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International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009 Volume-5, Issue-4, Oct.

-2017
http://iraj.in
TRANSIENT FLOW MODEL OF HYDRAULICALLY FRACTURED
HORIZONTAL WELL IN TIGHT OIL RESERVOIR
1
LONGLONGLI, 2JUN YAO, 3YANG LI
1,2,3
College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum(Huadong), Qingdao, China
1
Civil Engineering & Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
3
Department of Oilfield Exploration & Development, Sinopec, Beijing, China
Email: 1lilonglong.upc@gmail.com, 2RCOGFR@126.com, 3liyang@sinopec.com

Abstract: This paper presents a transient flow model for fractured horizontal well in tight oil reservoir based on discrete
fracture model considering the effects of TPG, stress sensitivity, fracture parameters and distribution. Solve the model with
finite volume method, then perform sensitivity analysis. The results show thatthe pressure derivative curve turns upward
when the TPG is considered, the upward degree will increase with the increasing TPG, thus, it becomes harder to divide flow
regimes; the pressure derivative curve turns upwardin late flow period with consideration of stress sensitivity effect; the
fracture radial flow and formation radial flow become harder to form with the increase of fracture half-length; the fracture
conductivity has large influence on early flow period.

Index Terms: Transient Flow; Tight Oil Reservoir; Threshold Pressure Gradient; Stress Sensitivity Effect; Discrete Fracture
Model.

I. INTRODUCTION flow model to simulate the pressure transient and


production behavior of fractured horizontal wells in
As a key technology of tight oil reservoir unconventional reservoirs. Yao et al. [13] presented a
development, multiple hydraulic fracture stimulation semi-analytical model based on Green’s function and
[1,2] can enlarge the accessible reservoir volume and source/sink method to facilitate the transient pressure
improve the productivity significantly. Research on analysis for a multi-stage fractured horizontal well in
well test of fractured horizontal wells should be a closed box-shaped reservoir. Rbeawi et al. [14]
conducted to know the effect of fracturing and obtained the solutions of fractured horizontal well of
formation properties better. which the fracure could be longitudinal or transverse,
vertical or inclined, symmetrical or asymmetrical.
There are many researches on the well test of The fractures are propagated in isotropic or
fractured horizontal wells, Guo and Evans [3-6] anisotropic formations and are considered as having
derived the solutions of fractured horizontal well by different dimensions and different spacing. Zhao et al.
source and Green’s function and the superposition [15] used source function to analyze the transient
principle. Raghavan et al. [7] discerned the pressure response of the multiple fractured horizontal
characteristic responses of a fractured horizontal well well in shale gas reservoir. Yao et al. [16] derived the
by developing a mathematical model. Zerzar el al. [8] analytical solution of pressure in a horizontal well
presented an analytical model for fractured horizontal with multiple hydraulic fractures using mirror-
wells in anisotropic closed or semi-infinite, injection and superposition theorem based on
homogenous or naturally fractured systems source/Green’s function method. Fan et al. [17] built
considering uniform flux, infinite conductivity and a numrical composite model of multiple fractured
finite conductivity models. Al-Kobaisi et al. [9] horizontal well considering the stimulated reservoir
presented a hybrid, numerical-analytical model which volume in which the reservoir was divided into three
dynamically coupled a numerical fracture model with main areas including fractures, stimulated reservoir
an analytical reservoir model for the pressure- volume and unstimulated reservoir.
transient response of a finite-conductivity fracture
intercepted by a horizontal well. Wei et al. [10] The fluids flow in tight oil reservoir is influenced by
studied the turbulence effect on the pressure behavior threshold pressure gradient (TPG) [18-23] and stress
of fluid flow from formation to a transverse fractured sensitivity effect[24-28]. Song et al. [20] proposed an
horizontal well. Medeiros et al. [11] have provided a experimental setup to measure the TPG of
discussion of the diagnostic pressure and pressure- microchannels with different wettability surfaces by
derivative plots for hydraulically fractured horizontal the static method, and showed the existence of TPG
wells in homogeneous, global fractured, and locally in microchannels. Zeng et al.
fractured reservoir. They showed that the flow
regimes for a horizontal well with transverse and [21] designed an experimental equipment to
longitudinal hydraulic fractures differ only at early investigate single-phase oil/water flow in ultra-low
and intermediate times. Ozkan [12] used the trilinear permeability cores, using capillary flow meter to
achieve accurate measurement of fluid volume. The

