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TRANSIENT FLOW MODEL OF HYDRAULICALLY FRACTURED
HORIZONTAL WELL IN TIGHT OIL RESERVOIR
1
LONGLONGLI, 2JUN YAO, 3YANG LI
1,2,3
College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum(Huadong), Qingdao, China
1
Civil Engineering & Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
3
Department of Oilfield Exploration & Development, Sinopec, Beijing, China
Email: 1lilonglong.upc@gmail.com, 2RCOGFR@126.com, 3liyang@sinopec.com
Abstract: This paper presents a transient flow model for fractured horizontal well in tight oil reservoir based on discrete
fracture model considering the effects of TPG, stress sensitivity, fracture parameters and distribution. Solve the model with
finite volume method, then perform sensitivity analysis. The results show thatthe pressure derivative curve turns upward
when the TPG is considered, the upward degree will increase with the increasing TPG, thus, it becomes harder to divide flow
regimes; the pressure derivative curve turns upwardin late flow period with consideration of stress sensitivity effect; the
fracture radial flow and formation radial flow become harder to form with the increase of fracture half-length; the fracture
conductivity has large influence on early flow period.
Index Terms: Transient Flow; Tight Oil Reservoir; Threshold Pressure Gradient; Stress Sensitivity Effect; Discrete Fracture
Model.
Transient Flow Model of Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoir
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International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009 Volume-5, Issue-4, Oct.-2017
http://iraj.in
results confirmed that the single-phase oil/water flow
in ultra-low permeability cores is not consistent with
Darcy's Law, and pseudo (minimum) threshold
pressure gradient exists widely in utra-low
permeability cores for different fluid. Zhu et al. [22]
made an experimental investigation of existing
conditions of the TPG for gas flow in water bearing
tight gas reservoir using cores at different water
Fig 1The schematic of fractured horizontal well
saturations.
Mathematical model for matrix system
Davies et al. [24] presented several cases which were
The motionequation of matrix porous medium intight
of a conceptual, single well model of an
oil reservoir considering TPG and stress sensitivity is:
overpressured, tight gas sandstone reservoir that
include stress dependent permeability. Results of k0 e P P0 G
1 P P G
simulation analyses for varying conditions of vm P (1)
reservoir stress demonstrated the importance of stress
dependent permeability in more accurate forecasting 0 P G
of reserves and predicting optimum well bore
producing conditions. Shi et al. [25] studied the stress Where vm is the flow velocity in matrix porous
sensitivity of Changqing tight clastic gas reservoir, medium, cm/s; k0 is the initial formation
results showed that the relationship between stress permeability, μm2; α is the permeability modulus,
and permeability /porosity was extremely accord with 10MPa-1; G is the TPG, 10-1MPa/cm; μ is the fluid
exponent function mode. Dautriat et al. [28] viscosity, mPa·s; P0 is the initial formation pressure,
simulated the mechanical effects of a hydrostatic 10-1MPa; P is the formation pressure, 10-1MPa.
stress on porosity and permeability in the linear The state equation of elastic porous media
regime of deformation by an integrated methodology is:
which combining petrophysical study, hydrostatic and 0 C f P P0 (2)
triaxial compression experiments with directional
flow measurements, high resolution CMT imaging Where is the porosity of matrix porous medium;
combined to poral network extraction and partitioning 0 is the initial porosity of matrix porous medium; Cf
and finally pore network simulations integrating is the rock compressibility, 10MPa-1.
compression laws. The existences of TPG and stress The state equation of elastic fluid is:
sensitivity effect make it difficult to establish a well Cl P P0
test model for fractured horizontal well in tight oil 0 e (3)
reservoir as the Darcy’s law no longer applicable to Where ρ is the fluid density, g/cm3; ρ0 is the initial
describe the fluid flow in tight oil reserovir. fluid density, g/cm3; Cl is the fluid compressibility,
10MPa-1.
