U

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
Grade 11
FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS
ON FRACTIONS, DECIMALS,
AND PERCENTS
 Activity

• Pick a piece from the cut outs

• Out of the pieces that you have, you can
form figures like what is shown below.
 Activity

• Now that you find your groupmates,

list down things that (based on
experiences) are expressed in
fractions.
Analysis

• In what situations can we apply fractions,

decimals and percent?
• What are the similarities between fractions and
decimals? How do they differ?
• When the denominators of two fractions are
similar, how would you determine which one is
greater?
• When the numerators of two fractions are
similar, how would you determine which
fraction is smaller?
In a cafeteria, or in any fastfood chain, we
can tell how much serving of food we need. It
can be half-serve or it can be whole-serve.
We can relate it to fractions because we can
tell what part of the food we need.
 LESSON
SessionOBJECTIVES
Objectives

At the end of this chapter, the participants

are expected to:

1. perform fundamental operations on fractions

and decimals;

2. Express fractions to decimals and percent

forms, and vice versa;

3. Illustrate how decimals and fractions can be

written in terms of percent;
 Session Objectives

4. Give real life situations to illustrate

fractions, decimals, and percent; and
5. Solve problems involving fractions,
decimals, and percent.
 Abstraction

Fractions
Fraction
– is a part of a whole. When a whole quantity
is divided into parts, these parts are called
fractions.

– It tells us the number of equal parts into

which a whole is divided.
numerator
𝒂
, b ≠zero.
𝒃
numerator
 Types of Fractions

1. Proper and Improper Fractions

Proper fraction
the numerator is less than the denominator,

Examples:
2 5 3
3 7 4
Improper Fraction
- the numerator is greater than the
denominator

Examples:
5 10 3
3 7 2
2. Mixed Fraction
Also called mixed number or mixed numeral, it
is the sum of a whole number and a proper
fraction.

Examples
2 1
1 3
3 2
 Types of Fractions

3. Similar and Dissimilar Fractions

Similar fractions
- fractions with the same denominator while

Examples:
1 2 1 5
and , and
3 3 2 2

Dissimilar fractions
- fractions with different denominators (when simplified)

Examples:

1 1
and
5 4
Addition of Fractions

- Add fractions only when they have similar

denominator. Add the numerators and place
the sum over the common denominator then,
simplify if necessary.
Example

3
Sakuragi is to be given gram of a medication after
7
2 2
breakfast, gram after lunch, and gram before he
7 7
goes to bed. How many grams of medication will he
receive in a day?

Answer:
3 2 2 7
( + + )= gram = 1 gram
7 7 7 7
Addition of Fractions (dissimilar)

- If the fractions are dissimilar, find a

common denominator then add the
numerators.
Example
1 2
Tom Sawyer carries kilograms of rice and
2 3
kilograms of fish. How many kilograms of items did
Tom carry in all?

Answer
1 2 1 3 +(2)(2) 3+4 7 1
+ = = = or 1 kilograms
2 3 (2)(3) 6 6 6
Subtraction of Fractions

Subtract fractions only when they are

similar. Subtract the numerators and
place the difference
Example
11 10
You have meter of a fabric. You need for a
12 12
placemat. Will you have enough left for table napkins
9
that will use meter?
12

Answer
11 10 1
− = meter (not enough for table napkins)
12 12 12
Subtraction of Fractions

If fractions are dissimilar, find a common

denominator then subtract the numerators.
Example
13
Nagi bought a ribbon that is meters long. She
4
5
needs to cut from it a piece measuring meters. How
2
long is the other part?

Answer
13 5 13 2 −(5)(4) 26 −20 6 3
- = = = or meter
4 2 (4)(2) 8 8 4
Addition or Subtraction Involving Mixed
Numbers

• For addition or subtraction involving mixed

numbers, convert the mixed numbers into
improper fraction.

• If the improper fractions happened to be similar

fractions, add the numerators and retain the
denominator.

• If the improper fractions are dissimilar, find the

common denominator then add or subtract the
numerators. Simplify the answer.
Addition or Subtraction Involving Mixed Numbers
1
Ex.: Ms. Minchin bought 6 kilograms of meat. She used
1 1 2
2 for afritada, 2 for menudo, and the rest for adobo.
4 8
How many kilograms did she use for adobo?