Transient Flow Model of Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoir

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International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009 Volume-5, Issue-4, Oct.-2017
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results confirmed that the single-phase oil/water flow
in ultra-low permeability cores is not consistent with
Darcy's Law, and pseudo (minimum) threshold
pressure gradient exists widely in utra-low
permeability cores for different fluid. Zhu et al. [22]
made an experimental investigation of existing
conditions of the TPG for gas flow in water bearing
tight gas reservoir using cores at different water
Fig 1The schematic of fractured horizontal well
saturations.
Mathematical model for matrix system
Davies et al. [24] presented several cases which were
The motionequation of matrix porous medium intight
of a conceptual, single well model of an
oil reservoir considering TPG and stress sensitivity is:
overpressured, tight gas sandstone reservoir that
include stress dependent permeability. Results of  k0 e  P  P0   G 
 1   P P  G
simulation analyses for varying conditions of vm     P  (1)
reservoir stress demonstrated the importance of stress 
dependent permeability in more accurate forecasting 0 P  G
of reserves and predicting optimum well bore
producing conditions. Shi et al. [25] studied the stress Where vm is the flow velocity in matrix porous
sensitivity of Changqing tight clastic gas reservoir, medium, cm/s; k0 is the initial formation
results showed that the relationship between stress permeability, μm2; α is the permeability modulus,
and permeability /porosity was extremely accord with 10MPa-1; G is the TPG, 10-1MPa/cm; μ is the fluid
exponent function mode. Dautriat et al. [28] viscosity, mPa·s; P0 is the initial formation pressure,
simulated the mechanical effects of a hydrostatic 10-1MPa; P is the formation pressure, 10-1MPa.
stress on porosity and permeability in the linear The state equation of elastic porous media
regime of deformation by an integrated methodology is:
which combining petrophysical study, hydrostatic and   0  C f  P  P0  (2)
triaxial compression experiments with directional
flow measurements, high resolution CMT imaging Where  is the porosity of matrix porous medium;
combined to poral network extraction and partitioning 0 is the initial porosity of matrix porous medium; Cf
and finally pore network simulations integrating is the rock compressibility, 10MPa-1.
compression laws. The existences of TPG and stress The state equation of elastic fluid is:
sensitivity effect make it difficult to establish a well Cl  P  P0 
test model for fractured horizontal well in tight oil   0 e (3)
reservoir as the Darcy’s law no longer applicable to Where ρ is the fluid density, g/cm3; ρ0 is the initial
describe the fluid flow in tight oil reserovir. fluid density, g/cm3; Cl is the fluid compressibility,
10MPa-1.
Based on the discrete fracture model, this paper The mass conservation equation is:
established the numerical well test model for    
fractured horizontal well in tight oil reservoir  div   v m   0 (4)
t
considering the effects of threshold pressure gradient, The following equation is obtainedbased on
stress-sensitivity effect, fracture parameters and the equation (2)(3)(4):
distribution. Then solved the well test model by finite
P
volume method, and perform sensitivity analysis. div  v m   Cl v m P  Ct (5)
t
II. NUMERICAL WELL TEST MODEL FOR Substitute the equation (1) into the second
FRACTURED HORIZONTAL WELL IN TIGHT term on the left of the equals sign in equation (5):
2
OIL RESERVOIR  kC  2 G  P  
  l
  P    P  G (6)
ClvmP     P 
Physical model 
 0 P  G
As the configuration of a fractured horizontal well in
  P  P0 
tight oil reservoir represented in Fig. 1, this paper Where k is the permeability, k  k 0 e .
makes the following assumptions: the porous medium 2
is homogeneous, isotropic, and isothermal; the fluid kCl 2 kCl  P 
The  P  and G in
and rock are slightly compressible with constant   P
compressibility; consider the effect of stress equation (6) can be ignored as they are too small and
sensitivity and wellbore storage; ignore the
have a different sign, which means that the Cl vm P
gravitation and capillary force; the fractures penetrate
reservoir and symmetric about the wellbore; fluid in equation (5) can also be ignored. Then the
flow obeys the low-velocity non-Darcy flow.