Based on the discrete fracture model, this paper The mass conservation equation is:
established the numerical well test model for
fractured horizontal well in tight oil reservoir div v m 0 (4)
t
considering the effects of threshold pressure gradient, The following equation is obtainedbased on
stress-sensitivity effect, fracture parameters and the equation (2)(3)(4):
distribution. Then solved the well test model by finite
P
volume method, and perform sensitivity analysis. div v m Cl v m P Ct (5)
t
II. NUMERICAL WELL TEST MODEL FOR Substitute the equation (1) into the second
FRACTURED HORIZONTAL WELL IN TIGHT term on the left of the equals sign in equation (5):
2
OIL RESERVOIR kC 2 G P
l
P P G (6)
ClvmP P
Physical model
0 P G
As the configuration of a fractured horizontal well in
P P0
tight oil reservoir represented in Fig. 1, this paper Where k is the permeability, k k 0 e .
makes the following assumptions: the porous medium 2
is homogeneous, isotropic, and isothermal; the fluid kCl 2 kCl P
The P and G in
and rock are slightly compressible with constant P
compressibility; consider the effect of stress equation (6) can be ignored as they are too small and
sensitivity and wellbore storage; ignore the
have a different sign, which means that the Cl vm P
gravitation and capillary force; the fractures penetrate
reservoir and symmetric about the wellbore; fluid in equation (5) can also be ignored. Then the
flow obeys the low-velocity non-Darcy flow.
Transient Flow Model of Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoir
13
International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009 Volume-5, Issue-4, Oct.-2017
http://iraj.in
governing equation of matrix porous medium in tight C Pwf
oil reservoir becomes: q qb (10)
B t
P Injection well:
div v m Ct (7)
t C Pwf
Mathematical model for fracture system based on q qb (11)
B t
DFM
Where q is surface production rate (std), cm3/s;qb is
Take thefractures as one-dimensional entities and
express them explicitly based on the discrete fracture sandface rate (std), cm3/s;C is the wellbore storage
model[29-33] (Fig. 2). coefficient, cm3/10-1MPa; B is the formation volume
factor; Pwf is the bottomhole pressure, 10-1MPa.
a) single-porosity model
Fig 2 The schematic of a discrete-fracture model Fig. 2 represents that the global region is Ω, matrix
region is Ωm, fracture region is Ωf, then the global
Based on the assumptions above, the region can be represented as:
motionequation of fracture porous mediumis: m f m a f (12)
kf Where a is fracture aperture, cm.
v f gradPf (8)
(1) matrix region
Where vf is the velocity in fracture, cm/s; kf is the Integrating equaton (7) (matrix zone):
fracture permeability, μm2 ; Pf is the fracture P
pressure, 10-1MPa。
div v m dm Ct t dm (13)
m m
As some researches[34-35] have proved that Transform the term on the left of the equals
the compressibility of fracture porous medium can be sign in equation Error! Reference source not found.
ignored, the governing equation is: as the integration over the control volume (CV)
div v f 0 (9) surface based on the Gauss’ Divergence Theorem.
P
Mathematical model for inner boundary
A v m gndAm Ct t dm (14)
m m
Transient Flow Model of Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoir
14
International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009 Volume-5, Issue-4, Oct.-2017
http://iraj.in
i The flux from CVi into CVM is:
Q fMi T fMi f Pi PM (20)
Where f k f ; T fMi ah lMi .
A B
The numerical scheme of CVM which
contains fracure can be obtained through equation
M (17) and (20):
N
kMn kin n 1 N k n kin CtM VM n 1
T Mi
2
Pi TMi M
2
PM
t n 1
Fig 4 The schematic of transmission between neighbored grids i 1 i 1
When n ge Mi Pi PM lMi G , the flux from CVi into Nf Nf
fM T fM i Pi n PMn
i 1
M 1
P n 1 P n N
k n kin Pi n PMn mobility of fracture in CVM, Nfw is the the number of
CtM VM M n 1 M TGMi G M
t i 1 2 Pi n PMn intersecions of wellbore and fracures, qbn 1 is
(16) sandface rate(std), cm3/s.