Ans.: Meat bought – (meat used for afritada and menudo)

Meat used for afritada and menudo

1 1 9 17 9 8 +(4)(17) 72+68 140 35
=2 +2 = + = = = or
4 8 4 8 (4)(8) 32 32 8

Meat used for adobo

1 35 13 35 13 8 −(2)(35) 104 −70 34 17
=6 - = - = = = or or
2 8 2 8 (2)(8) 16 16 8
1
2 kilograms
8
Multiplication of Fractions

In multiplying fractions,

- multiply the numerators to find the numerator

of the product.
- Multiply the denominators to find the
denominator of the product.
- Simplify if possible.
Example
3 1
A cookie sheet is 12 inches long and 8 inches wide.
4 4
What is the area of the cookie sheet?

Answer
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
3 1 51 33 (51)(33) 1,683
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 12 • 8 = • = =
4 4 4 4 (4)(4) 16
3
or 105 square inches
16
Division of Fractions

In dividing fractions,
- get the reciprocal (interchange the numerator and
the denominator of the divisor)
- proceed to multiplication.
- Simplify if possible.
Example
Maria Leonora Teresa made 1 liter of lemon juice for
her and her four friends. One of her friends wanted
2
to drink of it and the remaining part was equally
5
shared by Maria and her other friends. How many
liters would Teresa and each of her three other
friends have?

Answer
2 3
Share of the remaining four = 1 - = liter
5 5
3 3 4 3 1
Share of each = ÷4= ÷ = •
5 5 1 5 4
3
= liter of lemon juice
20
Decimals

A decimal number, or simply decimal, refers to any

number written in decimal notation. These
numbers have fractional part separated from the
integer part with a separator called decimal point.

We can think of a decimal number as decimal

fraction - a fraction wherein the denominator is a
power of ten.

25
In decimal notation, the fraction is written as
100
0.25. The position of the decimal point is based on
the power of ten in the denominator of the fraction.
Converting Decimal to Fraction

𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙
1. Write down the decimal divided by 1.
1

2. Multiply both top and bottom by 10 for every

number after the decimal point. For example,
if there are two numbers after the decimal
point, then use 100, if there are three, then
use 1,000.

3. Simplify the fraction.

.
Example

Convert 0.65 to fraction

0.65
Step 1 :
1
0.65 100
Step 2 : •
1 100
65 13
Step 3 : =
100 20

To convert fraction to decimal, simply divide the

numerator by the denominator of the fraction
Converting Decimal to Fraction

If there is a whole number part, put it aside and

bring it back at the end.

Example. Convert 8.65 to fraction

1. Set aside 8 (We have 8 and 0.65)

3
2. Convert 0.65 to fraction (That is, )
20
3. Add back the whole number 8.
3 3
So, 8 + = 8
20 20
Converting Decimal to Fraction

Special Note:
For decimals with digit repeating forever, we need to follow a
special argument.

For example, 0.3333….. to fraction

Let x = 0.3333….
Then, 10x = 3.333….

10x = 3.333….
10x – x = 3.333… - x subtract x from both
9x = 3 (𝑥 = 0.333)
3 1
x= or
9 3
Converting Decimal to Percent

There is a quick method to convert decimal to

percent. Simply move the decimal point two
places to the right, then add a percent (%) sign.

Ex.: Convert 0.125 to percent.

0.125 → 1.25 → 12.5 → 12.5%

Another method is to multiply the decimal by 100,
then add the percent sign.

0.125 → (0.125)(100) → 12.5 → 12.5%

To convert percent to decimal, simply reverse the

procedure.
 Operations with Decimals

Addition and Subtraction of Decimals

- To add decimals, write one number below the

other so that the bottom decimal point is directly
below the top decimal point. Add each column
starting from right to left.

- To subtract decimals, write the number to be

subtracted below the other number. It is advised
that the decimals have the same number of
decimal places. If not, add zeros to the fewer
decimal places.
Eugene runs on some mornings before he goes to work. During
the week, he ran 1.5 kilometers (Monday), 2.471 (Wednesday),
4.95 (Friday) and 0.73 (Sunday).

His goal for the week is to run 10 kilometers. Did Eugene meet
his running goal for the week? If not, how many kilometers
more does he need to meet his running goal?

1.5 He ran a total of 9.651 kilometers

2.471
4.95
+ 0.73
9.651

10.000 He needs to run 0.349 kilometers more

- 9.651 to meet his running goal
0.349
Multiplication of Decimals

1. To multiply decimals, simply perform the

usual multiplication. Temporarily
disregard the decimal points.
2. When the product is obtained, count the
total number of decimal places of both
factors.
3. Move the decimal point to the left by the
number of the total decimal places of the
factors.
Example
Justin and his four classmates are Architecture
students. Their team won the Architectural design
contest for the housing units for the Yolanda victims.
Each person on the team received P45,035.90. How
much was the total amount of prize they received?