Transient Flow Model of Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoir

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International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009 Volume-5, Issue-4, Oct.-2017
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governing equation of matrix porous medium in tight C Pwf
oil reservoir becomes: q  qb   (10)
B t
P Injection well:
div  v m   Ct (7)
t C Pwf
Mathematical model for fracture system based on q  qb  (11)
B t
DFM
Where q is surface production rate (std), cm3/s;qb is
Take thefractures as one-dimensional entities and
express them explicitly based on the discrete fracture sandface rate (std), cm3/s;C is the wellbore storage
model[29-33] (Fig. 2). coefficient, cm3/10-1MPa; B is the formation volume
factor; Pwf is the bottomhole pressure, 10-1MPa.

III. NUMERICAL SOLUTION FOR THE WELL


TEST MODEL

Apply the finite volume method to solve the well test


model for fractured horizontal well in tight oil
reservoir numerically. Fig. 3 represents the schematic
of cell vertex network model.

a) single-porosity model

a)control volume cells of matrix

b)control volume cells contain fracture

b) discrete-fracture model Fig 3 The schematic of cell vertex network model

Fig 2 The schematic of a discrete-fracture model Fig. 2 represents that the global region is Ω, matrix
region is Ωm, fracture region is Ωf, then the global
Based on the assumptions above, the region can be represented as:
motionequation of fracture porous mediumis:   m  f  m  a f (12)
kf Where a is fracture aperture, cm.
v f   gradPf (8)
 (1) matrix region
Where vf is the velocity in fracture, cm/s; kf is the Integrating equaton (7) (matrix zone):
fracture permeability, μm2 ; Pf is the fracture P
pressure, 10-1MPa。
 div  v m dm   Ct t dm (13)
m m
As some researches[34-35] have proved that Transform the term on the left of the equals
the compressibility of fracture porous medium can be sign in equation Error! Reference source not found.
ignored, the governing equation is: as the integration over the control volume (CV)
div  v f   0 (9) surface based on the Gauss’ Divergence Theorem.
P
Mathematical model for inner boundary
A  v m gndAm   Ct t dm (14)
m m

For CVM, the physical meaning of the term


The fluid flows into wellbore through fractures. The on the left of the equals sign in equation (14) is that
relationship between surface production rate and the total flux from neighbouring CVs. The schematic
sandface flow rate when consider the wellbore of unit vector n and unit vector eMi of vm is
storage is: represented in Fig. 4.
Production well:

Transient Flow Model of Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoir

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International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009 Volume-5, Issue-4, Oct.-2017
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i The flux from CVi into CVM is:
Q fMi  T fMi  f  Pi  PM  (20)
Where  f  k f  ; T fMi  ah lMi .
A B
The numerical scheme of CVM which
contains fracure can be obtained through equation
M (17) and (20):
N
kMn  kin n 1  N k n  kin CtM VM  n 1
T Mi
2
Pi    TMi M
2
  PM 
t n  1 
Fig 4 The schematic of transmission between neighbored grids i 1  i 1
When n ge Mi Pi  PM lMi  G , the flux from CVi into Nf Nf

CVM is:  T fMi  f Pi n 1   T fMi  f PMn 1 


i 1 i 1

QmMi  TMi Mi  Pi  PM   TGMi GMi  Pi  PM  Pi  PM C V N


k n  kin Pi n  PMn
 tM n 1M PMn   TGMi G M
(15) t i 1 2  Pi n  PMn
  PM  P0 
Where Mi   kM  ki  2 , kM  k0 e , (21)
  Pi  P0  Where Nf is the number of CVs connected with CVM
ki  k0 e , TMi  hl AB nge Mi lMi , TGMi  hl AB , h is through fracture.
the reservoir height; lAB is the side length of CVi - (3) inner boundary treatment
CVMcontact;lMi is the distance between centroid of Take production well as example, assume
CVM and centroid of CVi ; n is the unit normal to the that the centroid of CVM which contains fracture is on
interface; e Mi is the unit vector along the direction of the inner boundary, its numerical scheme is:
the line joining centroid of CVM and centroid of CVi .  C V 
T fM i  f Pi n  1   T fM i  f  tM n 1 M  PMn  1  q Mn 1 
The governing equation when  t  (22)
ngeMi Pi  PM lMi  G can be obtained through C tM  V M n
 PM
 t n 1
equation (15)
Where q n  1  q b B  fM T fM i  Pi  PM  , λfM is the
n 1 n n
N
k n  kin n 1
 TMi M
2
 Pi  PMn1   M N fw

