rope making. Wood used for.bbn ■ a by Koyas and Lambadis.

 102

190. Helianthus annus L. Sp. PI. 904. 1753; Rani & Matthew in Matthew FI.

Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 80. 1983. ASTERACEAE

Herbs, erect, up to 2 m tall, villous. Leaves ovate, base sheathing,

distantly dentate. Heads solitary, terminal, yellow. Achenes oblong-obovate,

slightly compressed, black.

FI. & Fr.: April-September. Common; cultivated around tribal areas.

Loc. name: Poddu thirugudu Puvvu, Surikanthi.

Uses: Seed oil used for culinary purpose by Gonds and Kolams. Seeds

sold in market.

191. Helicteres isora L. Sp. PI. 963. 1753; FPB 1: 136; FPM 1: 107.
STERCULIACEAE

Shrubs, up to 3 m tall. Leaves bifarious, oblong, obovate or roundish,

crenate-serrate, base cordate. Flowers red, in axillary clusters. Follicles

spirally twisted, stellate pubescent.

FI. & Fr.: July-September. Common; in moist shady areas and in

open areas of deciduous forests. TRS 83139, 83678, 85169.

Loc. name: Aatumut (Gonds), Thirumati, Thurumatimakula (Kolams);

Mollaphali (Lambadis).

Uses: Stem bark and roots pounded, the extract orally administered

to girls, just obtained puberty for increasing fertility by Kolams and Gonds

- 2to 3 spoonfuls twice a day for 3 days from the day of attaining puberty.

Stembark juice orally administered for easy delivery and to ease labour pains

- 2 to 3 spoonfuls, 3 times with a gap of one hour. Stem bark and seeds

pounded, mixed with water and orally administered for diarrhoea by Lambadis

- 2 to 3 spoonfuls for 3 to 4 times. Fruit paste, diluted and orally administ­

ered for diarrhoea of children below 5 years - 1 spoonful once in the morning

and evening. Leaf twigs smoked as mosquito repellent. Fibre used for cordage.
 103

192. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. pubescens (Wight & Arn.) Hook.f.

FI. Brit. India 4:5. 1883; FPM 2: 825. H. pubescens Wight & Arn. in Wight,

Contrib. 63: 1834. PERIPLOCACEAE

Climbing shrubs, pubescent, twining. Leaves elliptic or orbicular, base

acuminate, apex acute-apiculate. Flowers greenish-purple, in axillary clustered

racemes. Follicles in pairs; seeds with silky coma.

FI. & Fr.: November-January. Common; in shady areas of deciduous

forests. TRS 85142.

Loc. name: Sugandhi pala, Pala sugandhi.

Uses: Roots eaten raw for increased potentiality and health by Gonds,

Kolams and Koyas. Root decoction consumed like a non-alcoholic beverage

(Tea).

193. Heterophragma roxburghii DC. Prodr. 9: 210. 1845; FPB 2: 404; FPM

2: 997. BIGNONIACEAE

Trees, up to 20 m tall; bark dark-brown.Leaves pinnate; leaflets

elliptic-oblong, serrulate, base unequal, apex obtuse. Flowers pale pink, fra­

grant, in terminal panicles. Capsules narrowly oblong. Photo 34.

FI. & Fr,: January-April. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS 83200.

Loc. name: Bondugu (Koyas).

Uses: Leaf paste applied for foot-sores by Koyas.

194. Hibiscus cannabinus L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1149. 1759; FPB 1: 116; FPM

1: 99. MALVACEAE

Herbs, prickly, up to1.5 m tall. Leaves simple, palmately 3-5-lobed,

lobes narrow, lanceolate, roundish-ovate, serrate. Flowers solitary, yellow

with purple centre. Capsules ovoid, beaked, hairy.

FI. & Fr.: November-March. Common; cultivated around tribal hamlets.

Loc. name: Janumu.

 104

Uses: Tender fruits and flower buds ground and the diluted paste orally

taken for abortion by Koyas - 3 to 5 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days.

Tender leaves used as vegetable. Fibre from stem bark used for cordage.

195. Hibiscus ovalifolius (Forsk.) Vahl, Symb. Bot. 1: 50. 1790. Urena ovalifolia

Forsk. FI. Aeg.-Arab. 124. 1775. Hibiscus micranthus L.f. Suppl.PI.308. 1781;

FPB 1: 113; FPM 1: 97. MALVACEAE

Undershrubs; branchesterete. Leaves ovate or rhomboid, serrate.

Flowers solitary, axillary, white. Capsules globose, 5-valved.

FI. & Fr.: August-November. Common; in open areas of foot hills.

TRS 83161.

Loc. name: Adavi Benda.

Uses: Tender fruits and seeds edible.

196. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Sp. PI. 695. 1753; FPB 1: 117; FPM 1: 99.
MALVACEAE

Herbs, erect, up to 1 m tall; stems reddish-purple. Leaves 3-lobed;

lobes oblong-ovate, serrate, base obtuse. Flowers solitary, axillary, red.

Capsules ovoid, hirsute; seeds reniform, brownish black.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; cultivated around tribal

hamlets.

Loc. name: Gogu.

Uses: Leaves used for preparing 'chutney'. Stem fibre used for making

ropes.

197. Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roxb. ex Fleming) Wall. Cat. 45. n. 1672.

1828; FPB 2: 195; FPM 2: 811. Echites antidysenterica Roxb. ex Fleming

in Asiat. Res. 2: 166. 1810. APOCYNACEAE

Trees, up to 6 m tall; bark rough, brown. Leaves broadly ovate to

ovate-oblong, elliptic, obtuse or obtusely acuminate. Flowers white, in terminal

 105

corymbose cymes. Follicles cylindrical, dotted with white spots. Photo 35.

FI. & Fr.: March-July. Common; in deciduous forests. TRS 79572,

85178, 85216.

Loc. name: Samakka (Gonds), Ithari Pala (Koyas).

Uses: Roots ground into paste and orally administered for malarial

fever by Gonds - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days. Stem bark pounded

and filtered extract orallyadministered for menstrual disorders by Koyas

- 2 to 3 spoonfuls twice a day for 3 days. Latex diluted and orally administ­

ered for peptic ulcer - 2 to 3 spoonfuls daily in the morning for 7 days;

and also applied on cuts and wounds by Gonds, Kolams and Koyas. Leaves

stitched together and used as meal plates. Bark powder applied for blisters

and wounds of cattle, by Koyas.

198. Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch, in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 3.

10: 259. 1848; FPB 3: 127; FPM 3: 1348. Ulmus integrifolius Roxb. PI. Cor.

t. 78. 1798. ULMACEAE

Trees, up to 20 m tall; bark whitish-grey. Leaves elliptic or ovate,

glabrous, base rounded or cordate, apex acuminate. Flowers green, in axillary

racemes or fascicles. Samara orbicular.

FI. & Fr.: November-April. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

83102, 86584.

Loc. name: Nemuli (Gonds).

Uses: Root bark crushed with the roots of Plumbago zeylanica and

the extract orally administered by Koyas for abortion - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice

a day for 5 days. Stem bark powdered, mixed with water and oraliy administe­

red for peptic ulcer by Gonds and Kolams - 3 to 4 spoonfuls thrice a day

for 7 days. Leaves ground into paste applied for leucoderma, by Gonds,

Leaf paste applied on boils and blisters and the leaf tied on it till cure.

Leaves warmed and tied over abscesses and tumors by Gonds and Kolams.

Tender seeds edible. Wood used for making agricultural implements.

 106

199. Homonoia retusa (Graham ex Wight) Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 34: 200.

1865; FPB 3: 119; FPM 2: 1333. Adelia retusa Graham ex Wight, ic. t. 1869.

1852. EUPHORBIACEAE

Shrubs, up to 2 m tall, dioecious. Leaves obovate or cuneate-obovate,

or oblanceolate, spathulate, acute at both ends. Flowers in axillary or lateral

spikes, purple. Capsules globose, hoary.

FI. & Fr.: December-April. Common; along river beds in deciduous

forests. TRS 85212.

Loc. name: Jeena (Koyas).

Uses: Roots ground into a fine paste,diluted and orally administered

for piles by Koyas - 2 to 3 spoonfuls twice a day till cure. Leaf paste applied

on head to remove dandruff, by Koyas.

200. Homonoia riparia Lour. FI. Cochinch. 2: 637. 1790;FPB 3: 118; FPM

3: 1333. EUPHORBIACEAE

Shrubs, up to 2 m tall, dioecious; bark brown. Leaves linear-oblong

or linear-lanceolate, base acute or rounded, apex acute and apiculate. Flowers

in axillary or bracteate spikes, purplish. Capsules globose, tomentose.

FI. & Fr.: December-April. Common; along river beds in deciduous

forests. TRS 76566.

Loc. name: Seedi (Gonds).

Uses: Leaves smoked and steam inhaled and leaves boiled in water

used for bathing to cure nervous weakness, by Gonds.

201. Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.v. Muell. Fragm. Phyt. Austr. 10: 81.

1876. Viola enneasperma L. Sp. PI. 937. 1753. lonidium suffruticosum (L.)

Ginc^ in DC. Prodr. 1: 311. 1824; FPB 1: 55; FPM 1: 49. Viola suffruticosa

L. Sp. PI. 937. 1753. VIOLACEAE

l
 107

Herbs, up to 30 cm tall. Leaves linear or lanceolate, serrate. Flowers

solitary, axillary, pale pink or violet. Capsules subglobose, 3-valved.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; in shady localities of decidu­

ous forests. TRS 83190, 85273.

Loc. name: Rathnapursha; Aakbondi (Gonds); Esthikaantha (Lambadis).

Uses: Roots along with leaves pounded and the filtered extract orally

administered for malarial fever by Lambadis - 4 to 5 spoonfuls thrice a day

for 3 to 5 days.

202. Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabberley in Taxon 31: 66. 1982. Cinchona

orixense Roxb. Bot. Descr. Sweitenia 21. 1793. Hymenodictyon excelsum

(Roxb.) Wall, in Roxb. FI. Ind. 2: 149. 1824; FPB 2: 9; FPM 2: 589. Cinchona

excelsa Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 106. 1799. RUBIACEAE

Trees, up to 8 m tall; bark soft, grey. Leaves broadly ovate, elliptic-

obovate, pubescent on both surfaces, base narrowed, apex abruptly acuminate.

Flowers pale green, fragrant, in axillary or terminal thyrsoid panicles. Capsules

ellipsoid.

FI. & Fr.: July-October. Occasional; in deciduous forests. TRS 83660.

Loc. name: Adavi Ippa, Dhudippa (Koyas).

Uses: Stem bark pounded with water and the filtered extract orally

administered for bone fracture by Koyas - 100 to 150 ml daily in the morning

for 3 days; and the stem bark along with that of Litsea deccanensis (Loc.

name: Nara mamidi) ground into a fine paste and mixed with goat milk exter­

nally applied on fracture and tied with bamboo splinters. Warmed leaves

placed on the forehead for headache/fever/puerperal fever by Lambadis.

203. Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 2: 69. 1811;

FPB 2: 205; FPM 2: 821. Apocynum frutescens L. Sp. PI. 213. 1753.
APOCYNACEAE
 108

Shrubs, climbing, much-branched. Leaves elliptic-oblong, base rounded,

apex acuminate. Flowers greenish-white, in axillary and terminal pedunculate

cymes. Follicles divaicate, cylindrical.

FI. & Fr.: July-September. Common; along the fringes of dry deciduous

forests. TRS 83115.

Loc. name: Gudim pala (Kolams).

Uses: Stem fibre used for cordage.

204. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. var. major (Nees) Hubbard ex Hubbard

& Vaughan, Grass. Maur. 96. 1940. I. koenigii (Retz.)P. Beauv. var. major

Nees, FI. Afr. Austral. 90. 1841. I. cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. var. koenigii

(Retz.) T. Durand & Schinz, Consp. FI. Afric. 5: 694. 1894; FPM 3: 1707.

Saccharum koenigii Retz. Obs. Bot. 5: 16. 1789. POACEAE

Herbs, up to 1.5 m tall; rootstock stoloniferous. Leaves lanceolate

or linear-lanceolate, glabrous; sheaths 5-8 cm long. Spikelets in terminal

panicles, white.

FI. & Fr.: July-November. Common; along hedges and fringes of

forests.

Loc. name: Dharba gaddi.

Uses: Grass used for thatching.

205. Indigofera cassioidesRottl. ex DC. Prodr. 2: 225. 1825. I, pulchella

auct. non Roxb. 1832; FPB 1: 341; FPM 1: 313. PAPILIONACEAE

Shrubs, up to 2 m tall. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets obovate-oblong,

base acute, apex obtuse or emarginate. Flowers pink, in axillary peduncled

racemes. Pods straight, shortly beaked.

FI. & Fr.: January-April. Common; in open areas of dry forests.

TRS 83132, 83706, 85108.

Loc. name: Chinna Bilugu, Thella yempeli (Gonds); Adavi Kandi (Koyas).
 109

Uses: Roots and stem bark pounded and the filtrate orally administered

as an antidote for snake bite by Koyas - 2 to 3 spoonfuls immediately after

the bite. Tender leaves and inflorescence used as vegetable.

206. Indigofera glandulosa Roxb. ex WiI Id. Sp. PI. 3: 1227. 1803; FPB 1: 331;

FPM 1: 309. PAP! LI ON ACE AE

Shrubs, up to 1 m tall. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets oblanceolate, rounded

or slightly retuse, black glandular beneath. Flowers reddish, in axillary sessile

heads. Pods pubescent, slightly winged.

FI. & Fr.: August-October. Common; in dry localities. TRS 83144.

Loc. name: Sidur bapti (Gonds).

Uses: Seeds powdered and used as famine food by Gonds.

207. Indigofera hirsuta L. Sp. PI. 751. 1753; FPB 1: 339;FPM 1: 312.
PAPILIONACEAE

Herbs, up to 35 cm tall. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets elliptic-oblong

or obovate, clothed with appressed hairs. Flowers pink, in dense peduncled

racemes. Pods straight, tetragonous.

FI. & Fr.: August-October. Common; in dry localities. TRS 83172.

Loc. name: Chidur Bapti (Gonds).

Uses: Roots pounded and the extract orally administered for rheumatic

pain by Gonds - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days.

e
208. Indonesiella echioides (L.) Sreemadh. in Phytologia 16: 466. 1968. Justicia

echioides L. Sp. PI. 16. 1753. Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees in Wall. PI.

Asiat. Rar. 3: 117. 1832; FPB 2: 451; FPM 2: 1051. ACANTHACEAE

Herbs, up to 1 m tall, villous. Leaves simple, oblong or elliptic-oblong,

base tapering, apex acute. Flowers white with brown tinge, in axillary racemes.

Capsules linear-oblong, compressed.

 110

FI. & Fr.: August-October. Common; in open areas of dry deciduous

forests. TRS 83163, 83676.

Loc. name: Nelavemu; Bhuilimbu, Bhareta (Lambadis).

Uses: Leaf juice mixed with breast milk and orally administered to

children for stomach pain - 1 to 2 spoonfuls thrice in a day.

209. Ipomoea pestigridis L. Sp. PI. 162. 1753; FPB 2: 320; FPM 2: 918.
CONVOLVULACEAE

Climbers, pubescent. Leaves palmately lobed; lobes ovate, acute-acumi­

nate, hirsute. Flowers white or pale pink, in axillary peduncled heads. Capsu­

les globose, papery; seeds grey-pubescent.