P 45,035.90
x 4
P180,143.60
Division of Decimals

The procedure for division of decimals is similar

to the division of whole numbers.

1. Move the decimal point of the divisor to the

right end.
2. Move the decimal point of the dividend with
the same number of places.
3. Proceed with the usual division, put the
decimal point in the quotient above where it
occurs in the dividend.
A map shows a scale of 0.2 inch = 50 kilometers.
How many kilometers would 2.3 inches
represent?

0.2/50 → 2/500 Move the decimal point

of the divisor, to the
right; so the dividend

Then, proceed with the usual division.

So, 1 inch = 250 kilometers and 2.3 inches will

be equal to: (2.3)(250) = 575 kilometers.
 Application

Dexter saved ninety five 25-centavo coins for

Pondo ng Pinoy. How much in pesos did he
save?

A cake was served at the table. Rico ate 1 slice of

cake, while Justin ate 2 slices. If there were
initially 4 equal slices of cake, what fraction of
the cake remained?

Sarah gave a test in her Math class of 55

students. In one of the items, 12 students got
the correct answer. What part of the class failed
to answer the item correctly?
Practice your skills

1. Jenny answered 42 items correctly on an

80-item quiz, while her sister Janine
answered 21 items correctly on a 40-item
quiz. Do they have the same portion of the
correct answers?

2. Alvin, an HR director, has 12 employees in

his department. There are still 3 positions
to be filled up. What fraction of the entire
staff are still available?
3. Andrew cut four strips from a 4-inch piece of
7
metal. Each strip has a width of inch. How
8
much metal was left after the cuts?

4. Tom and Gerry raised funds amounting to

P5,400 for the upcoming Foundation Day in
their school. Two-thirds of the funds were
1
collected by Tom and of the funds were
3
collected by Gerry. How much did Tom and
Gerry raised individually?
 2 1
5. Alex spends of his monthly salary, saves of
5 3
the remainder, and shares the rest equally to
his two sisters and a brother. If his monthly
salary is P60,000, how much does he give to
his brother every month?

1
6. Jack has 6 meters of cable wire. He needs
2
1
2 meters for the extension of his cable TV for
3
each room of his house. Is his wire enough
for 3 rooms?
 1
7. Jean needs 8 tablespoons of butter to bake a
4
cake. She has a stick of butter (that is, 4.5
tablespoons) left from his her previous recipe.
If a stick of butter costs P33, how much does
she need to buy the remaining butter?

8. Vincent has the following set of coins: 1 ten-

peso coin, 2 five-peso coins, and 3 twenty-five
centavo cons. How much money does he have
in all?
9. Atet is planning to make a border for her
slogan. If the length of the slogan is 11.25
centimeters and the width is 5.40 centimeters,
what would be the perimeter of the border?

10.On her average reading rate, Choi can read a

300-page book in 4.5 days. How many 300-
page book can she finish reading in 30 days?
11.In a certain barangay, the 2010 population is
4,780. In 2014, the population increased to
6,692. Find the percent of increase in the
population.

12.A senior citizen enjoy 20% discount, and

another 12% discount after the 20% discount
on the medicines prescribed by their doctors.
An insulin costs P1,200 and an elderly insists
that she will only pay P816. Is the elderly
correct?
13.At the end of each year, Soneyo’s mom ask
how much savings (from daily school
allowance, and Christmas gifts) he had for the
entire year, and she would promise to double
the amount Soneyo saved. In January,
Soneyo plans to buy a new cellular phone
priced at P25,000.

14.What advice can you give to Soneyo if he

saves 10% of his P200 daily allowance and he
usually gets P5,000 Christmas gifts?
 References

Lundag, L.M., Lopez, B.R.C., & Dagal, K.A.P. (2016). Business math. Quezon City:
Vibal Group, Inc.

Mariano, N. D. L. (2016). Business mathematics. Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore.

Math is fun. (2016). Convert decimals to fractions. Retrieved from

www.mathisfun.com/converting-decimals-fractions.html

Math is fun. (2016). Convert decimals to percents.

Retrieved from www.mathisfun.com/converting-
decimals-fractions.html

Mercado, A.C., & Arispe, M.B. (1994). Business mathematics. Quezon City: Lexicon Press

Sirug, W. (2010). Business mathematics. Intramuros, Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.