A P P L I C A T I O N S
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Design and Stress Evaluation of a Nonsymmetric
Pressure Vessel
Paper presents the philosophy and the organization
of the work in the development of a design and analysis
basis for a nonsymmetric pressure component
by C. W. Lawton, E. VSgeli and W. H. Tuppeny, Jr.
ABSTRACT----Presently,the large variation in demand for
electrical power at different periods of the day imposes
new considerations in the evaluation of pressure com-
ponents in large steam-generating equipment. I n the
past, pressure components such as valve bodies have
been designed for static pressure conditions against
bursting with sufficient stiffness to assure operation
ability. I n today's plant operation, the response of the
valve body to thermal transients will have a major
influence on the life of the valve. Since the valve body is
a compact nonsymmetric body, the direct calculation of
stresses is very complex.
The evaluation of the behavior of nonsymmetric
pressure components under the loads imposed by various
operational modes requires information from both
analytical and experimental methods of analysis. The
contributions from modern computer-calculation pro-
grams and three-dimensional photoelasticity are dis-
cussed as applied to the evaluation of a valve body used in
a large, supercritical steam generator. I n the analysis,
computer procedures are used to develop the preliminary
geometry for pressure loading. Because of the close
proximity of the nonsymmetrical openings, a three-
dimensional photoelastic analysis is used to calibrate the
computer model. Once a satisfactory computer model
has been developed for pressure loading, it is used to
calculate the thermal stresses.
Since stresses have little meaning in themselves, a
design basis is necessary to evaluate the significance of
the calculated stresses. The design basis must consider
the types of failures which are possible and is thus de-
pendent on the temperature at which the valve must
operate. A design basis is discussed for the evaluation of
pressure components in a boiler system.
C. W. Lawton and W. H. Tuppeny, Jr. are Senior Staff Engineer and
Assistant Manager, respectively, Boiler Design and Development, Com-
bustion Engineering, Inc., Windsor, Conn. E. V~geli is Manager, Valve
and Control Component Engineering, Sulzer Brothers, Ltd., Winterthur,
Switzerland.
Paper Was presented at 1969 S E S A Fall Meeting held in Houston, Tex. on
October 14-17.
Introduction
T h e p r e s e n t e c o n o m i c t r e n d s i n f l u e n c i n g t h e power-
generating industry, coupled with engineering and
t e c h n o l o g i c a l a d v a n c e s of t h e p a s t t w o decades,
h a v e h a d a g r e a t b e a r i n g o n t h e size a n d per-
f o r m a n c e e x p e c t e d f r o m a m o d e r n fossil-fueled
steam generator. This has resulted in the design
of larger a n d larger u n i t s a n d h a s b e e n a f o r m i d a b l e
c h a l l e n g e t o t h e designer. Also, b e c a u s e of t h e
i m p a c t of large n u c l e a r s y s t e m s , t h e load r e q u i r e -
m e n t s of g e n e r a t i n g s y s t e m s h a v e a n d will r e q u i r e
t h a t b o t h t h e old a n d n e w fossil-fuel-fired s y s t e m s
r e t a i n t h e o p e r a t i n g flexibility w h i c h h a s p r e v i o u s l y
b e e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s m a l l boilers.
T h e large v a r i a t i o n s i n d e m a n d for electrical
p o w e r a t different p e r i o d s of t h e d a y , week a n d y e a r
i m p o s e n e w c o n s i d e r a t i o n s for t h e e v a l u a t i o n of t h e
c o m p l e x p r e s s u r e c o m p o n e n t s i n t h e large fossil-
fuel-fired s t e a m g e n e r a t o r . W i t h t h e i n t e g r a t i o n
of t h e large n u c l e a r p l a n t s i n t o u t i l i t y s y s t e m s for
c a r r y i n g b a s e loads, t h e role of t h e fossil-fueled
u n i t s is c h a n g i n g . I n t h e f u t u r e , t h e fossil-fueled
u n i t s will be s u p p l y i n g m o r e a n d m o r e of t h e
t r a n s i e n t needs. I n t h e U. S., for e x a m p l e , t h e
large w a t e r - c o o l e d n u c l e a r p l a n t s h a v e s t a r t u p r a t e s
of a b o u t 100 ~ F / h r a n d m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s
a n d pressures of 700 ~ F a n d 2500 psig while e q u i v -
a l e n t large fossil-fueled u n i t s will h a v e s t a r t u p
r a t e s i n t h e r e g i o n of 400 ~ F / h r w i t h m a x i m u m
t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d pressures i n excess of 1000 ~ F
a n d 4000 psig. E v e n f a s t e r r a t e s are possible w i t h
s m a l l e r fossil p l a n t s w h i c h h a v e b e e n f u l l y engi-