FI. & Fr.: July-September. Common; in dry localities and fallow

lands. TRS 83644.

Loc. name: Lavundi theega (Lambadis).

Uses: Seeds ground into paste, diluted and put into eyes for jaundice

by Lambadis - 2 to 3 drops into each eye till cure.

210. Ixora pavetta Andr. Bot. Repos, t. 78. 1799. I. parviflora Vahl. Symb.

Bot. 3: 11. t. 52. 1794, non Lam. 1791; FPB 2: 39; FPM 2: 631. RUBIACEAE

Trees, up to 5 m tall; bark dark brown. Leaves opposite, coriaceous,

oblong or elliptic, glabrous or shining, base rounded. Flowers white, fragrant,

in terminal branched cymes. Drupes black, globose.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; in dry shaded localities

of deciduous forests. TRS 79560, 83197, 85152, 85248.

Loc. name: Koravi; Dishti (Kolams); Lokondi (Gonds).

Uses: Pounded bark boiled in water gargled for toothache and bleeding

of gums - 200 ml thrice for one day by Gonds. Water boiled with pounded

stem bark used for bathing while suffering from jaundice by Kolams. Fruits

edible.
 111

211. Jatropha curcas L. Sp. PI. 1006. 1753; FPB 3: 95; FPM 2: 1340.
EUPHORBIACEAE

Shrubs, up to 3 m tall; bark smooth, greenish white. Leaves simple,

orbicular-cordate, 3-5-lobed, apex acute. Flowers cream coloured, in terminal

cymes. Capsules subglobose, green; seeds black.

FI. & Fr.: March-July. Common; in open areas near tribal hamlets.

TRS 86530.

Loc. name: Pen Neronda (Gonds); Deyyam Aameda (Kolams).

Uses: Stem bark juice mixed with cane sugar (Saccharum officinarum)

orally administered for jaundice - 3 to 4 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days,

by Gonds.

212. Justicia glauca Rottl. in Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Neue Schriften

4: 219. 1802; FPB 2: 487; FPM 2: 1079. ACANTHACEAE

Herbs, pubescent, up to 30 cm tall. Leaves simple, opposite, ovate

or orbicular, apex obtuse or acute. Flowers pink, in terminal spikes. Capsules

obovoid, glabrous except at tip.

FI. &Fr.: July-September. Common; in open areas and in barren

lands. TRS 85278.

Loc. name: Kulki (Gonds).

Uses: Root juice orally administered for stomach pain and peptic ulcer

by Gonds - 2 to 3 spoonfuls 3 times for one day. Tender leaves used as

vegetable by Gonds and Kolams.

213. Kydia calycina Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 215. 1811; FPB 1: 100; FPM 1: 93.
MALVACEAE

Trees, up to 8 m tall. Leaves palmately lobed, base cordate to obtuse;

lobes ovate-orbicular. Flowers white, in dense panicles. Capsules globose,

woolly.
 112

FI. & Fr.: November-April. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

86532.

Loc. name: Gong (Gonds).

Uses: Water boiled with stem bark used for bathing by the mentally

retarded among the Gonds.

214. Latolab purpureus (L.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 1: 481. 1827; FPB 1: 406.

Doiichos purpureus L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1021. 1753. Dolichos lablab L. Sp. PI.

725. 1753; FPM 1: 367. PAP!LIONACEAE

Climbing shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets broadly ovate, scabrous,

entire, base truncate, apex acuminate. Flowers white or purple, in racemes.

Pods oblong, subfalcate, flattened.

FI. & Fr.: September-December. Common; cultivated around tribal

areas.

Loc. name: Chikkudu.

Uses: Tender fruits and seeds used as vegetable.

215. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley in Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Chicago

Bot. Ser, 1.3: 435. 1930. Cucurbita siceraria Molina, Sagg. Chil. 133: 335.

1782. Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. in Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 3(1): 25. t. 2. 1825;

FPB 1: 581; FPM 1: 543. CUCURBITACEAE

Climbers; branchlets hirsute. Leaves simple, lobed, suborbicular. Flowers

solitary, axillary, white. Pods oblongoid.

FI. & Fr.: November-January. Common; cultivated around tribal hamlets.

Loc. name: Aanapa, Dippa; Purka veli (Gonds).
Uses: Pounded roots mixed with water, orally administered by Gonds,

as an antidote for snake bite - 50 ml as soon as bitten. Tender fruits used

as vegetable. Dried fruit shells used as utensils, as well as for storing toddy;

when insulated with the fibre of Sterculia urens, used as water bottle.
 113

216. Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 66. 1795; FPB 1: 545; FPM

1: 512. LYTHRACEAE

Trees, up to 7 m tail; bark thin, pale brown. Leaves opposite, elliptic-

oblong, greyish, shortly pubescent beneath, entire, base obtuse, apex acute

or acuminate. Flowers white, fragrant, in axillary or terminal panicles.

Capsules ellipsoid, woody. Photo 36.

FI. & Fr.: May-September. Common; in deciduous forests. TRS 83157,

85127, 85128, 85253.

Loc. name: Lendya (Gonds).

Uses: Stem bark juice orally administered for rheumatic pains - 3

to 4 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days, by Gonds. Flowers ground and the

paste applied on forehead for head ache by Gonds. Leaf paste mixed with

jaggery (Saccharum officinarum) and made into pills - 1 cm dia. orally administ­

ered for diarrhoea and dysentery - thrice a day for one day by Gonds and

Kolams. Wood used for house building by all tribes.

217. Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. in J. Arnold Arbor. 19: 353. 1938.

Dialium coromandelicum Houtt. Nat. Hist. ser. 2.2: 39. t. 5.f. 1774. Odina

wodier Roxb. FI. Ind. 2: 293. 1832; FPB 1: 296; FPM 1: 263. ANACARDIACEAE

Trees, up to 8 m tall; bark smooth, ash coloured. Leaves imparipinnate;

leaflets opposite, membranous, ovate-oblong, entire, base acute or rounded,

apex acuminate. Flowers pinkish, in terminal panicled racemes. Drupes com­

pressed, oblique.

FI. & Fr.: March-May. Common; in open areas of dry deciduous forests.

TRS 79557, 85192.

Loc. name: Gumpena, Gumpini; Dukni (Kolams); Dumpidi (Koyas).

Uses: Stem bark pounded and applied for cuts and wounds by Kolams

and Koyas. Stem bark juice mixed with sugar candy (Saccharum officinarum)

orally administered for chest pain - 3 to 5 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days

by Gonds and Koyas.

 114

218. Lawsonia inermis L. Sp. Pt. 349. 1753; FPB 1: 544; FPM 1: 514.
LYTHRACEAE

Shrubs, up to 2 m tall; bark greenish-brown. Leaves elliptic or broadly

lanceolate. Flowers white or rose, fragrant, in terminal panicles. Capsules

globose.

FI. & Fr.: March-July. Common; cultivated and found along fringes

of forests. GVSR 25633.

Loc. name: Gorinta.

Uses: Leaf paste mixed with curd orallyadministered for jaundice

by Koyas - 50 ml thrice a day for 3 days. Leaf paste used for decorating

hands.

219. Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale in Manilal, Bot. Hist. Hort. Malab. 189. 1980.

Phytolacca asiatica L. Sp. PI. 474. 1753. Leea crispa L. Syst. Nat. ed. 12.2:

627. 1767; FPB 1: 276; FPM 1: 240. LEEACEAE

Shrubs, up to 1 m tall; branches and petioles crispate. Leaves 5-7-

foliolate; leaflets oblong, serrate, base truncate or cordate, apex acute or

acuminate. Flowers greenish-white, in leaf-opposed corymbose cymes. Berries

depresed-globose, glabrous.

FI. & Fr.: July-October. Common; in moist areas along streamlets.

TRS 83134, 83669.

Loc. name: Bockania (Lambadis).

Uses: Root paste applied for blisters and wounds by Gonds. Fruits

edible.

220. Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem. Hort. Hafn. 1: 231. 1813; FPB 1:

276; FPM 1: 239. LEEACEAE

Shrubs, up to 2 m tall. Leaves simple, broadly ovate, entire, base

cordate, apex acute or acuminate. Flowers white, in terminal corymbose-

cymes. Berries globose-depressed, black.

 FI. & Fr.: August-October. Rare; in shady areas of moist deciduous

forests. PVS 84041.

Loc. name: Dotto, Keda dhop3h Rotto (Gonds).

Uses: Root juice diluted with water and taken for diarrhoea - 2 to

3 spoonfuls thrice for a day, by Gonds and Kolams. Roots powdered, mixed

with wheat (Triticum vulgare) flour and prepared 'roaties' {pan cakes) - consum­

ed for tonsils - thrice a day for 3 days, by Gonds. Tender leaves eaten

by Gonds.

221. Leonotis nepetiifolia (L.) R. Br. Prodr. 504.1810, "nepetaefolia"; FPB

2: 555; FPM 2: 1155. Phlomis neffiiifolia L. Sp. PI. 586. 1753, '■ nepetaefolia".
LAMIACEAE

Shrubs, erect, up to 2 m tall; stems 4-angled. Leaves opposite, broadly

ovate, fine-pubescent, crenate, base cuneate, apex acute. Flowers orange-

scarlet, in axillary, dense globose whorls. Nutlets oblong-obovoid.

FI. & Fr.: December-April. Occasional; along hedges and in the fringes

of forests. TRS 85121.

Loc. name: Hanumandbeer (Gonds).

Uses: Powdered inflorescence rolled in a leaf of Butea frondosa smoked

by Gonds to get relief from head ache.

222. Limonia acidissima L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 554. 1762. Feronia elephantum

Correa in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 5: 224. 1800; FPB 1:196; FPM 1: 160.
RUTACEAE

Trees, up to 10 m tall, armed. Leaves imparipinnate; petiole and rachis

winged. Flowers pale yellow, in axillary or terminal racemes. Berries globose;

pericarp, thick.

FI. .& Fr.: July-October. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS 86577.

Loc. name: Vela'*'ga, Yelaga.

 116

Uses: Dried stem bark pounded with pepper (Piper nigrum) and mixed

in water given orally for epilepsy, by Gonds. Tender fruitpulp used as hair-

wash by Koyas. Fruit pulp mixed with jaggery (Saccharum officinarum) and

eaten.

223. Linum usitatissimum L. Sp. PI. 277. 1753; FPB 1: 164; FPM 1: 125.
LINACEAE

Herbs, up to 1 m tall. Leaves simple, linear-lanceolate, base attenuate,

apex acute. Flowers pale blue, in corymbose panicles. Capsules mucronate;

seeds dark brown, shining.

FI. & Fr.: January-April. Common; cultivated around tribal hamlets.

Loc. name: Sirisinuvvulu (Gonds).

Uses: Seed oil used for culinary purpose.

224. Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng. Syst. Veg. 2: 275. 1825. Verbena javanica

Burm.f. FI. Ind. 12. t. 6. f. 2. 1768. Lippia geminata H.B.K. Nov. Gen. Sp.

2: 266. 1818; FPM 2: 1088. VERBENACEAE

Shrubs, up to 1 m tall. Leaves simple, ovate, subglobose, rugose, crenu-

late. Flowers pink, in dense spikes.

FI. & Fr.: April-July. Common; along river banks and in and around

tribal areas. TRS 86578.

Loc. name: Kampu mokka (Koyas).

Uses: Leaves used as an insect repellent, by Koyas.
225. Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. Hort. Beng. 70. 1841; FPB 1: 566; FPM 1:

533. CUCURBITACEAE

Climbers. Leaves palmately lobed, base cordate, lobes acute. Male

flowers in racemes, yellow; female flowers axillary, solitary, yellow. Capsules

ridged.

FI. & Fr.: December-February. Common; cultivated around tribal areas.

 117

Loc. name: Beera.

Uses: Tender fruits used as vegetable.

226. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Gard. Die. ed. 8. n. 2. 1768; FPB 2: 345;

FPM 2: 941. SOLANACEAE

Herbs, hirsute, up to 1 m tall. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets alternate,

sinuate-dentate, base unequal, apex acuminate. Flowers yellow, in axillary

cymes. Berries succulent, globose or depressed globose, red when ripe.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; cultivated around tribal

hamlets.

Loc. name: Rama mulaga.

Use: Fruits edible and also used as vegetable.

227. Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verde, in Kew Bull. 24: 322, 401. 1970.

Dolichos uniflorus Lam. Encycl. Meth. Bot. 2: 299. 1786; FPB 1: 407.
PAPILIONACEAE

Climbers; branchlets villous. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets ovate-rhomboid

or elliptic-lanceolate, chartaceous, entire, base obtuse-cuneate, apex acute.

Flowers solitary, axillary or in clusters, yellowish-green. Pods oblong, falcate;

seeds oblong.

FI. & Fr.: December-March. Cultivated around tribal hamlets.

Loc. name: Vulavalu.

Uses: Seeds cooked and eaten.

228. Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) Macbr. var. latifolia (Roxb.) A. Cheval. in

Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agic. Trop. 23: 149. 1943. Bassia latifolia Roxb. PI.

Cor. t. 19. 1795; FPB 2: 152; FPM 2: 763. SAPOTACEAE

Trees, up to 15 m tall; bark deeply cracked, black. Leaves coriaceous,

elliptic or elliptic-oblong, entire, base rounded, apex acuminate, clustered

 118

at the ends of branches. Flowers pale pink, in dense fascicles. Berries fleshy,

ovoid, greenish; seeds brown, shining. Photo 37.

FI. & Fr.: March-July. Common; in open areas of dry deciduous

forests. TRS 85193.

Loc. name: Ippa; Mahua (Gonds).

Uses: Stem bark pounded with pepper (Piper nigrum) and the extract

mixed with water and fruit juice of Ficus religiosa, orally administered - 50

ml by Gonds and Kolams for the easy removal of the placenta after delivery.

A kind of country arrack prepared from corolla. Fresh corolla edible, fried

and stored for off season by all tribes. Seed oil used in culinary and also

as hair tonic.

229. Maliotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 34: 196. 1865, "philippi-

nensis"; FPB 3: 113; FPM 2: 1322. Croton philippensis Lam. Encycl. 2: 206.

1786. EUPHORBIACEAE

Trees, up to 6 m tall; branch lets and young leaves rusty-pubescent.

Leaves simple, alternate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, base rounded or acute,

apex acuminate. Flowers pale yellow, in spikes. Capsules glandular, red;

seeds grey.

FI. &_ Fr.: September-February. Common; in moist deciduous forests.

TRS 83162.

Loc. name: Kukkamedi; Kuhka (Gonds); Kukku (Kolams).

Uses: Stem bark juice orally administered during.' convalescence by Kolams

- 2 to 7 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days. Dye extracted from fruits.

230. Mangifera indica L. Sp. PI. 200. 1753; FPB 1: 291; FPM 1: 259.
ANACARDIACEAE

Trees, up to 20 m tall; bark rough, dark grey. Leaves alternate, oblong-

lanceolate, coriaceous, apex acute to acuminate, shining. Flowers cream-

 119

coloured, in dense terminal panicles. Drupes fleshy, obliquely pyriform.

FI. & Fr.: March-June. Common; cultivated around tribal hamlets.

Loc. name: Maamidi.

