Epidemstat Basic Concepts in Biostatistics Lec 1

BIOSTATISTICS and EPIDEMIOLOGY
Basic Concepts in
Biostatistics
1
BIOSTATISTICS
• It is the science that deals with the
COLLECTION, ORGANIZATION, ANALYSIS and
INTERPRETATION of numerical data
• “Life”
• It is the application of statistical methods to life
science like biology, medicines and public
health
Scope of Biostatistics
• Biostatistics covers applications and
contributions
• health
• medicines
• Nutrition
• genetics, biology, epidemiology, and many
others.
3
BIOSTATISTICS
Why do we needand EPIDEMIOLOGY
to study Statistics?
• In medical sciences, to determine the efficacy of a drug.
“Medical
students may
not like statistics,
but as doctors
they will.”
Martin
Bland
To describe a group of patients

Role of Statistics in Research
• Aids the researcher in:

1.Designing a research project
2.Processing, organizing, and summarizing research
data
3.Quantifying variability
4.Interpreting results and drawing valid conclusions
Why do we need biostatistics?
• Variation
• Tendency of a measurable characteristics to
change with respect to person, place & time
• E.g. weight, age, height, etc.
Different Types of Data
12
Scales of Measurements
• Nominal
• Ordinal
• Interval
• Ratio
Nominal
• A classificatory scale where the categories are
used as labels only (does not represent quantity)
• Number or names which represent a set of
mutually exclusive and exhaustive classes to which
individuals or objects (attributes) may be assigned
• E.g. Sex (Male and Female), Race, Blood Groups,
seatbelts in car, psychological diagnosis, patient ID
no.
Ordinal
• Same characteristics as the nominal scale
• Categories can be ordered or ranked; however the
distance between the two categories cannot be
clearly quantified
• E.g. Likert scales, Age groups (Infant, childe,
teenager, adult), psychosocial scales (strongly
disagree, disagree, agree, strongly agree)
Interval
• Distances between all adjacent classes are equal
• Conceptually, these scales are infinite, in that they
have neither beginning nor ending
• Zero point is arbitrary and does not mean absence
of the characteristic
• E.g. Temperature, IQ
Ratio
• A meaningful zero point exists
• Ratio of two numbers can be meaningfully
computed and interpreted
• E.g. Weight, Blood Pressure, Height, Doctor visits,
number of DMF teeth
18
Types of Data
• Primary data
• Obtained first hand by the investigator to help
him answer specifically the purpose of his study
• Secondary data
• Those which are already existing and which have
been obtained by some other people for
purposes
Sources of Health Data
• Census
• Vital Registry
• Reports of occurrence of notifiable
disease
• Health records
MEASURES OF DATA
At the end of the unit, students must be able to:
1.summarize data by constructing a frequency distribution
or relative frequency distribution;
2.be able to find lower class limits, upper class limits, class
boundaries, class widths, and class marks for a given
frequency table;
3.calculate measures of center by finding the mean,
median, mode, and midrange;
4. calculate measures of variation by finding the standard
deviation, variance, and range;
Frequency Distribution
Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of Variation
FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION TABLE
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
(Frequency Table)
- is a tabular arrangement of data whereby the data is

grouped into different intervals, and then the number
of observations that belong to each interval is
determined.
Class Limits
Class Limits
• Class Boundaries
• Lower class
boundary = (lower
class limit – 0.5
units)
• Upper class
boundary = (upper
class limit + 0.5
units)
Class Midpoints
• (Lower Class Limit + Upper Class Limit)/2
• (Lower Class Boundary + Upper Class
Boundary)/2
Class Cumulative Frequency
CCF of age group CF of 1st

10-14 class =
• (Frequency of Frequency
class 5-9 + of the 1st
class
Frequency of 10-
14) CF of last
• 10 + 2 = 12 class =
Sum of all
observatio
ns
Relative Frequency (Percentage)

• Relative Frequency
of the class 5-9
• (frequency of class
5-9)/ (number of
observation)
• 10/20 = 0.50 =
50.0%
Cumulative Relative Frequency

CRF of age group
10-14 CRF of 1st class =
Relative Frequency of
• (RF of class 5-9 + the 1st class
RF of 10-14)
CRF of last class =
• 50.0% + 10.0% =
100.0%
60.0%
Assignment
Describe how each of the following variables can be
measured using the nominal, ordinal, and ratio scale
of measurements.
A.Nutritional Status
B.Educational attainment
C.Anemia status
Assignment
Differentiate the following:
a.Qualitative data in nominal scale and
qualitative data in the ordinal scale
a.Quantitative data in the interval scale and

quantitative data in the ratio scale
Frequency Table Application
BIOSTATISTICS
Rating
andf EPIDEMIOLOGY
p % cf c%
Assignment 0–2 20 0.385 38.5% 20 38.46%
3–5 14 0.269 26.9% 34 65.38%
6–8 15 0.288 28.8% 49 94.23%
9 – 11 2 0.038 3.8% 51 98.08%
12 – 14 1 0.019 1.9% 52 100%
➢ How many students got scores between 6 and 8?

➢ What is the range of the scores with the most number of students?
➢ How many got scores below 9?
➢ How many got scores higher than 8?
➢ How many percent of the students belong to the range of scores
with the greatest number of students?
➢ If 6 is the passing score, what percent of the total number of
students failed?
34
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
Example #1
For what value of x will 8 and x have the same mean (average)
as 27 and 5?
27 + 5 = 16 x + 8 = 16 X = 24
2 2
Example #2
On his first 5 biology tests, Bob received the following scores: 72,
86, 92, 63, and 77. What test score must Bob earn on his sixth test
so that his average (mean score) for all six tests will be 80?
72 + 86 + 92 + 63 + 77 + x = 80 X = 90
6
BIOSTATISTICS
Example #3 and EPIDEMIOLOGY
The mean (average) weight of three patients is 38 pounds.