n e e r e d for special p e a k i n g service. D e m a n d s o n
s t r u c t u r a l i n t e g r i t y for c o m p o n e n t s i n t h i s service
Experimental Mechanics I 27N
 A P P L I C A T I O N S
9 9 9 9 9 O o o o o o o O o
are equal in importance to the nuclear facilities
being used. T h e challenge to the pressure-part
designer is far more complex t h a n the one presented
by t o d a y ' s P W R and B W R systems, because of
problems of creep, material stability and the lack of
definitive design rules (codes) which can completely
cope with these conditions. On the other hand, the
next generation of nuclear plants (breeder reactors)
will face some of these more complex problems
which, in fact, have already been seen in several of
the p r o t o t y p e gas cooled and sodium plants of
E u r o p e and the USA.
T h e transient operation of the large units re-
quires t h e consideration of all modes of failure.
These failure modes m a y be summarized as follows:
1. Excessive elastic deformation including elastic
stability.
2. Excessive plastic deformation.
3. Brittle fracture.
4. Stress r u p t u r e and creep deformation.
5. Plastic instability--incremental collapse.
6. High-strain low-cycle fatigue.
7. Stress corrosion.
8. Corrosion fatigue.
Additional items which play a significant role in the
analysis and performance are the design and oper-
ating conditions and the capability of materials.
These two items are critical when the component
a n d / o r structure operates under cyclic conditions
in the creep range, i.e., stress analysis cannot be
meaningfully conducted without consideration of
material properties.
One criterion which has been used for the evalua-
tion of the strength of a complex pressure com-
ponent is the burst test at room temperature. T h e
safe operating pressure is taken to be some fraction
of the burst pressure. B y selecting the proper
fraction, an a t t e m p t is made to assure t h a t the
component will not fail b y excessive elastic or
plastic deformation. This test accounts for chang-
ing material properties with temperatures through
considerations of allowable stress at design tem-
perature. I t does not, however, provide protection
against other modes of failure. I n addition, this
approach tends to promote the use of thick walls
a s the solution to the design problem, whereas
flexibility for systems operation m a y require a
component with thinner walls to meet thermal
transients. Thus, an adequate design must con-
sider all possible modes of failure which, in com-
ponents of n o n s y m m e t r i c shape, m a y require the
integration of both analytical and experimental
methods. This paper has been prepared to show
the philosophy and the organization of the work in
the development of a design and analysis basis for
28N { May 1970
a nonsymmetric pressure component. A high-
t e m p e r a t u r e valve b o d y has been used to illustrate
this procedure.
Design Requirements and Public Safety
Code Requirements
I n the U n i t e d States, a valve body for boiler use
must usually meet, as a minimum, the requirements
of MSS-SP-66* which uses the following equation
for the thickness of a wall of a hollow cylinder.
t = 1.5 P d + 0.1
2S - 2P(1 - - y )
where
t = thickness--in.
d = m i n i m u m diameter of flow passage, but not
less t h a n 90 percent of I D at the welding
end--in.
P = internal pressure--psi
y = plastic-stress-distribution factor
S = allowable stress
I n addition, the completed valve b o d y must with-
stand a room-temperature hydrostatic pressure
test of 1I/2 times the valve rating pressure in the
open position. When the valve is to be used at
elevated temperatures, the test pressure has to be
increased as follows:
PS1
P1 =
S - P(yl - y)
where
P1, yl, $1 are at elevated temperatures
P, y, S are at room temperatures
Thus, the s t a n d a r d requirements a t t e m p t to pro-
tect against gross plastic deformation and recognize
different material mechanical properties and be-
havior at elevated temperatures only by a rela-
tionship of allowable stresses at temperature.
Design Requirements of Composite Shapes
S y s t e m requirements, especially the flow and
control capability of a valve, generally prescribe
the basic inside dimensions, lengths and layouts of
the c o m p o n e n t body. T h e designer's responsi-
bility, then, involves ascertaining the system
operating conditions (i.e., design pressure, tempera-
ture, startup, cooldown, load change and cyclic
requirements); assessing, evaluating and selecting
a material; and then sizing (Prescribe wall thick-
* M S S - S P - 6 6 is manufacturer's standard issued by Manufacturers
Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry.