Uses: Stem bark together with that of Cordia dichotoma pounded,

boiled in water and the pulp tied on to the stomach to get rid off health

disorders believed to be caused by witchcraft or sorcery. Fruits edible, pickled

and stored. Branches and leaves used in marriages and religious ceremonies.

Wood used for making agricultural implements and house building. Fruits

sold in market.

231. Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard in Ann. Inst. Bot. Geol. Colon. Merseille

23: 9. f. 2. 1915. Mimusops hexandra Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 15. 1795; FPB 2: 155;

FPM 2: 766. SAPOTACEAE

Trees, up to 10 m tall; bark smooth, grey. Leaves obovate or oblong,

coriaceous, base acute, apex obtuse or emarginate. Flowers axillary, solitary

or in fascicles, white. Berries reddish-yellow when ripe; seeds ovoid, reddish-

brown.

FI. & Fr.: June-August. Common; in deciduous forests. TRS 83186.

Loc. name: Paala.

Uses: Stem bark pounded with pepper (Piper nigrum) mixed with milk

and sugar (Saccharum officinarum) and administered internally for piles and

stomach pain by Koyas - 2 to 3 spoonfuls twice a day till cure. Fruits edible.

Wood used for making agricultural implements and house building. Branches

and leaves used in religious ceremonies.

232. Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon, Cat. PI. Ceylon 21. 1824; FPB 2:

230; FPM 2: 845. Asclepias tenacissima Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 240. 1819.
ASCLEPIADACEAE
 120

Shrubs, climbing; branchlets pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate, entire,

base cordate, apex acuminate. Flowers greenish yellow, in pubescent cymes.

Follicles elliptic-lanceolate.

FI. & Fr.: April-October. Less common; growing along hedges. TRS

83109.

Loc. name: Mekaromi (Kolams).

Uses: Stem fibre used for making ropes.

233. Marsilea minuta L. Mant. PI. 308. 1771; RD. Dixit, A Census of Indian

Pteridophytes 85. 1984. MARSILIACEAE

Herbs, aquatic, rhizomes slender, prostrate. Leaves rolled when young,

leaf stalk long, terminating in 4 leaflets. Sporangia in closed sporocarps.

Sporocarps: December-April. Common; in marshy areas. TRS 86597.

Loc. name: Ithodi batta Kura.

Uses: Leaves used as vegetable.

234. Martynia annua L. Sp. PI. 618. 1753; FPM 1003. MARTYNIACEAE

Shrubs, viscid glandular hairy. Leaves opposite, ovate, base cordate,

apex acute or subacute. Flowers pale pink, with yellow throat, in axillary

racemes. Capsules ellipsoid, hooked at apex.

FI. & Fr.: September-December. Occasional; in waste lands. TRS 83174.

Loc. name: Dengan gaul (Kolams).

Uses: Leaf paste applied on head for cooling effect by Kolams.

235. Maytenus emarginata (Wilid.) Ding Hou in Steenis, FI. Males, ser. 1. 6(2):

241. 1962. Celastrus emarginatus Wi lid. Sp. PI. 1:2. 1798. Gymnosporia mon-

tana (Roth) Benth. FI. Austral. 1: 400. 1863; FPB 1: 247; FPM 1: 209. Celastrus

montana Roth in Roem. & Schultes, Syst. 5: 427. 1819. CELASTRACEAE

Shrubs, up to 3 m tall; armed. Leaves simple, alternate, elliptic or

obovate, coriaceous, apex rounded. Flowers pale yellow, in axillary cymes.

 121

Capsules subglobose, 3-!oculed.

FI. & Fr.: November-February. Common; in scrub forests. TRS 85101.

Loc. name: Dhanthi; Bhaboor (Gonds).

Uses: Roots pounded along with cane sugar (Saccharum officinarum)

t
and mixed with water, administered inernally for menstrual disorders by Gonds

- 50 ml thrice a day for 5 days from the day of menstrual cycle. Powdered

stem bark mixed with jaggery (Saccharum officinarum) and made into pills

- 5 mm dia. given oraty for cough by Kolams - thrice a day for 3 days.

Stem bark used for brewing arrack obtained from the flowers of Madhuca

longifolia var. latifolia and consumed to exorcise evil spirits. Leaves used

as fodder for goats.

236. Memecylon edule Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 82. 1798; FPM 1: 504.
MELASTOMATACEAE

Shrubs, up to 3 m tall; bark pale brown. Leaves simple, opposite, ovate,

acute or obtuse at both ends. Flowers pale purple, in axillary pedunculate

cymes. Berries fleshy, black-purple.

FI. & Fr.: July-September. Common; along streams. TRS 86590.

Loc. name: Alii.

Uses: Fruits edible. Wood used for making agricultural implements.

237. Merremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Hall.f. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16: 552. 1893;

FPB 2: 305.; FPM 2: 928. Evolvulus emarginatus Burm.f. FI. Ind. 77. t. 30.

f. 1. 1768. CONVOLVULACEAE

Creeping herbs, rooting at nodes. Leaves reniform or ovate-cordate,

obtuse, toothed. Flowers solitary, axillary, yellow. Capsules globose.

FI. & Fr.: September-October. Common; in water logged areas and

along bunds of fields.

 122

Loc. name: Yeluka chevulu.

Uses: Leaves used as vegetable.

238. MHiusa tomentosa (Roxb.) Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 14:

378. 1955. Uvaria tomentosa Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 35. 1795. Saccopetalum tomen-

tosum (Roxb.) Hook.f. & Thoms. FI. Ind. 152. 1855; FPB 1: 17; FPM 1: 22.
ANNONACEAE

Trees, up to 10 m tall. Leaves ovate-oblong, membranous, glabrous

above, tomentose beneath, base rounded or subacute, apex acute. Flowers

solitary or fascicled, axillary, greenish yellow. Fruits globose, velvety, brown

or purple.

FI. & Fr.: April-September. Less common; in moist localities of deci­

duous forests. TRS 83670.

• Loc. name: Bodda (Koyas).

Uses: Fruits edible. Wood used for making agricultural implements

and for house building.

239. Mimosa intsia L. Sp. PI. 522. 1753. M. rubicaulis Lam. Encycl. 1: 20.

1783; FPB 1: 470; FPM 1: 421. MIMOSACEAE

Shrubs, prickly, up to 3 m tall. Leaves bipinnate; pinnae 5-6 pairs,

leaflets linear-oblong, obtuse, mucronate. Flowers pink, in globose heads.

Pods flat.

FI. & Fr.: July-September, Common; in open areas of dry deciduous

forests. TRS 83645, 85263.

Loc. name: Korinda; Sadak sel (Gonds).

Uses: Pounded root bark mixed with water and orally administered

for bone fracture by Koyas - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day til I it is healed.

Roots pounded and mixed in water as fish poison by Gonds.

 123

240. Mimosa polyancistra Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 30: 422. 1875;

FPM 1: 421. MIMOSACEAE

Shrubs, straggling. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets oblong to obovate, base

semicordate. Flowers pink, in globose heads. Pods flat.

FI. & Fr.: September-November. Common; in scrub forests. TRS 83107.

Loc. name: Seekum (Gonds).

Uses: Roots powdered mixed with jaggery (Saccharum officinarum)

and made into pills - 1 cm dia. orally administered for constipation by Gonds

• - 3 times for only one day. Stem bark juice orally administered for dysentery

by Gonds - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for 1 to 3 days.

241. Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. Observ. Naucl. Ind. 19. 1839; FPB

2: 8; FPM 2: 585. Nauclea parvifolia Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 52. 1796. RUBIACEAE

Trees, up to 8 m tall; bark smooth, pale grey. Leaves simple, ovate

to obovate, base rounded or acute, apex acuminate. Flowers greenish yellow,

fragrant, in globose heads. Fruit a globose head of capsules.

FI. & Fr.: July-February. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

83191, 85119, 85249.

Loc. name: Bandari.

Uses: Stem bark extract orally administered for peptic ulcer by Koyas

- 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days. Leaf juice put into eyes for jaun­

dice by Koyas - 2 to 3 drops daily in the morning for 3 days. Wood used

for making agricultural implements and house building.

242. Mollugo pentaphylla L. Sp. PI. 89.1753; FPB 1: 594; FPM 1: 553.
MOLLUGINACEAE

Herbs, diffuse, up to 30 cm lon^; stems quadrangular. Leaves whorled,

I inear-lanceolate to obovate, base attenuate, apex apiculate. Flowers pale

green, in axillary or terminal paniculate cymes. Capsules globose; seeds reni-

form, dark brown.

 124

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; in dry localities. TRS 85246.

Loc. name: Thella mokka.

ed
Uses: Whole herb pound^along with pepper (Piper nigurm) and the extract

orally administered for infantile convulsions, by Gonds - 1 to 2 spoonfuls when

symptoms occur, till cure.

243. Momordica charantia L. Sp. PI. 1009. 1753; FPB 1: 562; FPM 1: 532.
CUCURBITACEAE

Twiners; tendrils simple. Leaves orbicular, deeply 5-7-lobed, base cordate,

lobes acute. Flowers yellow, axillary, solitary. Berries elliptic-oblong, ribbed,

red when ripe.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Cultivated around tribal areas.

Loc. name: Kaakara.

Uses: Fruits used as vegetable.

244. Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Wi I Id. Sp. PI. 4: 605. 1805; FPB 1: 563; FPM

1: 532. CUCURBITACEAE

Climbers; roots tuberous; tendrils simple. Leaves membranous, broadly

ovate, base cordate, apex acute. Flowers solitary, axillary, yellow. Fruits

ellipsoid with soft spines, orange.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; in open areas and outskirts

of forests. TRS 85280, 85281.

Loc. name: Adavi Kakara.

Uses: Leaf juice applied on burns by Koyas. Tender fruits used as

vegetable. Tuber paste applied for wounds of cattle caused by Tiger and

other wild animals.

245. Morinda pubescens J.E. Smith in Rees, Cyclop. 24: n. 3. 1813. M. tinctoria

Roxb. FI. Ind. 2: 197. 1824, non Noronha 1790; FPM 2: 651. M. tinctoria
 125

Roxb. var. tomentosa (Heyne ex Roth) Hook.f. FI. Brit. India 3: 156. 1880;

FPB 2: 43; FPM 2: 652. M. tomentosa Heyne ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 147.

1821. RUBIACEAE

Trees, up to 5 m tall. Leaves simple, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate,

acuminate. Flowers white, in umbellate heads. Syncarpium subglobose, fleshy,

black when ripe.

FI. & Fr.: April-September. Frequent; in open areas. TRS 79563,

83662, 85256.

Loc. name: Salli (Kolams); Mogili (Lambadis).

Uses: Leaf juice applied on boils and blisters by Lambadis till cure.

Leaf paste mixed with albumen and goat milk applied for burns by Koyas,

till cure. Fruits edible.

246. Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. Fruct. 2: 314. 1791; FPB 1: 301. M.

oleifera auct. non Lam. 1785; FPM 1: 269. MORINGACEAE

Trees, up to 6 m tall; bark corky. Leaves 3-pinnate, leaflets elliptic

or obovate, apex rounded. Flowers white, in axillary panicles. Capsules 3-

valved; seeds winged.

FI. & Fr.: May-September. Cultivated around tribal hamlets.

Loc. name: Munaga.

Uses: Gum diluted in water and applied on cuts and wounds. Leaves

and fruits used as vegetable.

247. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Prodr. 2: 405. 1825; FPB 1: 389. Dolichos

pruriens L. Herb. Amb. 23. 1754. Mucuna prurita Hook. Bot. Misc. 2: 348.

1831; FPM 1: 356. PAPILIONACEAE

Climbers; branchlets sparsely pubescent. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets

membranous, ovoid-rhomboid, base cuneate or truncate, apex subacute. Flowers

purple, in elongate racemes. Pods turgid, 'S' shaped, with irritant bristles.
 126

FI. & Fr.: April-August. Less common; along streams in deciduous

forests. TRS 85131.

Loc. name: Konda Damalu (Koyas); Kaskure (Gonds).

Uses: Seeds boiled and washed seven times, then cooked and eaten

by Gonds.

248. Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem. Syn. Monog. 247. 1846. Cucumis

maderaspatanus L. Sp. PI. 1012. 1753. Melothria maderaspatana (L.) Cogn.

in DC. Monog. Phan. 3: 623. 1881; FPM 1: 539. CUCURB1TACEAE

Climbing herbs; tendrils simple. Leaves broadly ovate, iobed, base cor­

date. Flowers yellow, in axillary fascicles. Berries globose, red when ripe.

FI. & Fr.: August-October. Cultivated around tribal hamlets. TRS

83671 (a).
♦

Loc. name: Adavi Kakara.

Uses: Tender fruits used as vegetable.

249. Musa paradisiaca L. Sp. PI. 1043. 1753; FPB 3: 249; FPM 3: 1496.
MUSACEAE

Shrubs, up to 3 m tall; ' stems composed of convolute leaf sheaths.

Leaves spirally arranged, oblong, centrally grooved, apex ending with cirrhouse.

Flowers pale pink to pale rose, bracteate, spirally arranged in upper male,

lower female. Fruits oblong, green or yellow.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; cultivated around tribal

areas.

Loc. name: Anti, Arati.

Uses: Fruits edible; unripened fruits used as vegetable. Leaves used

as meal plates. Sheath fibre used for domestic purpose.

250. Nicotiana tabacum L. Sp. PI. 180. 1753; FPB 2: 346; FPM 2: 941.
SOLANACEAE
 127

Herbs, up to 50 cm tall. Leaves alternate, elliptic, glabrous above,

pubescent beneath, base narrowed. Flowers pale rose, in terminal panicles.

Capsules ovoid, acute, brown.

FI. & Fr.: November-April. Common; cultivated around tribal areas.

Lac. name: Pogaku.

Uses: Cultivated for^ tobacco, used locally for smoking/chewing; also

sold in the market.

251. Ochna obtusata DC. in Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 17: 411. t. 11. 1811,

var. obtusata. 0. squarrosa auct. non L. 1753; FPB 1: 208;. FPM 1: 165.
OCHNACEAE

Trees, up to 5 m tall; bark thin, brown. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,

elliptic or obovate, finely serrulate, base narrowed, apex acute. Flowers yellow,

fragrant, in umbellate panicles. Drupes oblong-ovoid, black.

FI. & Fr.: February-September. Occasional; in dry deciduous forests.

Loc. name: Raktharohidi (Kolams).

Uses: Bark extract mixed with water and orally administered for dysen­

tery by Kolams - 50 ml thrice a day for 1 to 3 days.

252. Ochna obtusata DC. var. gamblei (King ex Brandis) Kanis in Blumea 16:

34. 1968. O. gamblei King ex Brandis, Indian trees 128. 1906; FPM 1: 166.
OCHNACEAE

Trees, up to 5.5 m tall; bark thick, brown. Leaves simple, coriaceous,

obovate, obtuse, base cordate. Flowers bright yellow, in axillary or terminal

racemes. Drupes lobed. Photo 38.

FI. & Fr.: March-May. Less common; in hill slopes. TRS 85191.

Loc. name: Sonari; Raktha rohini (Kolams).

Uses:. Pounded stem bark mixed with milk and orally administered

for boils by Koyas - 2 to 3 spoonfuls once in the morning for two days; also

mixed with water and orally administered for constipation by Gonds and Koyas.
 128

253. Ocimum americanum L. Cent. PI. 1: 15. 1755. O. canum Siam in Bot.

Mag. t. 2452. 1823; FPB 2: 521; FPM 3: 111. LAMIACEAE

Undershrubs, erect, up to 50 cm tall; branches pubescent. Leaves aroma­

tic, elliptic-lanceolate or ovate, acute at both ends. Flowers white, in verti­

ces. Nutlets ellipsoid, black.

