Practice problem 1:

Determine the elevation difference Δh, between the water levels in the two open tanks shown in the figure below.

Practice problem 2:

A gate in the form of a partial circular surface (called a Tainter gate) holds back water on top of a dam as
shown in the figure. The gate is very long into the page, and thus all calculations can be treated in terms
of per unit length. The circular surface of the gate has a radius of 22 ft and a center, A, located at the
same elevation as the water surface in the reservoir, i.e. 10 ft above the seat of the gate C. The gate is
supported by and can pivot around a shaft located along its centerline at A.

a) Determine the horizontal force on the gate and its line of action.
b) Determine the total vertical force on the gate.
c) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force on the gate.
d) Why must the resultant pressure force pass through the shaft located at A?
Practice problem 3:

You are an engineering consultant for the Fish and Wildlife Service. A developer is required to construct
an artificial freshwater marsh as mitigation for construction impacts on a coastal ecosystem. The
developer submitted the following design for a gate that controls the water level. Gate AB is 5 ft wide
(into the paper) and opens to let freshwater out when the ocean tide is dropping below a certain level.
The hinge at A is 12 ft above the bottom. The gate will be constructed of lightweight materials and its
weight may be neglected.

At what seawater depth does the gate open? Assume ρf = 1000 kg/m3 and ρs = 1030 kg/m3

Practice Problem 4: P 3.64 of text book (page 145)

Practice Problem 5:

Water flows steadily from the large open tank shown in the figure. If viscous effects are negligible,
determine (a) the flowrate, Q, and (b) the manometer reading, h.
Practice Problem 6:

The flowrate in a water channel is sometimes determined by use of a device called a Venturi flume. As
shown in the figure, this device consists simply of a hump on the bottom of the channel. If the water
surface dips a distance of 0.07 m for the conditions shown, what is the flowrate per width of the
channel? Assume the velocity is uniform and viscous effects are negligible.

Practice problem 7:

An elbow and nozzle combination lies in the horizontal plane as shown in the figure below. The nozzle
discharges into the atmosphere. Assume d1, d2, p1, Q are known.

a) Find the x-component of the total force on the flange bolts.

b) Determine the head loss associated with the flow around the 180° bend.
Practice problem 8:

Water flow in open channels can be controlled and measured with a sluice gate. Water flows under the
gate in a wide channel as shown in the figure below; sections 1 and 2 (depths h1 and h2) are located at
moderate distances upstream and downstream of the gate, respectively, where the flow is uniform and
well behaved. The depth directly under the gate is d. The outlet of the gate has a coefficient of
contraction of Cv = 0.61.

a) Assuming h1 and d are known, find the discharge per unit width, q.
b) Find the depth along the upstream face of the gate, hG.
c) Find the horizontal force on the gate due to the flowing fluid.
d) If the pressure variation on the gate were hydrostatic, what would be the horizontal force on the
gate?

Practice problem 9:

Assuming frictionless, incompressible, one-dimensional flow of water through the horizontal tee
connection sketched in the figure, estimate values of the x and y components of the force exerted by
the tee on the water. Each pipe has an inside diameter of 1 m.
Practice problem 10:

As shown in the figure, two huge water tanks are connected by a pipe. The conditions are all given in the
figure and we need to determine the average flow velocity within the pipe. Here we neglect the change
of water depth in tanks and hence the flow within the pipe is steady. The inlet is sharp-edged, and the
friction factor of the pipe is 0.0212.

Practice problem 11:

Question 5.130 on page 271 of the text book, “hydraulic jump”. Note that the head loss should be:

4(h2  h1 )3
H 
h1h2