Fig. 1--Welded valve assembly for
supercritical steam generator
nesses, reinforcing, etc.) and analyzing the com-
ponent.
T h e problem which initiated the d e v e l o p m e n t of
the design and analysis procedures presented in
this p a p e r involved sets of boiler stop and b y p a s s
valves (Fig. 1). T h e p r i m a r y design conditions for
these valves was 1200 ~ F, 5200 psig a n d at least
20-years life with frequent cycling.
Previous experience with heavy-walled p a r t s
operating under these design conditions provided
significant information on transients, t h e r m a l re-
sponse and cyclic requirements. Limitations on
material a n d c o m p o n e n t performance were also
established f r o m heavy-walled p a r t s which de-
veloped various t y p e s of cracking during operation
under similar conditions. Thus, clear evidence
was available to indicate t h a t designs which con-
sider only t h e bursting a n d stress-rupture failure
modes were not necessarily adequate.
F r o m Fig. 1, it can be seen t h a t the u p p e r cyl-
inder, the middle sphere and lower t a p e r e d cone
are v e r y closely coupled. T h e m a t c h i n g of t h e
displacement of each of these elements for b o t h
pressure and t h e r m a l growth is an i m p o r t a n t de-
sign consideration. N o single element equation for
a cylinder, sphere or cone will a d e q u a t e l y define the
thickness for each p a r t and, in fact, classical shell
and elasticity programs even for s y m m e t r i c shapes
m u s t be viewed with some skepticism.
I n the design, the requirements of the code can be
m e t for a v e r a g e m e m b r a n e stresses across a n y cross
section, but this often has a limiting effect on the
allowable t h e r m a l transients. Of course, proper
material selection is critical; thus, it plays a
significant role in this early stage of the design and
analysis. I n this application, the material needed
to h a v e good ductility and show good stability for
long times when subjected to the design t e m p e r a -
A P P L I C A T I O N S
O O O O 9 O 9 O 9 O 9 O O 9
ture. T y p e 316 stainless steel was used although
it has only m o d e r a t e creep resistance. However,
it will relax the residual stresses which result f r o m
t h e r m a l transients in a relatively short t i m e and,
thus help p r e v e n t early stress-rupture failures.
M e t h o d s of forming a n d other m a n u f a c t u r i n g
limitations m u s t be considered when selecting a
material. Often t h e y influence t h e specific shape
of the component. I n this case, the t y p e 316
stainless steel was readily forged to the desired
shape a n d heat t r e a t e d to produce t h e grain size
necessary for the required ductility.
Analysis Procedures
Preliminary Sizing
H a v i n g considered t h e items presented in t h e
previous sections, one can t u r n to t h e critical job of
shaping, sizing a n d analyzing t h e part. I n a non-
s y m m e t r i c component, a direct analytical solution
for even elastic stresses is questionable a n d is
certainly not yet economically feasible. Similarly,
the building of three-dimensional e x p e r i m e n t a l
models is too t i m e consuming a n d expensive for
evaluating preliminary shapes which m i g h t be
subject to multiple loading conditions. T h e de-
signer m u s t t h e n t u r n to a v a r i e t y of simple a n d
inexpensive experimental and analytical procedures.
For example, Fig. 2, showing different t h e r m a l
responses in cylinders, can be quite h a n d y in
assessing t h e r m a l stresses. Also, two-dimensional
analog t h e r m a l models (e.g., c o n d u c t i v i t y paper)
can be valuable in these early stages. Similarly,
two-dimensional photoelasticity provides a v e r y
quick and a d e q u a t e m e a n s of assessing stress
distributions in specific areas in the g e o m e t r y a n d
also provides a quick m e a n s of m a k i n g geometric
Experimental Mechanics I 29N
 APPLICATIONS
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