  fM T fM i  Pi n  PMn 
i 1
M 1

P n 1  P n N
k n  kin Pi n  PMn mobility of fracture in CVM, Nfw is the the number of
CtM VM M n 1 M   TGMi G M
t i 1 2 Pi n  PMn intersecions of wellbore and fracures, qbn 1 is
(16) sandface rate(std), cm3/s.
Where N is the number of neighbouringCVs of CVM, When consider the effect of wellbore

 PMn  P0  
 Pi n  P0  storage, qbn 1 is:
kMn  e , kin  e . n 1 n
The numerical scheme of equation (16) is: C Pwf  Pwf
q  qbn 1   (18)
N
kMn  kin n 1  N k n  kin CtM VM  n 1 B t n 1
T Mi
2
Pi    TMi M
2

t n 1
 PM 
i 1  i 1 
IV. ACCURACY VERIFICAITON AND FLOW
CtM VM n N k n  kin Pi n  PMn REGIME ANALYSIS
 n 1
PM   TGMiG M
t i 1 2  Pi n  PMn
(17) Taking a fractured horizontal well in tight oil
reservoir as an example, the reservoir has a length of
The flux from CV i into CVM is zero when 3000m, width of 2000m, thickness of 10m, initial
nge Mi Pi  PM lMi  G . formation pressure of 30MPa, initial formation
permeability of 2mD, permeability modulus of
(2) fracture region 0.02MPa-1, three fractures with fracture half-length of
Integrating equaton (9) (fracture region): 30m, fracture spacing of 200m, fracture
a  div  v f d f  0 (18) conductivities (FCD) of 30cm·μm2, fluid viscosity of
f 2 mPa·s, formation volume factor of 1.2, total
Transform the term on the left of the equals sign in compressibility of 4×10-4MPa-1, TPG of 0.02MPa/m,
equation Error! Reference source not found. as the productivity of 50m3/d, wellbore storage coefficient
integration over fracture segments of the control of 0.1m3/MPa, outer boundary is closed.
volume surface:
Accuracy verification
a   v f dA f  0 (19)
Af
In order to verify the accuracy of the above well test
model, degenerates the fractured horizontal well into
For CVM, the physical meaning of the term fractured vertical well. The reservoir has a radius of
on the left of the equals sign in equation (19) is that 500m, fracture half-length of 100m, productivity of
the total flux from neighbouring CVs through fracure.
Transient Flow Model of Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoir

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International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009 Volume-5, Issue-4, Oct.-2017
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20 m3/d, ignore the effect of TPG and stress
sensitivity. The numerical solution of this paper and
analytical solution are shown in Fig. 5, it
demonstrates that the numerical solution is in good
agreement with the analytical solution.
a) fracture linear flow

Fig 5 Comparison between numerical solution and analytical b) fractureradial flow


solution
Flow regimes analysis
As the characteristic of pressure derivative curve is
more obvious when ignore the effect of TPG and
stress sensitivity, this paper takes it as an example to
analyze the flow regimes which can be divided into
seven flow periods as shown in Fig. 6. c) formation linear flow
(1) Pure wellbore storage effect: the fluid
has not flown into the wellbore yet.
(2) Channel flow: the transition flow regime
from pure wellbore storage effect to fracture linear
flow.
(3) Fracture linear flow(Fig. 7, a): the fluid
flow is perpendicular to the fracture, the slope of
d) formation radial flow
pressure derivative curve for this regime is positive.
(4) Fracture radial flow(Fig. 7, b): the fluid Fig 7The schematics of main flow regimes of fractured
flows into each fracture radially before the fractures horizontal well
interfere with each other yet when the fracture half-
length is small and fracture spacing is large; the V. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
pressure derivative curve for this regime is horizontal.
(5) Formation linear flow(Fig. 7, c): the Fig. 8 shows that the pressure derivative curve
fractures interfere with each other and the fluid flow movesup when consider the TPG, and the upturn
is parallel to the fracture, the slope of pressure degree becomes more severe with the increasing TPG,
derivative curve for this regime is positive. thus, it becomes difficult to divide flow regimes; the
(6) Formation radial flow(Fig. 7, d): if the sensitivity of pressure derivative curve on TPG
reservoir is large enough, time is long enough but decreases with the increasing TPG and increaseswith
pressure wave not arrive at outer boundary yet, the time goes on; the upturn degree of pressure derivative
fluid will flow into fractured zone radially, the curve becomes more severe in late flow periodwith
pressure derivative curve for this regime is horizontal. the increasing TPG, that is caused by the fact
(7) Pseudo-steady flow: this regime appears thatpressure drop becomeslarger with the increasing
when pressure wave arrives at closed outer boundary, TPG, and it makes the stress sensitivity effect more
the slope of pressure derivative curve for this regime obviously.
is positive.