F!.- & Fr.: July-November. Common; in open areas of dry deciduous

forests. PVS 84027.

Loc. name: Adavi thulasi, Bhoo thulasi (Koyas).

Uses: Smoke emanating from burnt leaf powder used as mosquito repellent

by Koyas. Leaf paste applied on wounds of cattle, by Koyas.

254. Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Sp. PI. 597. 1753. O. sanctum L. Mant. PI. 85.

1767; FPB 2: 521; FPM 2: 1111. LAMIACEAE

Herbs, up to 1 m tall. Leaves opposite, elliptic-oblong, gland dotted,

sub-serrate, base obtuse. Flowers white, fragrant, in dense racemes. Nutlets

subglcbose, smooth.

FI. & Fr.: September-January. Common; around tribal pockets.

Loc. name: Thulasi.

Uses: Leafjuice applied on forehead for headache by Gonds. Tender

branches used in religious ceremonies.

255. Olax scandens Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 102. 1799; FPB 1: 234; FPM 1: 190.
OLACACEAE

Climbing shrubs, armed with recurved prickles. Leaves simple, elliptic

or oblong-elliptic, obtuse, base rounded or subacute. Flowers white, fragrant,

in axillary racemes. Drupes globose, apiculate, orange. Photo 39.

FI. & Fr.: April-October. Less common; along streams in deciduous

forests. TRS 83103, 83169, 85201, 83659.

Loc. name: Kodaladaga (Gonds); Murikimalle (Koyas); Malakangani

(Lambadis).
 129

Uses: Stem bark and leaves boiled together and the warm paste applied

for whitlow, by Gonds. Stem extract diluted and put into eyes - 2 to 3 drops

for snake bite by Lambadis. Tender leaves used as vegetable by koyas.

256. Oligochaeta ramosa (Roxb.) Wagenitz in Veroff. Geobot. Inst. ETH Stiftung

Rubel Zurich 37: 323. 1962. Carduus ramosus Roxb. Ft. Ind. 3: 407. 1832.

Volutarella divaricata Benth. in Benth. & Hook.f. Gen. PI. 2: 476. 1873 p.p.;

FPB 2: 115; FPM 2: 727. ASTERACEAE

Herbs, up to 50 cm tall. Leaves alternate, sessile, oblong or obovate,

glabrous above, scabrid beneath, base narrowed. Heads solitary, terminal,

obiong-obovoid, pink. Achenes glabrous, brown; pappus pale yellow.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Common; in open areas of dry localities.

TRS 79588.

Loc. name: Molkoosa (Gonds).

Uses: Roots ground into paste and applied for mumps till cure, by

Gonds.

257. Operculiria turpethum (L.) Silva Manso, Enum. Subst. Braz. 16 & 49. 1836;

FPB 2: 309; FPM 2: 929. Convolvulus turpethum L. Sp. PI. 155. 1753.
CONVOLVULACEAE

Climbers; stems angular. Leaves ovate or oblong, entire, base cordate

or truncate, apex subacute, mucronate. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered

cymes, white. Capsules globose, with persistent sepals. Photo 40.

FI. & Fr.: September-January. Common; along streams in dry deciduous

forests. TRS 83145.

Loc. name: Dhimmeti (Gonds).

Uses: Roots pounded with water and the pulpy juice applied on stomach

for stomach pain and peptic ulcer, by Kolams - once in the night for 3 to

7 days. Root, paste warmed and applied for abscess by Kolams.

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258. Opilia amentacea Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 158. 1802; FPM 1: 192. OPILIACEAE

Climbing shrubs; branchlets pale green. Leaves alternate, ovate to

lanceolate, elliptic, base acute or rounded. Flowers green, in axillary or extra

axillary racemes. Drupes oblong, smooth; seeds black.

FI. & Fr.: March-July. Occasional; in dry deciduous forests. TRS 86514.

Loc. name: Korigod (Koyas).

Uses: Leaf paste applied for eczema, by Koyas. Leaves pounded and

used as fish poison by Gonds.

259. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz, For. FI. Burma 2: 237. 1877; FPB

2: 401; FPM 2: 994. Bignonia indica L. Sp. PI. 625. 1753. BIGNONIACEAE

Trees, up to 15 m tall; bark soft, pale brown. Leaves opposite, 2-3-

pinnate; leaflets glabrous, ovate or elliptic, base rounded or cordate, apex

acuminate. Flowers lurid-purple, foetid, in terminal racemes. Capsules flat,

straight, tapering at both ends.

FI. & Fr.: March-July. Rare; open areas of dry deciduous forests.

TRS 85174.

Loc. name: Baapana; Junjuram (Kolams).

Uses: Stem bark pounded with that of Ventilago denticulata and the

extract orally administered for stomach pain and blisters by Kolams - 50 to

100 ml thrice a day for 1 to 3 days. Stem bark with that of Garuga pinnata

and Holarrhena antidysenterica powdered and mixed with a black goat's milk

and tied for bone fracture by Gonds and Kolams. Tender fruits used as vegeta­

ble.

260. Orthosiphon thymiflorus (Roth) Sleensen in Reinwardtia 5: 42. 1959.

Ocimum thymiflorum Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 269. 1821. Orthosiphon glabratus

Benth. in Wall. PI. Asiat. Rar. 2: 14. 1830-31; FPM 2: 1114. LAMIACEAE
 131

Herbs, erect, up to 50 cm tall. Leaves opposite, ovate, coarsely

serrate, base acute, apex acuminate. Flowers purplish-white,inthyrsus. Nutlets

subglobose, smooth, pale brown.

FI. & Fr.: April-September. Common; in dry areas of hills. TRS 85211.
Loc. name: Murka mokka (Koyas).
Uses: Tubers along with that of Asparagus racemosus powdered, mixed

with honey and made into pills 1 cm dia., orally administered for improving

potency in males by Gonds - 1 pill thrice a day for 3 days.

261. Oryza sativa L. Sp. PI. ed. 1. 333. 1753; FPB 3: 565; FPM 3: 1844.
POACEAE

Herbs, erect, up to 70 cm tall, culms glabrous. Leaves linear-lanceolate,

scabrid, apex acuminate; sheaths ciliate; ligules lanceolate. Panicles lax.

Spikelets ovate-oblong; grains oblong.

FI. & Fr.: November-February; June-September. Common; cultivated

in and around tribal hamlets.

Loc. name: Dhanyam, Vadlu.

Uses: Grains edible.

262. Ougenia oojeinensis (Roxb.) Hochr. in Ann. Conser. Jard. Bot. Geneve

13 & 14 : 51. 1909; Rama Rao,Ravisankar & Narasimhan in Indian For. 11(4):

338. 1988. Dalbergia oojeinensis Roxb. FI. Ind. 3: 220. 1832. Ougenia dalbergio-

ides Benth. in Miq. PI. Jungh. 216. 1852; FPB 1: 373; FPM 340.
PAPILIONACEAE

Trees, up to 5 m tall; branchlets lenticellate. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets

obovate to rhomboid, coriaceous, terminal leaflet broader. Flowers cream

coloured, in fascicled racemes. Pods oblong, flat.

FI. & Fr.: January-May. Occasional; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

85165.

Loc. name: Dhargu; Thoppar (Kolams).

Uses: Wood used for making musical instruments.

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263. Parkinsonia aculeata L. Sp. PI. 375. 1753; FPB 1: 442; FPM 1: 397.
CAESALPINIACEAE

Shrubs, thorny, up to 3 m tall. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets oblong or

oblong-lanceolate. Flowers yellow, in axillary lax racemes. Pods linear-oblong,

torulose.

FI. & Fr.; August-March. Occasional; in dry areas. TRS 85133.

Loc. name: Vaayi (Gonds).

Uses: Stem bark extract orally administered for rheumatic pain by

Gonds - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days.

264. Pavetta indica L. Sp. PI. 110. 1753; FPB 2: 41; FPM 2: 633. RUBIACEAE

Shrubs, erect, up to 2 m tail; bark thin, smooth, yellowish. Leaves

opposite, elliptic, obtuse, base acute, apex obtuse, acute or acuminate. Flowers

white, scented, in terminal sessile corymbose panicles. Berries globose, smooth,

black.

FI. & Fr.: May-October. Common; in plains and hilly areas. GVSR

20059.

Loc. name: Thella paapidi.

Uses: Leaf paste applied for boils and blisters by Koyas. Fruits edible.

265. Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.f.) Stapf & Hubbard in Kew Bull. 1933: 271.

1933; FPB 3: 432; FPM 3: 1792. Alopecurus typhoides Burm.f. FI. Ind. 27.

1768. POACEAE

Fterbs, erect, up to 3 m tall. Leaves flat, narrowly lanceolate, scaberu-

lous above, smooth beneath, apex acuminate. Spikelets green, in terminal

cylindrical spikes; grains elliptic-oblong, green.

FI. & Fr.: October-January. Common; cultivated around tribal areas.

Loc. name: Sajjalu.

Uses: Grains edible.

 133

266. Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. in Result. Sci. Miss. Stefan. Paoli

Solam. Ital. 1: 115. 1916. Asclepias daemia Forssk. FI. Aeg.-Arab. 51. 1775.

Daemia extensa (Jacq.) R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 2: 76. 1811; FPB

2: 219. Cynanchum extensum Jacq. Misc. 2: 353. 1781. Pergularia extensa

(Jacq.) N.E. Br. in Dyer, FI. Cap. 4: 758. 1908; FPM 2: 837. ASCLEPIADACEAE

Herbs, twining, densely pubescent. Leaves opposite, broadly ovate,

entire, base cordate, apex acuminate. Flowers greenish-yellow, in long-peduncled

corymbs or racemes. Follicles reflexed, echinate with soft spines.

FI. & Fr.: March-September. Common; along the hedges and thickets.

TRS 83152, 83690, 85104.

Loc. name: Gutaguta (Gonds); Gulapati (Kolams); Jutkaku (Koyas).

Uses: Root extract along with seven drops of castor (Ricinus communis)

oil and seven seeds of unripened chilli (Capsicum frutescens) orally administered

for stomach pain and constipation by Kolams - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice in

a day. Roots together with leaves ground and the paste applied on scrotum

to cure hydrocele by Gonds - once a day till cure. Leaf juice used for ear

pain by Koyas - 2 to 3 drops twice a day til! cure. Leaf juice poured into

nostrils, and the paste applied for snake bite, by Gonds and Kolams. Inflores­

cence juice orally administered for stomach pain by Gonds - 2 to 3 spoonfuls

once a day for 3 days. Inflorescence cooked and given orally to children

for dysentery, by Gonds - 1 to 2 spoonfuls thrice in a day.

267. Petalidium barlerioides (Roth) Nees in Wall. PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 82. 1832;

FPB 2: 435; FPM 2: 1021. Ruellia barlerioides Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 310. 1821.
ACANTHACEAE

Shrubs, up to 2 m tall. Leaves opposite, broadly ovate, crenate-serrate,

base rounded, apex acuminate. Flowers solitary, crowded on lateral branches,

white. Capsules clavate, pointed, glabrous.

 134

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Less common; in deciduous forests. TRS

85130.

Loc. name: Vaarsosa (Gonds).

Uses: Roots pounded mixed with arrack of !ppa (Madhuca longifolia

var. latifolia) flowers and orally administered for asthma once in the evening

on full moon and new moon days - 50 to 100 ml, by Gonds.

268. Phoenix loureirii Kunth, Enum. PI. 3: 257. 1841. P. humilis Royle var.

pedunculata Beccari, Malesia 3; 379 & 387. t. 44. ff. 13-15, 18-21, 25-27.

1890; FPB 3: 312; FPM 3: 1560. ARECACEAE

Shrubs, up to 1 m tall, with persistent leaf-sheaths. Leaves pinnate;

leaflets pliable, fasciculate, linear, acicular. Flowers pale yellow, in spadix.

Drupes oblong, black.

FI. I & Fr.: December-April. Less common; in open areas of scrub

forests. TRS 86574.

Loc. name: Adavi Eetha.

Uses: Fruits and tender stem edible. Leaves used for thatching and

for making brooms.

269. Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. FI. Ind. 3: 787. 1832; FPB 3: 311; FPM

3: 1559. ARECACEAE

Trees, up to 5 m tall, with persistent bases of rachis. Leaves pinnate;

leaflets fascicled, linear, acicular at apex. Spadix axillary; spathes simple;

spikes in dusters. Drupes oblong-ellipsoid, orange-yellow.

FI. & Fr.: December-April. Common; in open areas of dry deciduous

forests.

Loc. name: Eetha.

Uses: Toddy tapped from the apex of the trunk. Tender buds and

fruits edible, tender fruits used for pickling. Leaflets used for making mats,

brooms and for thatching.

 135

270. Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. in Kongel. Danske Vidensk.-Selsk.

Skr. 4: 195. 1829. P, niruri sensu Gamble, FPM 2: 1290. 1925; Cook, FPB

3: 84; non L. 1753. EUPHORBIACEAE

Herbs, up to30 cm tall. Leavessimple, elliptic-oblong, base rounded

or truncate, apex obtuse. Flowers yellowish green, in axillary fascicles. Capsu­

les depressed-globose.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; in fallow lands and barren

areas.

Loc. name: Nela vusiri.

Uses: Leaf paste mixed with curd and given orally for jaundice by

Koyas - 2 to 3 spoonfuls twice a day for 7 days.

271. Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 582. 1805; FPB 3: 84; FPM

2: 1290. EUPHORBIACEAE

Herbs, slender, up to 50 cm tall. Leaves linear-elliptic or obovate-

elliptic, base cuneate or obtuse, apex acute. Flowers solitary or in axillary

clusters, greenish. Capsules globose.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; in fallow lands. PVS 84015.

Loc. name: Gunne chintha (Koyas).

Uses: Root paste applied onswellings and pimples by Koyas. Leaves

edible, used as a substitute for tamarind.

272. Phyllanthus emblica L. Sp. PI. 982. 1753; FPB 3: 81. Emblica officinalis

Gaertn. Fruct. 2: 122. 1791; FPM 2: 1295. EUPHORBIACEAE

Trees, up to 6 m tall; bark pale grey, exfoliating. Leaves linear-oblong,

base rounded, apex obtuse or acute. Flowers greenish-yellow, in axillary clust­

ers. Berries fleshy, globose, shining, green.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; in open areas of dry deciduous

forests. TRS 76569.

 136

Loc. name: Vusirika; Nellimar (Gonds).

Uses: Powdered stem bark heated on a broken pot, mixed with coconut

(Cocos nucifera) oil and applied for skin diseases, by Gonds. Leaf powder

applied for wounds by Gonds and Kolams. Fruits edible, pickled and stored

for off-season; also sold in market. Leaf powder used for tanning leather.

273. Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. Sp. PI. 982. 1753; FPB 3: 82; FPM 2:

1289. EUPHORBIACEAE

Herbs, ascending or decumbent. Leaves alternate, obovate-cuneate,

base cuneate, apex truncate or obcordate. Flowers solitary or in axillary

fascicles, green. Capsules glabrous, depressed globose.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Less common; along water course

in moist deciduous forests. TRS 85271, 83128.