200

I00 Fig. 2 - - T h e e f f e c t o f wall

t h i c k n e s s on t h e r m a l
stress

I-

0 ,
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I0
WALL THICKNESS,t, in

Fig. 3 - - T w o - d i m e n s i o n a l
p h o t o e l a s t i c m o d e l s for
preliminary studies

o
o
o

I t I I i / I # z : t, t I ~
I ! I i / ~/11 /,, i/,, i i|l Ik-'-~ o
71 t I I /i /I I ~/~ i/~ ~/ ~! ~ ~ r~'~. ~ o
r l--~l .....r-l-~. / q !/, !1!1 Fig. 4 - - C o m p u t e r - m o d e l
--"t i i I t i ~/ i /I ~I,~,~ ~
/ ,
I
I ~ i
1 I I I
A ill
I
!tli,[i/ii
I I I i I '
shell p r o g r a m s h o w i n g
elements and isotherms

30N I May 1970

 APPLICATIONS
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

changes and c o m p a r a t i v e studies. Figure 3 illus-

t r a t e s some of the shapes which were considered in
t r y i n g to establish a n o p t i m u m valve-seating ar-
rangement.
W i t h t o d a y ' s m o d e r n c o m p u t a t i o n capability, the
same t y p e of preliminary work can be performed
economically with two-dimensional a n d axisym-
metric finite-element p r o g r a m s which h a v e nodal
generating capabilities a n d o u t p u t plotting routines.
Coarse grids are usually all t h a t is required at this
point. H a n d b o o k equations for classic shapes are
also quite useful in this preliminary stage. 3 T h e
k e y to success in this phase is to select models (two-
dimensional or axisymmetric) which h a v e load
p a t h s and distributions bearing similarity to the
n o n s y m m e t r i c shape. Insight a n d experience are
p e r h a p s t h e m o s t useful resources. T h i s pre-
liminary work provides the basis for satisfying
m e m b r a n e stress requirements which are m o s t often
required b y codes.
Analytical~Experimental Tools
COMPUTER PROGRAMS--In the second phase of the
Fig. 5--A finite-element computer model
design a n d analysis approach, a x i s y m m e t r i c shell
for seat region of the valve
p r o g r a m s (often with thick-wall corrections) can be
used to e v a l u a t e a n d optimize the a m o u n t of
material needed in t h e transition regions f r o m
cylinder to cone or sphere. Figure 4 illustrates
the element model used in one of the s t u d y pro-
grams. T h r e e models with differing thicknesses
were used to assess the combined effects of t h e
static pressure and a c t u a t o r loads with the t h e r m a l
stresses which could be expected f r o m t r a n s i e n t
operation. T h e m a i n object in this phase of work
is to finalize selection of a shape which will:
(a) G i v e the lowest value of t h e r m a l a n d me-
chanical stress, combined in such a w a y so as
to afford o p t i m u m protection against m a n y
different failure modes.
(b) Give a preliminary evaluation of deformation
patterns, which is critical in assuring the seal-
ing function of the valve.
(c) P e r m i t fabrication to begin on experimental
models and production components.
Experience with several different shell models and
programs confirmed t h a t the p e r f o r m a n c e a n d
limitations of these p r o g r a m s required careful and
trained interpretation. 4
These shell programs were used successfully with
relative ease of operation and t h e y saved c o m p u t e r
preparation, p r o g r a m m i n g and running t i m e when
c o m p a r e d to the finite-element programs. T h e
finite-element a p p r o a c h does p r o v e to be valuable
in studying those areas where greater analysis de-
tail is required (peak stress locations, fillets, etc.). Fig. 6--A section of the three-
Figure 5 illustrates how one such area was treated. dimensional photoelastic model