Where N is the number of neighbouringCVs of CVM, When consider the effect of wellbore
PMn P0
Pi n P0 storage, qbn 1 is:
kMn e , kin e . n 1 n
The numerical scheme of equation (16) is: C Pwf Pwf
q qbn 1 (18)
N
kMn kin n 1 N k n kin CtM VM n 1 B t n 1
T Mi
2
Pi TMi M
2
t n 1
PM
i 1 i 1
IV. ACCURACY VERIFICAITON AND FLOW
CtM VM n N k n kin Pi n PMn REGIME ANALYSIS
n 1
PM TGMiG M
t i 1 2 Pi n PMn
(17) Taking a fractured horizontal well in tight oil
reservoir as an example, the reservoir has a length of
The flux from CV i into CVM is zero when 3000m, width of 2000m, thickness of 10m, initial
nge Mi Pi PM lMi G . formation pressure of 30MPa, initial formation
permeability of 2mD, permeability modulus of
(2) fracture region 0.02MPa-1, three fractures with fracture half-length of
Integrating equaton (9) (fracture region): 30m, fracture spacing of 200m, fracture
a div v f d f 0 (18) conductivities (FCD) of 30cm·μm2, fluid viscosity of
f 2 mPa·s, formation volume factor of 1.2, total
Transform the term on the left of the equals sign in compressibility of 4×10-4MPa-1, TPG of 0.02MPa/m,
equation Error! Reference source not found. as the productivity of 50m3/d, wellbore storage coefficient
integration over fracture segments of the control of 0.1m3/MPa, outer boundary is closed.
volume surface:
Accuracy verification
a v f dA f 0 (19)
Af
In order to verify the accuracy of the above well test
model, degenerates the fractured horizontal well into
For CVM, the physical meaning of the term fractured vertical well. The reservoir has a radius of
on the left of the equals sign in equation (19) is that 500m, fracture half-length of 100m, productivity of
the total flux from neighbouring CVs through fracure.
Transient Flow Model of Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoir
15
International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009 Volume-5, Issue-4, Oct.-2017
http://iraj.in
20 m3/d, ignore the effect of TPG and stress
sensitivity. The numerical solution of this paper and
analytical solution are shown in Fig. 5, it
demonstrates that the numerical solution is in good
agreement with the analytical solution.
a) fracture linear flow
Transient Flow Model of Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoir
16
International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009 Volume-5, Issue-4, Oct.-2017
http://iraj.in
Fig. 9 shows that the pressure derivative curve moves
up with the increase of permeability modulus, and the Fig. 11 shows that the pressure derivative curve
upturn degree will become more severe with the moves down with the increase of fracture
increase of permeability modulus, especially in late conductivity; the sensitivity of pressure derivative
flow period; the sensitivity of pressure derivative curve on fracture conductivity decreases with the
curve on permeability modulus increases as time goes increase of fracture conductivity; the fracture
on; it is moredifficultto divide fracture linear flow conductivity has large influence on the early period; it
and followed periods with the increase of is easier to divide the flow regimes include transient
permeability modulus; the upturn degree increases flow, fracture linear flow and fracture radial flow
first and then decreases when permeability modulus with the increase of fracture conductivity; the upturn
is constant, that is because matrix permeability has an degree of pressure derivative curve becomes more
exponential relationship with the pressure drop, and severe with decreasing fracture conductivity in late
the variation of matrix permeability will be very flow period, especially when fracture conductivity is
small when it decreases to some extent. 10cm·μm2, which is caused by the fact thatthe effect
10 4 of matrix porous medium increases with decreasing
= 0.00 MPa -1 fracture conductivity, and will enlarge the effect of
10 3 = 0.02 MPa -1 stress sensitivity.
-1
= 0.04 MPa
p, p′·t / MPa
2
10 = 0.06 MPa -1
= 0.08 MPa -1
10 1
0
10
10 -1
10 -2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
t/h
Fig 9 Effect of permeability modulus on pressure and pressure
derivative
Transient Flow Model of Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoir
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International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009 Volume-5, Issue-4, Oct.-2017
http://iraj.in
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Transient Flow Model of Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoir
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