Loc. name: Unuku (Kolams).

Uses: Fruits eaten for ophthalmic diseases by Kolams.

274. Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 5: 298. 1804; FPB 3: 81.

Kirganelia reticulata (Polr.) Baill. Etud. Gen. Euphorb. 613. 1858; FPM 2: 1294.
EUPHORBIACEAE

Shrubs, straggling; bark thin, brown. Leaves simple, oblong or elliptic,

rotundate, glabrous, entire, base rounded or obtuse, apex acute. Flowers pale

green, in axillary fascicles. Berries subglobose, bluish-black.

FI. & Fr.: November-April. Less common; along streams of deciduous

forests. TRS 86112.

Loc. name: Puliseru (Koyas).

Uses: Branchlets used as tooth cleaning sticks by Koyas. Roots kept

in house premises to exorcise evil spirits, by Gonds and Kolams.

275. Phyllanthus virgatus Forst. f. Insul. Austr. Prodr. 65. 1786, "virgata".

P. simplex Retz. Obs. Bot. 5: 29. 1788; FPB 3: 83; FPM 2: 1289.
EUPHORBIACEAE
 137

Herbs, erect or diffuse, up to 50 cm tall; branches compressed. Leaves

alternate, subsessile, linear-oblong, obtuse at both ends. Flowers solitary,

axillary, green or pink. Capsules depressed globose, 3-lobed, smooth.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; in barren lands and open

areas. TRS 83672, 85151.

Loc. name: Nela vusiri. '

Uses: Plant juice mixed with seed paste of Trachyspermum ammi and

orally administered for jaundice by Gonds and Lambadis - 50 ml once in the

morning for 3 days; diet. - to avoid fish, garlic and tamarind.

276. Pisam sativum L. Sp. PI. 727. 1753; FPB 1: 436; FPM 1: 349.
PAPILIONACEAE

Herbs, climbing. Leaves pinnate; leaflets 1-3 pairs, elliptic or obovate,

entire, base auriculate, apex obtuse. Flowers white or pale pink, in racemes.

Pods cylindrical; seeds globose, green.

FI. & Fr.: October-February. Common; cultivated around tribal hamlets.

Loc. name: Bataanilu.

Uses: Seeds edible.

277. Plumbago zeylanica L. Sp. PI. 151. 1753; FPB 2: 136; FPM 2: 744.
PLUMBAGINACEAE

Undershrubs, subscandent, up to 2 m tall. Leaves alternate, ovate,

glabrous, entire, subacute. Flowers white, in terminal spikes. Capsules oblong,

enclosed in glandular persistent calyx.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; in shady areas of deciduous

forests.

Loc. name: Chithramulam.

Uses; Root bark paste mixed with milk, boiled and orally administered

as a febrifuge by Koyas - 20 to 30 ml twice a day for 3 days. Also root

bark paste mixed with garlic (Allium sativum) and applied for rib muscle injuries
by Lambadis.
 138

278. Potyalthia cerasoides (Roxb.) Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 1. 1869; FPB 1: 14; FPM

1: 17. Uvaria cerasoides Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 33. 1795. ANNONACEAE

Trees, up to 10 m tall; bark pale grey. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, base

rounded or subacute, apex acuminate. Flowers solitary, axillary, green.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Common; in hilly areas of deciduous forests.

TRS 83188.

Loc. name: Chilaka dhudhiga.

Uses: Fruits edible. Wood used for making agricultural implements.

279. Polygonum glabrum Wilid. Sp. PI. 2: 447. 1799; FPB 3: 5; FPM 2: 1189.
POLYGONACEAE

Herbs, erect, up to 2 m tall. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, gland-dotted,

base acute, apex acuminate. Flowers pink, in racemes. Nuts black, trigonous,

shiny.

FI. & Fr.: August-February. Common; in marshy places of hilly regions.

TRS 79581, 85146.

Loc. name: Ariya (Kolams).

Uses: Stem twigs cut into bits and adorned as necklace while suffering

from jaundice by Kolams.

280. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, FI. For. Cochinch, t. 385. 1899. Cytisus

pinnatus L. Sp. PI. 741. 1753. Pongamia glabra Vent. Jard. Mai. t. 28. 1803;

FPB 1: 429; FPM 1: 385. PAPILIONACEAE

Trees, up to 5 m tall; bark soft, greyish-green. Leaves imparipinnate;

leaflets opposite, ovate-oblong, entire, base rounded or acute, apex acuminate.

Flowers white or pale rose, in axillary racemes. Pods obliquely oblong, compre­

ssed, 1-seeded.

FI. & Fr.: March-August. Common; along streams in deciduous forests

and near tribal hamlets. TRS 86527.

 139

Loc. name: Kaanuga; Garanji (Gonds).

Uses: Seed oil warmed and applied for skin diseases by Gonds.

281. Portulaca oleracea L. Sp. PI. 445. 1753; FPB 1: 72; FPM 1: 66.
PORTULACACEAE

Herbs, prostrate, succulent. Leaves obovate or narrowly oblong, base

rounded or truncate, apex acute. Flowers yellow, in sessile terminal heads.

Capsules ovoid, acute, brown.

FI. & Fr.: June-December. Common; in moist areas of shaded localities.

TRS 85258.

Loc. name: Pappu Kura.

Uses: Tender branches and leaves used as vegetable.

282. Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce in Bot. Exch. Club Soc. Brit. Isles 3: 422.

1914. Mimosa cineraria L. Sp. PI. 517. 1753, "cinerea". Prosopis spicigera

L. Mant. PI. 68. 1767; FPB 1: 467; FPM 1: 419. MIMOSACEAE

Trees, up to 15 m tall, armed; branches drooping. Leaves bipinnate;

leaflets linear-oblong, base rounded and oblique, apex acute. Flowers yellow,

in short peduncled axillary spikes. Pods cylindric, torulose, glabrous.

FI. & Fr.: October-April. Occasional; in sacred groves of dry deciduous

forests. TRS 85199.

Loc. name: Jammi.

Uses: Stem bark decoction orally administered to cure rickets - 2

to 3 spoonfuls twice a day for 3 days, by Gonds.

283. Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 116. 1799; FPB 1: 427; FPM

1: 385. PAPILIONACEAE

Trees, up to 15 m tall; bark thick, grey. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets

elliptic-oblong, base subacute, apex obtuse, emarginate. Flowers pale yellow,

in terminal paniculate racemes. Pods orbicular, winged.

 140

FI. & Fr.: March-July. Common; in deciduous forests. GVSR 22513.

Loc. name: Yegi.

Uses: Stem bark pounded with pepper (Piper nigrum) and mixed with

gingelly (Sesamum indicum) oil and orally administered for rheumatic pain

by Gonds - 50 ml once in the morning for 3 days. Pounded stem bark boiled

in water and the filtrate orally administered to get relief from post delivery

pains by Koyas - 50 ml daily once in the morning for 3 days; diet.: to avoid

onion, tamarind and salt. Wood used for making boats, agricultural implements,

musical instruments and house building.

284. Pterospermum xylocarpum (Gaertn.) Sant. & Wagh in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 5: 108. 1963. Velanga xylocarpa Gaertn. Fruct. 2: 245. t. 133. 1791.

Pterospermum heyneanum Wall, ex Wight & Arn. Prodr. 69. 1834; FPB 1: 138;

FPM 1: 108. STERCULIACEAE

Trees, up to 6 m tall; bark rough, grey. Leaves oblong, coriaceous,

rusty tomentose, base oblique, apex acute. Flowers solitary, axillary, fragrant,

white. Capsules woody, tomentose, brown.

FI. & Fr.: December-May. Common; in deciduous forests.

Loc. name: Tada.

Uses: Pounded stem bark mixed with water and orally administered

for dysentery - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days, by Kolams. Wood

used for making agricultural implements. Bark fibre used for making ropes.

285. Pueraria tuberosa (Wilid.) DC. Prodr. 2: 240. 1825; FPB 1: 399; FPM

1: 360. Hedysarum tuberosum Roxb. ex Wi lid. Sp. PI. 3: 1197. 1803.

PAPILIONACEAE

Climbers; roots tuberous. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets broadly ovate

or" rhomboid, base unequally truncate, apex acuminate. Flowers blue, in lax

axillary pendulous racemes. Pods flat, linear-elliptic, hairy.

 141

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Rare; in shady areas of moist deciduous

forests. TRS 79594, 86511.

Loc. name: Bhuchakragadda.

Uses: Tubers edible; consumed to increase potency and vigour in males,

by Gonds.

286. Ricinus communis L. Sp. PI. 1007. 1753; FPB 3: 125; FPM 2: 1335.
EUPHORBIACEAE

Shrubs, up to 3 m tall. Leaves alternate, orbicular, palmately lobed,

crenate-serrate, base cordate, apex acute or acuminate. Flowers yellow, in

terminal panicled racemes. Capsules subglobose, echinate; seeds obovate with

brownish ornamentation.

FI. & Fr.:February-September. Common; cultivated around tribal

hamlets. TRS 86551.

Loc. name: Aamudhamu, Aayidham.

Uses: Seed oil used as hair tonic and as an ingredient in medicinal

formulations.

287. Rivea hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy, Convolv. Orient. 26. 1834; FPB

2: 323; FPM 2: 903. Convolvulus hypocrateriformis Desr. in Lam. Encycl.

3: 561. 1792. CONVOLVULACEAE

Climbers; branchlets pubescent. Leaves simple, orbicular, base cordate,

apex apiculate. Flowers white, fragrant, solitary, or in 1-3-flowered peduncled

cymes. Fruits subglobose, indehiscent.

FI. & Fr.: July-October. Occasional; along hedges of open areas.

TRS 83147.

Loc. name: Bodhi theega (Kolams); Musti (Gonds).

Uses: Leaves boiled in rice cooked water and the paste applied for

boils and blisters by Gonds. Leaves boiled mixed with jowar (Sorghum vulgare)

flour, roaties (pan cakes) prepared and consumed.

 142

288. Saccharum officinarum L. Sp. PI. 54. 1753; FPB 3: 466; FPM 3: 1709.
POACEAE

Herbs; culms up to 5 m tall, solid; rhizomes creeping. Leaves linear,

flat, minutely spinulous, apex acuminate; sheaths 1 m long. Spikelets silvery

white, in terminal panicles.

FI. & Fr.: January-March. Cultivated.

Loc. name: Cheruku.

Uses: Jaggery prepared from cane juice. Cane sugar and jaggery used

as ingredients in medicinal preparations.

289. Saccharum spontaneum L. Mant. PI. 183. 1771; FPB 3: 465; FPM 3: 1709.
POACEAE

Herbs; culms up to 2.5 m tall; rhizomes creeping. Leaves linear, flat,

spinulous, apex acuminate; sheaths 15-20 cm long. Spikelets white, in terminal

panicles. Grains subglobose.

FI. & Fr.: September-January. Frequent; along streams and moist

areas. TRS 83680.

Loc. name: Kamachi (Lambadis).

Uses: Grass used for thatching by Lambadis and Koyas.

290. Sapindus emarginatus Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 54. 1794; FPM 1: 250.
SAPINDACEAE

Trees, up to 10 m tall. Leaves paripinnate; leaflets coriaceous, elliptic-

obovate or oblong, entire, apex emarginate. Flowers brownish-yellow, in termi­

nal panicles. Drupes ovoid, 3-lobed. Photo 41.

FI. & Fr.: September-March. Less common; in dry deciduous forests.

Loc. name: Kunkudu.

Uses: Fruit juice mixed with water, used as hairwash; fruits sold in

market.
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291. Sarcostemma acidum (Roxb.) Voigt, Hort. Sub. Calc. 542. 1845. Asclepias

acida Roxb. FI. Ind. 2: 31. 1832. Sarcostemma brevistigma Wight & Arn.

in Wight, Contrib. 59. 1834; FPB 2: 222; FPM 2: 838. ASCLEPIADACEAE

Shrubs, trailing; stems jointed, leafless; branches pendulous; tatex white,

watery. Flowers pale green, in many-flowered terminal umbels. Follicles

lanceolate, tapering to both ends.

FI. & Fr.: May-August. Less common; on hedges and along the fringes

of deciduous forests. TRS 83183.

Loc. name: Athuku theega, Yemmethuku theega.

Uses: Stem paste mixed with latex applied for bone fracture and tied

with bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea) splinters, by Gonds and Kolams - once

in 8 days for 3 times. Latex applied for cuts and injuries.

292. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken, Allg. Naturgesch. 3(2): 1341. 1841. Pista-

cia oleosa Lour. FI. Cochinch. 2: 615. 1790. Schleichera trijuga Wi 1 Id. Sp.
1605;
PI. 4: 1096. kFPB 1: 283; FPM 1: 248. SAPINDACEAE

Trees, up to 15 m tall; juvenile parts crimson; bark grey, smooth.

Leaves alternate, bipinnate; leaflets elliptic-oblong, entire, glabrous, base cune-

ate, apex obtuse or rounded. Flowers yellowish, in axillary racemes. Drupes

subcrustaceous, ovoid, black-purple. Photo 42.

FI. & Fr.: March-June. Less common; in deciduous forests. TRS 85205,

86568.

Loc. name: Pusika, Pusuka (Kolams & Koyas).

Uses: Stem bark juice mixed with powdered pepper (Piper nigrum),

orally administered for chest pain byKolams and Koyas - 2 to 3 spoonfuls

daily in the morning for 3 days. Stem bark powder heated on an earthern

pot and fomented on joints for rheumatic pains by Gonds and Kolams. Stem

bark extract mixed with water orally administered for stomach pain by Koyas

- 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for one day. Seed oil used as hair tonic,
 144

and for culinary purpose. Tender leaves used as vegetable. Fruits edible;

seeds sold in market.

293. Securinega virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Baill. in Adansonia 6: 334. 1866 excl.

descr. Phyllanthus virosus Roxb. ex Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 578. 1805. Fluggea micro-

carpa BlUme, Bijdr. '580. 1825; FPB. 3: 77. F. virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Ba ill.

Etud. Gen. Euphorb. 593. 1858; FPM 2: 1296. EUPHORBIACEAE

Shrubs, up to 1.5 m tall. Leaves elliptic or obovate, glabrous, entire,

base acute, apex rounded. Flowers pale green, in axillary clusters. Fruits

globose, coriaceous.

FI. & Fr.: May-September. Common; near foot hills of dry localities.

TRS 83148, 85272.

Loc. name: Dorial poccha (Gonds).

Uses: Stem bark extract orally administered for fever by Gonds - 2

to 3 spoonfuls 3 times for one day.

294. Selaginella bryopteris (L.) Baker in Journ. Bot. 22: 376. 1844; Panigrahi

and Dixit in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 46: 231. 1967. Lycopodium bryopteris L.

Sp. PI. 1103. 1753. SELAGINELLACEAE

Herbs; rhizomes creeping; stems erect or suberect, up to 15 cm tall;

branches curling up when dry. Leaves uniform at base of main stem, contigu­

ous, dimorphic on branches; lateral leaves ovate, aristate.

Sporocarp: December to February. Less common; in moist and shady

localities.

Loc. name: Pittakalu.

Uses: Whole herb smoked and inhaled by Gond children while suffering

from dysentery.

295. Semecarpus anacardium L.f. Suppl. PI. 182. 1781. FPB 1: 296; FPM 1:

266. ANACARDIACEAE
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Trees, up to 7 m tall. Leaves simple, .obovate-oblong, coriaceous, entire,

glabrous, base obtuse, apex rounded. Flowers greenish-white, in terminal panicles.