Fig 6 Pressure behavior of fracturing horizontal well in tight


oil reservoir Fig 8 Effect of TPG on pressure and pressure derivative

Transient Flow Model of Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoir

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International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009 Volume-5, Issue-4, Oct.-2017
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Fig. 9 shows that the pressure derivative curve moves
up with the increase of permeability modulus, and the Fig. 11 shows that the pressure derivative curve
upturn degree will become more severe with the moves down with the increase of fracture
increase of permeability modulus, especially in late conductivity; the sensitivity of pressure derivative
flow period; the sensitivity of pressure derivative curve on fracture conductivity decreases with the
curve on permeability modulus increases as time goes increase of fracture conductivity; the fracture
on; it is moredifficultto divide fracture linear flow conductivity has large influence on the early period; it
and followed periods with the increase of is easier to divide the flow regimes include transient
permeability modulus; the upturn degree increases flow, fracture linear flow and fracture radial flow
first and then decreases when permeability modulus with the increase of fracture conductivity; the upturn
is constant, that is because matrix permeability has an degree of pressure derivative curve becomes more
exponential relationship with the pressure drop, and severe with decreasing fracture conductivity in late
the variation of matrix permeability will be very flow period, especially when fracture conductivity is
small when it decreases to some extent. 10cm·μm2, which is caused by the fact thatthe effect
10 4 of matrix porous medium increases with decreasing
= 0.00 MPa -1 fracture conductivity, and will enlarge the effect of
10 3 = 0.02 MPa -1 stress sensitivity.
-1
= 0.04 MPa
p, p′·t / MPa

2
10 = 0.06 MPa -1
= 0.08 MPa -1

10 1

0
10

10 -1

10 -2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
t/h
Fig 9 Effect of permeability modulus on pressure and pressure
derivative

Fig. 10 shows that the pressure derivative curve


moves down with the increase of fracture half-length; Fig 11 Effect of fracture conductivity on pressure and pressure
derivative
the sensitivity of pressure derivative curve on fracture
half-length decreases with the increase of fracture
half-length; the fracture half-length mainly affects CONCLUSION
fracture linear flow and the followed periods; the
Based on discrete fracture model, this paper
fracture radial flow and formation radial flow become
harder to form with the increase of fracture half- established the numerical well test model for
length; the upturn degree of pressure derivative curve fractured horizontal well in tight oil reservoir
will become more severe with the decrease of fracture considering the effects of TPG, stress sensitivity,
half-length in late flow period, that is caused by the fracture parameters and distribution, then solved it
fact that the effect of matrix porous medium increases with finite volume method.
with the decreasing fracture half-length which will
enlarge the effect of stress sensitivity. There are seven flow regimes for fractured horizontal
well.It is hard to divide the flow regimes when
consider the TPG and stress sensitivity which make
the pressure derivative curve turn upward.

The pressure derivative curve upturns more severe


with the increase of TPG and permeability modulus,
andthe stress sensitivity affects the flow mainly in
late periods. The fracture radial flow and formation
radial flow become harder to form with increasing
fracture half-length. The fracture conductivity has
large influence on the well test curve in early period.
The pressure derivative curve turns upward more
severe with the decreasing fracture half-length and
fracture conductivity.It is difficult to divide the flow
regimes with the increase of TPG and permeability
Fig 10 Effect of fracture half-length on pressure and pressure
derivative
modulus and the decrease of fracture conductivity.

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Transient Flow Model of Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoir

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