One of the patients, Joydibel, weighs 46 pounds. The other
two patients, Glendon and Princess, have the same weight.
Find Glendon's weight.
Let x = Glendon's weight x + x + 46 = 38

Let x = Princess's weight 3(patients)
34 = x (Glendon weighs 34 pounds)

Seven students taking a course in Literature read, 16, 10, 24, 13,
20, 11, and 17 sections of the assigned books. Find the median
of the number of books that they are reading.
10 11 13 16 17 20 24
Ten students spent 90, 104, 83, 75, 115, 92, 83, 79, 88, & 111
minutes studying for an examination. Find the median time.
75 79 83 83 88 90 92 104 111 115
88 + 90
~X = -------------- = 89 minutes
2 39
Mode
BIOSTATISTICS andof Ungrouped
EPIDEMIOLOGY Data
1 2 3 4 5 5 5 6 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14
4 5 6 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 12
5 6 6 7 8 9 9 10
3 4 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 9
40
Assignment
1. The weekly salaries of six nurses at UST Hospital are
P5140, P6220, P4090, P5800, P5140, P6200. For these six
salaries, find: (a) the mean (b) the median (c) the mode
2. Andy has grades of 84, 65, and 76 on three math tests.

What grade must he obtain on the next test to have an
average of exactly 80 for the four tests?
3. A storeowner kept a tally of the sizes of suits purchased in

her store. Which measure of central tendency should the
storeowner use to describe the average suit sold? Justify
your answer.
41
MEASURES OF VARIATION
Example RANGE
The average blood glucose level of a patient

each day for a week are 86.5, 124, 98.5, 136.5,
125.5, 95, and 89.5. Determine the range.
R = 136.5 – 86.5
= 50
Standard Deviation Variance

Population
2
Σ (x - µ)
σ =
N
Sample
Interpretation of Standard Deviation
The Empirical Rule (68-95-99 rule)

(applies to bell-shaped distributions)
VARIANCE standard deviation squared

Population
Sample Variance Formula Variance Formula
∑ (Xi - X) 2 ∑ (Xi - µ) 2
S2 = ----------------- σ2 = -----------------
n-1 N
Where:
X – observation value N - population size
X - sample mean s - sample standard deviation
µ - population mean σ - population standard deviation
n - sample size 46
Determine the standard deviation of each of the following data

From a sample 8 9 2 12 16 10 13
X X-X (X – X)2
X = 70/7 = 10
8 8 – 10 = -2 4
9 9 -10 = -1 1
2 2 – 10 = - 8 64
12 12 – 10 = 2 4
118
S= -------------
16 16 – 10 = 6 36
7-1
10 10 – 10 = 0 0
13 13 – 10 = 3 9
∑X = ∑(X-X)2 = 118
= 4.435
70
Coefficient
BIOSTATISTICS of Variation
and EPIDEMIOLOGY
= measures the variability of the set of data in percentage
(100)
s σ
cv = ----- (100) cV = ----- (100)
X µ
CV of Sample Data CV of Population
Remark: The higher the C. V. , the higher the variability and lower the C. V., the
higher is the consistency of the data.
Assignment
A sample of ages of five women enrolled in Slimmers’ World
showed the following ages in years to the nearest birthday:
22, 18, 26, 20, and 24. Their weights in pounds were 115, 159,
141, 137, and 130 respectively. Which of the two sets of data
is relatively more variable?
Age 22 18 26 20 24 Compute for the mean,

standard deviation and
Weight 115 159 141 137 130 coefficient of variation
Assignment
• Following are the weights (in pounds) and transportation expenses
(in pesos) of 12 students. Find out which set of data is more
variable and why?
Fare 16 58 60 120 8 13 36 100 105 85 95 72

Wt. 115 120 135 140 160 90 85 150 125 130 100 108
Compute for the mean, standard deviation and coefficient

of variation, and answer the following questions:
a.Which is more uniform?______why?_____
b.Which is more variable?______why?_____
50
THANK YOU!!!
QUIZ NEXT MEETING!!!

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BIOSTATISTICS and EPIDEMIOLOGY

• In medical sciences, to determine the efficacy of a drug.

To describe a group of patients

Role of Statistics in Research

• Aids the researcher in:

Why do we need biostatistics?

Different Types of Data

Sources of Health Data

Measures of Central Tendency

- is a tabular arrangement of data whereby the data is

Class Cumulative Frequency

CCF of age group CF of 1st

Relative Frequency (Percentage)

Cumulative Relative Frequency

a.Quantitative data in the interval scale and

➢ How many students got scores between 6 and 8?

The mean (average) weight of three patients is 38 pounds.

Let x = Glendon's weight x + x + 46 = 38

34 = x (Glendon weighs 34 pounds)

75 79 83 83 88 90 92 104 111 115

2. Andy has grades of 84, 65, and 76 on three math tests.

3. A storeowner kept a tally of the sizes of suits purchased in

The average blood glucose level of a patient

Standard Deviation Variance

The Empirical Rule (68-95-99 rule)

VARIANCE standard deviation squared

Determine the standard deviation of each of the following data

= measures the variability of the set of data in percentage

Age 22 18 26 20 24 Compute for the mean,

Fare 16 58 60 120 8 13 36 100 105 85 95 72

Compute for the mean, standard deviation and coefficient

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