Drupes obliquely oblong, smooth, black, seated on a fleshy receptacle.

FI. & Fr.: April-July. Less common; in deciduous forests. TRS 83104,

85161.

Loc. name: Nalla jeedi.

Uses: Resin applied above eye-brows as a dot -line, or on temples

for head ache by Lambadis. Resin applied on heel cracks by Gonds. Seeds

sold in market.

296. Sesamum indicum L. Sp. PI. 634, 1753; FPB 2: 413; FPM 2: 1002.
PEDALIACEAE

Herbs, erect, up to 30 cm tall; branchlets puberulous. Leaves simple,

elliptic or lanceolate, serrate or lobed. Flowers pale purple, solitary or in

racemes. Capsules bluntly quadrangular, shortly beaked, pubescent; seeds oblong,

black.

FI. & Fr.: August-October. Common; cultivated around tribal hamlets.

TRS 83121.

Loc. name: Nuvvulu; Nuvung (Gonds).

Uses: Seed oil used for culinary purpose, as an ingredient and also

as hair-oil. The whole plant used for thatching.

297. Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. in Philipp. J. Sci. 7: 235. 1912. Aeschynomene

sesban L. Sp. PI. 714. 1753. Sesbania aegyptiaca (Poir.) Pers. Syn. 2: 316.

1§07; FPM1: 323. Sesban aegyptiacus Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 7: 128. 1806.
PAPILIONACEAE

Trees, up to 4 .m tall. Leaves paripinnate; leaflets linear-oblong, entire,

base unequal, apex rounded. Flowers crimson, in axillary lax racemes. Pods

twisted, pendulous.
 146

FI. & Fr.: January-April. Less common; cultivated near tribal areas.

TRS 83702.

Loc. name: Somintha (Koyas).

Uses: Leaf juice applied for nasal congestion by Koyas - 2 to 3 drops

into each nostril once in a day, till cure. Tender leaves and inflorescence

edible.

298. Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 51, 170 & 178. 1812;FPB 3:

437; FPM 3: 1789. Panicum italicum L. Sp. PI. 56. 1753. POACEAE

Herbs, erect, up to 1 m tall; culms glabrous. Leaves linear-lanceolate,

scaberulous above, smooth beneath, Spikelets green, dense, crowded, in terminal

cylindrical panicles. Caryopsis fusiform to ellipsoid, slightly compressed, yellow.

FI. & Fr.: July-December. Common; cultivated near tribalpockets,

Loc. name: Burakalu, Korralu; Bhadi (Gonds & Kolams).

Uses: Grains edible, cooked and eaten.

299. Sida acuta Burm.f. FI. Ind. 147. 1768, emend. K. Schum. in FI. Bros.

12(3): 326. 1891; FPB 1: 98; FPM 1: 90. MALVACEAE

Herbs, up to 50 cm tall. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous, serrate,

baserounded or subacute, apex acute. Flowers solitary, axillary, yellow.

Schizocarps ovoid, acute, glabrous.

FI. & Fr.: August-February. Common; along hedges in open areas.

TRS 86591.

Loc. name: Mutha palupu.

Uses: Leaf paste applied on boils and blisters by Gonds.

300. Solanum indicum L. Sp. PI. 187. 1753 p.p.; FPB 2: 336; FPM 2: 938.
SOLANACEAE

Undershrubs, up to 1.5 m tall, armed. Leaves alternate, lobed, ovate,

prickles on both sides, base truncate or cordate, apex acute. Flowers purple,
 147

in lateral cymes. Berries globose, yellow when ripe.

FI. & Fr.: August-December. Common; cultivated around tribal areas.

TRS 85117.

Loc. name: Vanga.

Uses: Fruits used as vegetable.

301. Solanum melongena L. Sp. PI. 186. 1753, var. melongena; FPB 2: 339;

FPM2.-937. SOLANACEAE

Herbs, up to 1.5 m tall, fulvous tomentose. Leaves alternate, ovate,

lobed, base rounded, apex acute. Flowers solitary, axillary, purple. Berries

obovoid or oblong, green.

FI. & Fr.: Common; cultivated around tribal hamlets.

Loc. name: Vanga.

Uses: Tender fruits used as vegetable.

302. Solanum melongena L. var. insanum (L.) Prain, Bengal PI. 746. 1903;

FPM 2: 937. S. insanum L. Mant. PI. 46. 1767; FPB 2: 337. SOLANACEAE

Herbs, up to 1 m tall, prickly, fulvous tomentose. Leaves alternate,

ovate-elliptic, base subcordate or truncate, apex subacute. Flowers blue, solitary

or in 2-flowered cymes. Berries globose, glabrescent, yellow when ripe.

FI. & Fr.: January-September. Common; in open areas and fringes

of deciduous forests. TRS 83124.

Loc. name: Adavi vankaya.

Uses: Tender fruits used as vegetable.

303. Solanum nigrum L. Sp. PI. 186. 1753; FPB 2: 332; FPM 2: 936.
SOLANACEAE

Herbs, up to 75 cm tall. Leaves alternate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,

shallowly lobed, base cuneate, apex acute. Flowers white, in axillary, sub-

umbellate cymes. Berries globose, black when ripe.

 148

FI. & Fr.: April-December. Common; in open areas and also along

streams. TRS 86535.

Loc. name: Vusti.

Uses; Tender leaves and fruits used as vegetable by Gonds and Kolams.

304. Sofanum surattense Burm.f. FI. Ind. 57. 1768. S. xanthocarpum Schrader

& Wendl. Sert. Hannov. 1: 8. t. 2. 1795; FPB 2: 335; FPM 2: 938. SOLANACEAE

Herbs, prostrate, prickly; stems zigzag. Leaves simple, prickly, ovate

or elliptic, lobed, base acute, apex obtuse. Flowers violet, in few-ftowered

cymes. Berries globose, yellow.

FI. & Fr.: May-December. Common; in wastelands. TRS 83189.

Loc. name: Mulka (Koyas); Nela Dorli (Gonds).

Uses: Root extract orally administered for snake bite by Gonds - 2

to 3 spoonfuls 2 times with an hour gap. Powdered root mixed with honey

and made into pills - 1 cm dia. given orally for cough - 3 times for only

one day, by Koyas. Tender fruits used as vegetable.

305. Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi in Saldanha & Nicolson, FI. Hassan

Dist. 179. 1976. Bryonia amplexicaulis Lam. Encycl. 1: 496. 1785. Melothria

heterophylla (Lour.) Cogn. in DC. Monog. Phan. 3: 618. 1881; FPB 1: 575;

FPM 1: 539. Solena heterophylla Lour. FI. Cochinch. 514. 1790.

CUCURBITACEAE

Herbs, climbing; tendrils simple. Leaves polymorphic, ovate or lobed

or hastate, base cordate, apex acute or acuminate. Flowers solitary, axillary,

cream-coloured. Fruits oblong-ovoid, bright red when ripe.

FI. & Fr.: August-December. Common; on hedges and along bunds

of fallow lands. TRS 85282.

Loc. name: Thondi (Gonds).

Uses: Tender fruits used as vegetable by Gonds and Kolams.

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306. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Meth. Pt. 207. 1794; FPM 3: 1736. Holcus

bicolor L. Mant. PI. 301. 1771. POACEAE

Herbs or subshrubs, up to 2 m tall. Leaves linear-lanceolate, base

rounded or narrowed, apex acuminate. Flowers in panicles; spikelets sessile,

obovate, subglobose or elliptic-lanceolate; glumes reddish brown. Grains globose

to ovate, white to pale yellow.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; cultivated around tribal

hamlets.

Loc. name: Jonnalu.

Uses: Grains cooked and eaten.

307. Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.) A. Juss. in Mem. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 19:

251. 1830; FPB 1: 228; FPM 1: 185. Swietenia febrifuga Roxb. PI. Cor. t.

17. 1795. MELIACEAE

Trees, up to 15 m tall. Leaves paripinnate; leaflets elliptic or oblong,

obtuse, glabrous, entire, base oblique, apex acute. Flowers greenish-white,

in terminal or axillary panicles. Capsules obovoid, 5-loculed; seeds winged.

Photo 43.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Less common; in dry deciduous forests.

TRS 83177, 85186, 85232.

Loc. name: Somy; Rohini (Gonds).

Uses: Stem bark extract orally administered for dysentery by Gonds

- 3 to 5 spoonfuls daily in the morning for 3 days. Stem bark pounded with

cane sugar (Saccharum officinarum) and mixed in water given orally for stomach

pain by Koyas - 2 to 3 spoonfuls in the morning and midnight. Stem bark

dried, powdered, mixed with water and orally administered by Gonds for easy

delivery - 2 to 3 spoonfuls during labour pains. Stem bark powder mixed

with jaggery (Saccharum officinarum) and made into pills of 1 cm dia. administ­

ered internally for menstrual disorders by Gonds and Kolams - thrice a day
 150

for 3 days. Stem bark extract given orally for rib muscle injuries by Gonds

and Kolams - 2 to 3 spoonfuls, thrice a day for 3 days. Root juice given

to persons believed to be possessed, by Gonds. Pounded fruits mixed in water

as fish poison by Gonds and Kolams. Stem bark paste applied for eye injuries

of cattle. Wood used for making musical instruments.

308. Sphaeranthus indicus L. Sp. PI. 927. 1753; FPB 2: 84; FPM 2: 692.
ASTERACEAE

Herbs, erect, glandular-hirsute. Leaves sessile, obovate-oblong, serrate,

base narrowed, apex rounded or subacute. Heads compound, globose-ovoid,

pink. Achenes ribbed, glabrous, dull yellow.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; near marshy areas. TRS

86557.

Loc. name: Gorakamulli.

Uses: Entire plant pounded, boiled and the paste applied for boils and

blisters by Gonds and Kolams.

309. Sterculia urens Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 24. 1795; FPB 1: 131; FPM 1: 106.
STERCULIACEAE

Trees, up to 10 m tall; bark smooth, exfoliating, white. Leaves simple,

palmately lobed, glabrous above, velvety beneath, base cordate, apex caudate-

acuminate. Flowers yellow, in terminal panicles. Follicles ovoid-oblong, with

yellowish-brown stinging hairs. Photo 44 & 45.

FI. & Fr.: December-May. Less common; along slopes of dry deciduous

forests. TRS 86600.

Loc. name: Thabisu; Koyila (Koyas).

Uses: Stem bark with that of Bauhinia racemosa pounded and the extract

orally administered for menstrual disorders by Koyas - 2 to 3 spoonfuls twice

a day for 3 days. Gum and kernel eaten by all tribes. Gum sold in markets.

Bark fibre insulated over water bottles made from the fruits of Lagenaria
 151

siceraria, to retain coolness. Stem bark fibre used for making ropes.

310. Sterculia villosa Roxb. ex DC. Prodr. 1: 483. 1824; FPB 1: 132; FPM 1;

106. STERCULIACEAE

Trees, up to 10 m tall; bark smooth, pale-maroon. Leaves palmately

3-7-lobed, glabrescent above, pubescent beneath, base cordate, apex acuminate.

Flowers pinkish, in rusty pubescent, terminal panicles. Follicles oblong, rusty

villous.

FI. & Fr.: January-May. Less common; in dry deciduous forests.

TRS 86110.

Loc. name: Thabisu.

Uses: Roasted cotyledons edible. Bark fibre used for making ropes.

311. Streblus asper Lour. FI. Cochinch. 2: 615. 1790; FPB 3: 141; FPM 3:

1353. MORACEAE

Trees, up to 5 m tall, dioecious; bark smooth, grey. Leaves simple,

elliptic, obovate or rhomboid, serrate, base obtuse or cuneate, apex acute.

Flowers white, in axillary cymes. Drupes subglobose, pisiform, enclosed in

fleshy yellow perianth.

FI. & Fr.: January-May. Occasional; along streams of deciduous forests.

TRS 85175.

Loc. name: Barrenka.

Uses: Latex applied for boils and blisters in children, by Koyas. Twigs

used as tooth brush. Branches used in religious festivals and marriages.

312. Strychnos nux-vomica L. Sp. PI. 189. 1753; FPB 2: 250; FPM 2: 868.
LOGANIACEAE

Trees, up to 15 m tall;bark thin, grey. Leaves simple, broadly ovate

or orbicular, coriaceous, glabrous, base rounded, apex obtuse or acute. Flowers

greenish white, in terminal cymes. Berries globose, shining, orange-red when

ripe.
 152

FI. & Fr.: March-August. Frequent; in shaded localities of deciduous

forests. TRS 86595.

Loc. name: Vishamushti, Isamusti.

Uses: Leaf paste applied for leprosy wounds, by Lambadis. Fruits

used as fish poison by Koyas. Seeds sold in market.

313. Strychnos potatorum L.f. Suppl. PI. 148. 1781; FPB 2: 251; FPM 2: 868.
LOGANIACEAE

Trees, up to 10 m tall; bark corky, brownish-black. Leaves sessile,

ovate, glabrous, shiny, base rounded or acute, apex acute. Flowers white,

in axillary cymes. Berries ovoid, black when ripe.

FI. & Fr.: October-March. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

83185.

Loc. name: Chilla.

Uses: Seed paste used as detergent and hairwash by Koyas. Raw fruits

crushed and used as fish poison. Seeds used for purifying water, by Gonds;

also sold in market. Seeds dried and kernel eaten by Kolams.

314. Sutera dissecta (Del.) Walp. Rep. 3: 271. 1844. Capraria dissecta Del.

Descr. Egypt. Hist. Nat. 95. t. 32. f. 2. 1812. Sutera glandulosa Roth, Nov.

PI. Sp. 291. 1821; FPB 2: 356; FPM 2: 946. SCROPHULARIACEAE

Herbs, erect, up to 45 cm tall. Leaves pinnatitid; segments toothed,

base tapering. Flowers axillary, solitary or in terminal racemes, scented,

white. Capsules septicidal, ovoid-oblong.

FI. & Fr.: December-March. Common; along streamlets and marshy

areas of deciduous forests. TRS 86515.

Loc. name: Kor poddhur (Gonds).

Uses: Whole herb pounded and mixed in water as fish poison.

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315. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels in U.S.D.A. Bur. PI. Industr. Bull. 248: 2.

1912. Myrtus cumini L. Sp. PI. 471. 1753. Syzygium jambolanum (Lam.) DC.

Prodr. 3: 259. 1858; FPM t: 481. Eugenia jambolana Lam. Encycl. 3: 198.

1789; FPB 1: 523. MYRTACEAE

Trees, up to 15 m tall; bark smooth, exfoliating, pale grey. Leaves

alternate, elliptic-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, pellucid dotted, slightly

narrowed. Flowers white, fragrant, crowded in lateral panicled cymes. Berries

elliptic-oblong, black when ripe.

FI. & Fr.: March-August. Common; along streams in moist deciduous

forests. TRS 79567, 86573.

Loc. name: Allam Neredu, Jinne; Metti jinna (Koyas).

Uses: Stem bark pounded and mixed in curd, orally administered for

dysentery by Koyas - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for 5 days. Fruits edible.

Wood used for agricultural implements and house building. Branches and leaf

twigs used in religious ceremonies and marriages.

316. Syzygium heyneanum (Duthie) Wall, ex Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 482.

1919. Eugenia heyneana Duthie in Hook.f. FI. Brit. India 2: 500. 1879; FPB

1: 524. MYRTACEAE

Trees, up to 5 m tall. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous, pellucid-

dotted, entire, base tapering, apex acute. Flowers white, in axillary cymes.

Berries oblong-ellipsoid, black purple when ripe. Photo 46.

FI. & Fr.: March-August. Common; along the banks of streams and

rivers. TRS 86555.

Loc. name: Lendi (Gonds); Jinna (Koyas).

Uses: Stem bark extract orally administered for epilepsy by Gonds

- 2 to 3 spoonfuls in morning, evening and the next day morning. Fruits

edible.
 154

317. Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 3: 311. 1893. Leontice

leontopetaloides L. Sp. PI. 313. 1753. Tacca pinnatifida Forst. Char. Gen.

70. f. 35. 1776; FPB 3: 262; FPM 3: 1506. TACCACEAE

Herbs, erect; rootstock tuberous, globose. Leaves radical, entire, costate

or pinnatifid. Flowers greenish white to purple in umbels. Scape longer than

the petiole. Berries subglobose, ribbed, yellow when ripe.

FI. & Fr.: August-October. Common; in hilly areas along Godavari

valley. PVS 84006.

Loc. name: Adavi Kandha; Muvva kandha (Koyas).

Uses: Corms ground with tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and the extract

orally administered for chest and rib muscle pain by Koyas - 2 spoonfuls thrice

a day till cure. Corms eaten by Koyas.

!

318. Tamarindus indica L. Sp. PI. 34. 1753; FPB 1: 457; FPM 1: 409.
CAESALPINIACEAE

Trees, up to 15 m tall; bark dark grey. Leaves paripinnate; leaflets

opposite, oblong, glabrous, base truncate or oblique, apex obtuse. Flowers

yellow with pink stripes, in lax few-flowered racemes. Pods turgid.

FI. & Fr.: March-September. Common; in and around tribal hamlets

and also cultivated.

Loc. name: Chintha.

Uses: Fruit pulp along with jaggery (Saccharum officinarum) consumed

as an anti-sedative by Gonds. Fruit juice orally administered for constipation

by Koyas. Stem bark ash used as detergent by Koyas. Ripened fruits used

as condiment. Tender leaves used as vegetable. Roasted cotyledons eaten.

319. Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz.) Tirvengadum & Sastre in Mauritius Inst. Bui!.

8(4): 85. 1979. Gardenia uliginosa Retz. Obs. Bot. 2: 14. 1781. Randia uliginosa

(Retz.) DC. Prodr. 4: 386. 1830; FPB 2: 27; FPM 2: 615. RUBIACEAE
 155

Trees, up to 7 m tall; armed; bark scaly, reddish-brown. Leaves simple,

obovate or obovate-oblong, glabrous above, puberulous beneath, base tapering,

apex obtuse. Flowers white turning yellow, solitary at the ends of suppressed

leafless branches. Berries ovoid, smooth, yellowish-brown. Photo 47.

FI. & Fr.: May-October. Less common; in dry deciduous forests.

TRS 83666.

Loc. name: Paccha gaara; Guvenka (Koyas).

Uses: Tender fruits used as vegetable.

320. Tectona grandis L.f. Suppl. PI. 151. 1781; FPB 2: 503; FPM 2: 1092.
VERBENACEAE

Trees, up '5 m tall. Leaves obovate, entire, glabrous above, tawny

tomentose beneath, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Flowers white, in terminal

cymose panicles. Drupes subglobose, enclosed in enlarged calyx.

FI. & Fr.: June-October. Common; in open areas of dry deciduous

forests and extensively raised in plantations.

Loc. name: Teku.

Uses: Wood used for making agricultural implements, house building

and household articles. Leaves stitched together and used as an umbrella.

321. Telosma pallida (Roxb.) Craib in Kew Bull. 1911: 418. 1911; FPM 2: 844.

Asclepias pallida Roxb. FI. Ind. 2: 48. 1832. Pergularia pallida (Roxb.) Wight

& Arn. in Wight, Contrib. 42. 1834; FPB 2: 229. ASCLEPIADACEAE

Twiners. Leaves simple, ovate, base cordate, apex acuminate. Flowers

greenish-yellow, in umbellate cymes. Follicles lanceolate, turgid.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Occasional; along hedges and fringes of

forests. GVSR 20123.

Loc. name: Paalcha (Gonds).

Uses: Inflorescence and tender epicarp edible, by Gonds.

 156

322. Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Syn. 2: 329. 1807; FPB 1: 346; FPM 1:

320. Cracca purpurea L. Sp. PI. 752. 1753. PAPILIONACEAE

Herbs, erect, bushy, up to 40 cm tall. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets

oblanceolate, apex obtuse or retuse, mucronate. Flowers red, in leaf-opposed

lax racemes. Pods linear-oblong, slightly curved, flattened.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Most common; in waste lands. TRS

85270.

Loc. name: Khathri (Gonds).

Uses: Root extract mixed with water orally administered for dysentery,

by Gonds - 50 ml thrice a day for one day.

323. Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. Syn. 2: 329. 1807. Cracca villosa L. Sp. PI.

752. 1753. Tephrosia hirta (Buch.-Ham.) Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 1: 318.

Galega hirta Buch.-Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: 546. 1822.
PAPILIONACEAE

Herbs, erect, villous, up to 50 cm tall. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets

obovate, entire, base cuneate, apex em^rginate. Flowers pink, in terminal

racemes. Pods densely villous, subfalcate.

FI. & Fr.: June-September. Common; in open areas and fallow lands.

TRS 83651.

Loc. name: Vempeli.

Uses:Root extract orally administered for menstrual disorders by Lamba-

dis - 2 to 3 spoonfuls twice a day till cure; the same given for stomach pain.

324. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. Prodr. 314. 1834; FPB

1: 509; FPM 1: 465. Pentapteraarjuna Roxb. ex DC. Prodr. 3: 14. 1828.

COMBRETACEAE

Trees, up to 20 m tall; bark smooth, grey. Leaves oblong or elliptic-

oblong, crenate, base cordate, apex obtuse. Flowers yellow, in panicled spikes.

Drupes obovoid-oblong, 5-angled, woody.

 157

FI. & Fr,: April-July. Common; along banks of streams and rivers.

TRS 79573, 85224, 86586.

Loc. name: Maddhi, Thella Maddhi.

Uses: Stem bark used as fish poison by Gonds and Kolams. Stem bark

paste applied for wounds of cattle, by Gonds. Wood used for making musical

instruments and house building. Gum sold in market.

325. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 198. 1805, "bellerica";

FPB 1: 508; FPM 1: 463. Myrobalanus bellirica Gaertn. Fruct. 2: 90. t. 97.

ff. a-d. 1791. COMBRETACEAE

Trees, up to 25 m tall; bark bluish-grey. Leaves ovate-oblong or broadly

elliptic, coriaceous, entire, base cuneate, apex rounded. Flowers greenish-

yellow, in axillary spikes. Drupes obovoid-oblong, obscurely angled.

FI. & Fr.: September-February. Common; in dry deciduous forests.

TRS 83674, 85138.

Loc. name: Thadi, Thandri; Tahka (Gonds).

Uses: Stem bark with that of Butea monosperma pounded and the extract

orally administered for menstrual disorders by Gonds - 50 ml once in a day

for 3 days after menstruation; diet. - Garlic(Allium sativum) pounded and

mixed withmildlyheated cow's ghee consumed during medication. Stem bark

powder mixed with jaggery (Saccharum officinarum) and made into pills of

1 cm diam. given orally for stomach pain by Gonds and Kolams 3 times

for one day. Stem bark pounded and the extract orally administered as diuretic

by Kolams - 50 ml thrice a day till cure. Fruit pulp edible. Fruits and gum

sold in market.

326. Terminalia chebula Retz. Obs. Bot. 5: 31. 1789; FPB 1: 509; FPM 1: 464.
COMBRETACEAE

Trees, up to 7 m tall; bark dark brown. Leaves ovate, elliptic or obo-

vate, entire, base rounded, apex acute. Flowers greenish-yellow, in axillary

 158

panicled spikes. Drupes obovoid, ribbed, yellow.

FI. & Fr.: December-May. Common; in dry deciduous forests. GVSR

20221.

Loc. name: Karaka.

Uses: Fruit paste applied for foot sores. Wood used for agricultural

implements, musical instruments and house building.

327. Terminalia coriacea (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Prodr. 315. 1834; FPM 1: 465.

Pentaptera coriacea Roxb. FI. Ind. 2: 438. 1832. COMBRETACEAE

Trees, up to 15 m tall; bark deeply cracked, greyish. Leaves elliptic-

ovate or oblong, coriaceous, entire, apex obtuse or emarginate. Flowers pale

t n, in paniculate spikes. Drupes 5-angled, winged, yellowish-velvety.

FI. & Fr.: May-September. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

85238.

Loc. name: Nalla Maddhi.

Uses: Stem bark extract applied for ear pain/infection, by Koyas.

Fruit paste mixed with breast milk, administered orally to infants for cough

by Koyas - 1 to 2 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days. Leaf juice applied for

insect bite. Wood used for agricultural implements and house building.

328. Theriophonum minutum (Wilid.) Baillon, y-Hist. PI. 13: 457. 1895; FPM 3:

1579. Arum minutum Wi I Id. Sp. PI. 4: 481. 1805. ARACEAE

Herbs, roots tuberous. Leaves orbicular-hastate, or hastate triangular,

trilobed, margins undulate. Spathe subcylindric, subacute or shortly cuspidate,

greenish-purple. Spadix half as long as spathe. Berries ovoid.

FI. & Fr.: July-September. Common; in marshy areas adjacent to

Godavari river. PVS 84007.

Loc. name: Adavi shama (Koyas).

Uses: Corms processed and eaten by Koyas.

 159

329. Tinospora cordifolia (WilId.) Miers ex Hook.f. & Thoms. FI. Ind. 184. 1855;
FPM 1: 26-
FPB 1: 20; ^Menispermum cordifolium Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 826. 1806.
MENISPERMACEAE

Climbing shrubs, woody; bark corky. Leaves roundish or subdeltoid,

entire, glabrous, base cordate, apex acuminate. Flowers yellow, in axillary

racemes, drooping. Drupes ovoid, red.

FI. & Fr.: December-April. Common; in scrub forests. TRS 85137.

Loc. name: Kodi theega (Kolams).

Uses: Tuber extract orally administered for stomach pain by Gonds

and Kolams - 50 ml thrice a day for one day.

330. Tribulus terrestris L. Sp. PI. 387. 1753; FPB 1: 170; FPM 1: 130.
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

Herbs, procumbent, hirsute. Leaves paripinnate; leaflets oblong-ovate,

base rounded or oblique, apex apiculate. Flowers solitary, axillary or leaf-

opposed, yellow. Capsules ovoid, rugose, spinous-horned.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; in fallow lands of open

areas. TRS 85257.

Loc. name: Koda kuri (Gonds).

Uses: Root paste applied for mumps by Gonds. Roots powdered mixed

with pepper (Piper nigrum) and applied for tooth infection by Gonds and Kolams.

Tender stem used as vegetable by Gonds.

331. Trichodesma indicum (L.) R. Br. Prodr. 496. 1810; FPB 2: 281; FPM 2:

899. Bor ago indica L. Sp. PI. 137. 1753. BORAGINACEAE

Herbs, erect, hispid. Leaves sessile, lanceolate-oblong, tubercled above,

villous beneath, entire, base hastate, apex obtuse or subacute. Flowers solitary

or in terminal cymes, pale blue or white. Capsules pyramidal.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; along the river beds of

deciduous forests. TRS 86106.

 160

Loc. name: Akkanna Kothu (Koyas).

Uses: Root juice orally administered for leucorrhoea - 50 to 100 ml

thrice a day for 7 days, by Koyas.

332. Tridax procumbens L. Sp. PI. 900. 1753; FPB 2: 102; FPM 2: 711.
ASTERACEAE

Herbs, procumbent or decumbent, hispid. Leaves opposite, ovate-elliptic,

scaberulous, base cuneate, apex acute. Heads solitary, terminal, yellow.

Achenes oblong, densely villous.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; in waste places and fallow

lands. TRS 86538.

Loc. name: Dhomki (Gonds); Barre dhobbidi (Kolams).

Uses: Leaf juice filtered and applied for ophthalmic infections by Gonds

l to 3 drops into each eye before sleep, till cure. Leaf paste applied for

boils, blisters and cuts, by Gonds and Kolams.

333. Triumfetta rotundifolia Lam. Encycl. 3: 421. 1792; FPB 1: 157; FPM

1: 120. TILIACEAE

Herbs, erect, up to 1 m tall. Leaves orbicular, irregularly toothed,

stellate hairy above, tomentose beneath. Flowers yellow in axillary racemes.

Capsules ovoid, echinate.

FI. & Fr.: August-December. Less common; near foot hills. TRS 83140.

Loc. name: Gorre chippata (Kolams).

Uses: Roots pounded mixed with water and orally administered for

dysentery by Gonds - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days. Powdered

roots mixed with 'roaties' made of Sorghum bicolor consumed for stomach

pain by Gonds and Kolams.

334. Tylophora indica (Burm.f.) Merr. in Philipp. J. Sci. 19: 373. 1921. Cynan-

chum indicum Burm.f. FI. Ind. 70. 1768. Tylophora asthmatica (L.f.) Wight
 161

& Arn. in Wight, Contrib. 51. 1834; FPB 2: 228; FPM 2: 843. Asclepias asthma­

tics L.f. Suppl. PI. 171. 1781. ASCLEPIADACEAE

Twining herbs. Leaves opposite, ovate or elliptic-oblong, base subcordate

ortruncate, apex acute or acuminate. Flowers pale yellow, in axillary or

lateral umbellate cymes. Follicles glabrous. Photo 48-

FI. & Fr.: September-April. Occasional; along hedges of deciduous

forests. TRS 79591.

Loc. name: Bokulukose (Kolams).

Uses: Root extract orally administered for menstrual disorders by Kolams

- 20 to 30 ml thrice a day for 3 to 5 days. Tender pericarp chewed and

swaMcjjsd for stomach pain and constipation. Tender leaves eaten by Kolams.

ypha angustata Bory & Chaub. Exped. Sci. Moree Bot. 1: 338. 1833;

3: 326; FPM 3: 1571. TYPHACEAE

Herbs, up to 2 m tall, monoecious. Leaves distichous, linear, glabrous,

spongy, obtuse or acute. Flowers brown, in terminal androgynous spikes.

FI. & Fr.: March-July. Occasional; in swampy areas. TRS 86549.

Loc. name: Dudhki (Kolams).

Uses: Seeds edible, used as a famine food. Inflorescence used for

fire-making.

336. Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook, ex G. Don in Loud. Hort. Brit. 372. 1830;

FPM 3: 1445. Epidendrum tessellatum Roxb. PI. Cor. t. 42. 1795. Vanda

roxburghii R. Br. in Bot. Reg. 6: t. 506. 1820; FPB 3: 208. ORCHIDACEAE

Epiphytic herbs; velamen roots branched. Leaves thick, coriaceous,

linear-oblong, praemorse at apex. Flowers yellow with brown lines, in lax

or dense racemes. Capsules narrowly clavate-oblong with short ribs. Photo 50

FI. & Fr.: June-October. Less common; in deciduous forests. TRS

83682.
 162

Loc. name: Vajanika, Ajunuka (Koyas).

Uses: Fleshy stem and leaves of this plant (preferably epiphytic on

Madhuca longifolia var. latifolia) pounded and dressed forbone fracture by

Koyas. Velamen roots eaten by Gonds and Kolams.

337. Ventilago denticulata Wilid. in Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Neue Schriften.

3: 417. 1801. V, calyculata Tul. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ser. 4. 8: 124. 1857;

FPB 1: 254; FPM 1: 218. RHAMNACEAE

Climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate, ovate or elliptic-ovate, crenate-

serrate, base unequally rounded, apex subacute. Flowers greenish, in terminal

paniculate spikes. Samaras pubescent, yellow.

FI. & Fr.: September-March. Less common; in shady areas of deciduous

forests. TRS 83158, 86510.

Loc. name: Surdum veli (Gonds); Jangamthoti, Sunuguru (Kolams).

Uses: Stem bark boiled and the pulp tied on joints for rheumatic pain

by Kolams. Stem bark poundedand the tract o a I ly administered for men­

strual disorders by Kolams - 50 ml thrice a day for 5 days. A pinch of stem

bark consumed every day for a fortnight to i mprove potency in males by

Kolams. Stem bark juice (rally administered for jaundice by Gonds and Kolams

- 2 to 3 spoonfuls daily in the morning for 3 days; diet. - to avoid fish and

brinjal. Stem bark used as fish poison by Gonds and Kolams.

338. Ventilago madraspatana Gaertn. Fruct. 1: 223. t. 49. f. 2. 1788; FPB

1: 253; FPM 1: 218, "maderaspatana". RHAMNACEAE

Climbers, woody; brarichlets pubescent. Leaves simple, elliptic or ovate-

lanceolate, entire, base subacute, apex acute or acuminate. Flowers pale

yellow, in terminal panicles. Samara yellow.

FI. & Fr.: December-April. Common; in fringes of forests.

Loc. name: Yerra theega (Koyas).

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Uses: Pounded stem bark mixed with cane sugar (Saccharum officinarum)

and water orally administered for menstrual disorders by Koyas - 2 to 3 spoon­

fuls thrice a day for five days. Stem bark paste used for veneral diseases

by Koyas.

339. Verbascum chinense (L.) Sant. FI. Purandhar 90. 1958. Scrophularia chinen-

sis L. Mant. PI. 250. 1771. Celsia Coromandeliana Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 79.

1794; FPB 2: 352; FPM 2: 945. SCROPHULARIACEAE

Herbs, erect, up to 75 cm tall. Leaves alternate, pinnatisect or sinuate,

ovate-oblong, serrate. Flowers yellow, in terminal racemes. Capsules sub-

globose, septicidal.

FI. & Fr,: January-May. Common; in marshy areas. TRS 79586, 85118.

Loc. name: Kor Poddur (Gonds).

Uses: Pounded leaves mixed in water as fish poison by Gonds.

340. Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper in Kew Bull. 11: 128. 1956. Phaseolus mungo

L. Mant. PI. 1: 101. 1767; FPB 1: 403; FPM 1: 363. PAPILIONACEAE

Herbs, erect, diffuse. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets ovate, ovate-lanceolate

or rhomboid, scaberulous, base truncate, apex acute. Flowers yellow, in race­

mes. Pods torulose, hirsute; seeds glabrous, black.

FI. & Fr.: August-November. Common; cultivated around tribal hamlets.

Loc. name: Minumulu.

Uses: Seeds edible.

341. Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek in FI. Congo Beige 6: 386. 1954. Phaseolus

radiatus L. Sp. PI. 725. 1753; FPB 1: 403; FPM 1: 363. PAPILIONACEAE

Herbs, twining. Leaves trifol iolate; leaflets ovate or rhomboid-ovate,

obtuse, base oblique, apex acute. Flowers yellow, in racemes. Pods straight,

cylindric; seeds green.

 164

FI. & Fr.: August-February. Common; cultivated around tribal hamlets.

Loc. name: Pesalu, Pesari.

Uses: Grains edible.

342. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. cylindrica (L.) Eselt. in Hedrick. Vegeta­

bles New York 1(2): 11. 1931. Phaseolus cylindricus L. Herb. Amb. 23. 1754.

Vigna catjang (Burm.f.) Walp. in Linnaea 13: 533. 1839; FPB 1: 405; FPM

1: 365. Polichos catjang Burm.f. FI. Ind. 161. 1768. PAPILIONACEAE

Shrubs, twining. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets ovate or rhomboid-ovate,

obtuse, glabrous, base oblique, apex acute. Flowers white, in few-flowered

racemes. Pods straight or slightly bent, subtorulose; seeds variegated.

FI. & Fr.: June-January. Common; cultivated around tribal hamlets.

Loc. name: Bebberlu; Bebre (Gonds).

Uses: Tender fruits used as vegetable; seeds cooked and eaten.

343. Viseum articulatum Burm.f. FI. Ind. 211. 1768; FPB 2: 47; FPM 2: 1259.
LORANTHACEAE

Shrubs, leafless; parasitic; stems flattened, articulated. Flowers pale

green, in axillary fascicles. Berries ovoid or globose, greenish-yellow.

FI. & Fr.: September-February. Common; in dry deciduous forests.

TRS 85145.

Loc. name: Vajanika; Ajunuka (Kolams).

Uses: Stem ground into a fine paste, made into pills of 5 mm dia.

and orally administered for abortion by Gonds and Koyas - thrice a day for

3to 5 days. Plant growing on Terminalia bellerica kept inside the house

to ward off evil spirits,by Gonds and Kolams.

344. Vitex leucoxylon L.f. Suppl. PI. 293. 1781; FPB 2: 510; FPM 2: 1103.
VERBENACEAE
Trees, up to 5 m tall; bark smooth, grey. Leaves 3-5-foliolate; leaflets

elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, entire, glabrous, base obtuse, apex acuminate.

 165

Flowers white, in axillary corymbose cymes. Drupes succulent, ellipsoid-oblong,

black when ripe.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Occasional; along hedges and shaded localities

of deciduous forests. TRS 85208, 86565, 86589.

Loc. name: Aayila; pedda jinna (Koyas).

Uses: Leaves boiled in water, and the water used for bathing by delivered

women to get relief from post delivery pains, by Gonds. Fruits eaten by

Koyas.

345. Vitex negundo L. Sp. PI. 638. 1753; FPB 2: 508; FPM 2: 1102.
VERBENACEAE

Shrubs, up to 3 m tall; bark thin, grey. Leaves 3-5-foliolate; leaflets

^Hiotic-lanceolate or lanceolate, entire, glabrous above, white tomentose beneath,

^use acute, apex acuminate. Flowers bluish-purple, in terminal panicles.

Drupes subglobose, black when ripe.

FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year. Common; along hedges and waste

places. TRS 83170, 85129, 85269.

Loc. name: Vayila; Aayila (Gonds).

Uses: Powdered stem bark mixed with jaggery (Saccharum officinarum)

and made into pills of 1 cm dia., orally administered for typhoid by Gonds

- twice a day for four days.

346. Wattakak'a volubilis (L.f.) Stapf in Bot. Mag. Sub. t. 8976. 1923. Asclepias

volubilis L.f. Suppl. PI. 170. 1781. Dregea volubilis (L.f.) Benth. ex Hook.f.

FI. Brit. India 4: 46. 1883. Marsdenia volubilis (L.f.) Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay

2: 230. 1904; FPM 2: 846. ASCLEPIADACEAE

Climbing shrubs; bark corky, brown. Leaves broadly ovate or suborbicular,

entire, glabrous or softly pubescent, base rounded or cordate, apex acuminate.

Flowers yellow -green, in drooping umbellate cymes. Follicles woody, brown.

Photo 49
 166

FI. & Fr.: April-October. Common; along hedges and bushes of dry

deciduous forests. TRS 79558, 83195.

Loc. name: Kaand veli (Gonds); Bandi gurija (Koyas).

Uses: Root extract filtered and orally administered for hydrophobia,

by Koyas - 3 to 4 spoonfuls thrice a day for 3 days. Tender twigs eaten

by Gonds and Kolams women as a lactogogue. Tender pericarp eaten by Koyas.

Leaf paste applied for wounds of cattle. Bark fibre used for cordage.

347. Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz in J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 40: 56. 1871; FPM

1: 511. Lythrum fruticosum L. Sp. PI. 641. 1762. Woodfordia floribunda Salisb.,

Parad. London, t. 42. 1806; FPB 1: 543. LYTHRACEAE

Shrubs, arborescent, up to 3 m tall; bark thin, grey. Leaves opposite,

sessile, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, coriaceous, base acute, apex

acuminate. Flowers reddish-orange, in axillary panicled cymes. Capsules

ellipsoid, seeds, smooth, brown.

FI. & Fr.: December-May. Common; in deciduous forests. TRS 83708.

Loc. name: Adavi Jail; Pitepungar (Gonds).

Uses: Pounded roots cooked with seeds of Cicer arietinum eaten for

rheumatic pain by Gonds and Kolams.

348. Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabberley in Taxon 26: 533. 1977. Periploca

arborea Dennst. Schluess. Hort. Ind. Malab. 13: 23 & 25. 1818. Wrightia tomen-

tosa Roem. & Schultes, Syst. 4: 414. 1819; FPB 2: 199; FPM 2: 816.
APOCYNACEAE

Trees, up to 10 m tall; bark corky, grey. Leaves opposite, elliptic-

oblong, tomentose, entire, base acute, apex acuminate. Flowers white, in

terminal corymbose cymes. Follicles with a groove at the junction of the

carpels, whitish tuberculate; seeds linear, base silky.

FI. & Fr.: April-September. Less common; in' dry deciduous forests.

TRS 83153, 85234.

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Loc. name: Thed paala (Kolams).

Uses: Latex (few drops) mixed with 50-100 ml of goat's milk and orally

administered for ulcer by Kolams - daily in the morning for 3 to 5 days.

Latex diluted, mixed with goat's milk, given orally for nursing mothers as

a lactogogue by Gonds and Kolams.

349. Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br. in Mem.Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc.

1: 47. 1811, var. tinctoria; FPB 2: 200; FPM 2: 815. Nerium tinctorium Roxb.

in Orient. Repert. 1: 39. cum tab. 1791. APOCYNACEAE

Trees, up to 10 m tall; bark scaly, smooth. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate

or ovate-oblong, glabrous, base acute or rounded, apex acuminate. Flowers

white, fragrant, in terminal panicles. Follicles united at apex.

FI.& Fr.: March-October. Common; in deciduous forests. TRS 83112,

85139.

Loc. name: Paalandi (Gonds); Thed paalandi (Kolams).

Uses: Pounded stem bark mixed with water and given orally for stomach

pain and peptic ulcer by Gonds and Kolams - 2 to 3 spoonfuls thrice a day

for 1 to 3 days.

350. Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br. var. rothii (G. Don) Hook.f. FI. Brit.

India 3: 653. 1882; FPM 2: 816. W. rothii G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 86. 1837-1838.
APOCYNACEAE

Trees, up to 10 m tall. Leaves simple, distichous, ovate-elliptic, entire,

base acute, apex acuminate. Flowers white, in dichotomously branched terminal

cymes. Follicles cylindric, united at apex.

FI. & Fr.: March-September. Common; in deciduous forests. TRS

79549, 79585.

Loc. name: Thedda Korse (Gonds); Pala Kodisi (Kolams).

Uses: Stem bark extract given orally as a lactogogue by Gonds - 50

ml thrice a day for 3 to 5 days. Latex applied to cure cuts and wounds
 168

by Kolams. Latex used for coagulating milk by Gonds and Kolams.

351. Xanthium indicum Koen. in Roxb. FI. Ind. 3: 601. 1832. X. strumarium

L. Sp. PI. 987. 1753 p.p.; FPB 2: 94; FPM 2: 703. ASTERACEAE

Herbs, scabrid, up to 2 m tall. Leaves alternate, broadly ovate, shallowly

3-5-lobed, serrate, base cordate. Heads greenish-brown, in terminal and axillary

racemes, not rayed. Achenes with hooked bristles.

FI. & Fr.: April-October. Common; near moist localities. TRS 83125.

Loc. name: Potu (Gonds).

Uses: Leaf juice applied for ear pain by Gonds - 2 to 3 drops into

each ear.

352. Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. Bot. Centralbl. 47: 397. 1891; FPM 1: 417.

Mimosa xylocarpa Roxb. PI. Cor. 1: 68. t. 100. 1798. MIMOSACEAE

Trees, up to 15 m tall; bark reddish grey. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets

glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, entire, base rounded, apex acute. Flowers white,

sessile, in globose heads. Pods woody, oblong, flat, rusty tomentose. Photo 51.

FI. & Fr.: March-October. Common; in deciduous forests. TRS 83703,

85206.

Loc. name: Bojja.

Uses: Roasted seeds edible. Wood used for house building.

353. Zea mays L. Sp. PI. 971. 1753; FPB 3: 574; FPM 3: 1704. POACEAE

Herbs, up to 2 m tall. Leaves flat, lanceolate, base sheathed, apex

acute or acuminate. Male flowers pale yellow, in terminal spiciform racemes.

Female flowers yellow, in axillary spikes. Grains oblong, yellow.

FI. & Fr.: November-March. Common; cultivated around tribal hamlets.

Loc. name: Mokka jonnalu.

Uses: Grains edible.

 169

354. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Encycl. 3: 319. 1789. Z. jujuba (L.) Gaertn.

Fruct. 1: 203. 1788, non Mill. 1768; FPB 1: 256; FPM 1: 219. Rhamnus jujuba

L. Sp. PI. 194. 1753. RHAMNACEAE

Shrubs, up to 4 m tall, thorny. Leaves bifarious, ovate-elliptic or orbicu­

lar, faintly dentate. Flowers greenish-yellow, in axillary clusters or cymes.

Drupes globose, fleshy, smooth, yellow or orange when ripe.

FI. & Fr.: February-May. Common; in scrub and dry deciduous forests.

TRS 79565.

Loc. name: Regu; Goehte (Gonds).

Uses: Fruits edible. Branches used for fencing. Wood used for house

building.

355. Ziziphus rugosa Lam. Encycl. 3: 319. 1789; FPB 1: 258; FPM 1: 221.
RHAMNACEAE

Shrubs, straggling, thorny, up to 4 m tall. Leaves broadly elliptic,

glabrous, entire, base oblique, apex acute. Flowers cream-coloured, in peduncled

tomentose cymes. Drupes globose, pyriform.

FI. & Fr.: March-July. Common; in scrub and dry deciduous forests.

TRS 85189.

Loc. name: Yenaga Paraka (Koyas).

Uses: Fruits edible.

356. Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Wilid. Sp. PI. 1: 1104. 1798; FPB 1: 258; FPM

1: 220. Rhamnus xylopyrus Retz. Obs. Bot. 2: 11. 1781. RHAMNACEAE

Trees, up to 4 m tall. Leaves elliptic-oblong or suborbicular, crenate-

serrate, base oblique, apex mucronate. Flowers pale green, in axillary and

extra-axillary cymes. Drupes ovoid, grey-tomentose.

FI. & Fr.: April-September. Common; in dry deciduous forests. TRS

79598, 83667.

Loc. name: Gonte (Kolams); Guttikaya (Koyas).

Uses: Fruits edible.