Experimental Mechanics I 31N

 A P P L I C A T I O N S

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

Forces and displacements available from the shell

programs provide b o u n d a r y loads for the finite-
element model. I n this manner, the finite-element
program can be confined in size and complexity and
provide good d a t a on peak stresses.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS--Evaluation of the re-
sults of the first set of computer programs furnished
the necessary details for the development of a three-
dimensional photoelastic model. I n our opinion,
this technique provides the most reliable m e t h o d for
evaluation of the n o n s y m m e t r i c shape and specific
details often critical in the design3 Further, this
model provides the basis for calibration and modifi-
cation of the axisymmetric computer programs so
t h a t all different t y p e s of loading conditions can be
evaluated. Figure 6 shows a sectioned detail of
the three-dimensional model used to evaluate the
pressure loading in this design and Fig. 7 illustrates
some typical isochromatic patterns. Fig. 7--Some typical isochromatics from the three-
T h e rebirth of scattered-light photoelasticity, dimensional photoelastic model
brought a b o u t b y the laser, has opened up several
new avenues for this experimental approach.
Since it is a nondestructive procedure, several
different loading conditions, both static and tran- significantly b y the nonsymmetric aspect. T h e
sient, can be individually evaluated on a single thermal models, however, are usually quite sensi-
model. 6, v Recent work in this field has shown t h a t tive to b o u n d a r y conditions and, as such, con-
frequently models can be cast to shape, thus by- siderable effort is required in formulating heat-
passing the often expensive and time-consuming transfer coefficients. Surface-film coefficients in
machining operations. 8 the subject problem were confirmed by field data on
CORRELATION OF METHODS/DESIGN MODIFICA- similar valves of the same material. Figure 4
TIONS-Data from the experimental three-dimen- shows the temperature distribution in a valve at
sional analysis furnished the information to evaluate one of the critical periods. These data are used as
the effectiveness of the computer model to give input for a n y of the axisymmetric shell programs
stress data. Some of the areas in the valve body, to determine the thermal stresses.
such as the intersection of the top cylinder and Similar progress in the finite-element field has
sphere, are difficult to properly handle in a shell been made in connection with thermal analysis.
program. With the information from the photo- I n fact, several coupled programs are now available
elastic analysis, modifications in choosing the where the o u t p u t t e m p e r a t u r e distributions are
various elements to make the computer model automatically used as input information in either
improved the o u t p u t of the analysis distribution the shell or finite element programs.
and, in addition, the photoelastic model furnished
Analysis Summary
stress distribution and concentration factors to
account for the influence of the nonsymmetric T h e block diagram presented in Fig. 8 sum-
regions. marizes the interplay among the different tech-
THERMAL ANALYSIS--With the establishment of a niques which were used in analyzing, planning and
computer model of the valve which would correlate managing the problem at hand. I t is worth noting
with the pressure loading on the three-dimensional t h a t progress in finite-element techniques now
experimental model, one had some basis and confi- permits a meaningful evaluation of the creep be-
dence t h a t the computer model could be used to havior of axisymmetric bodies.
calculate meaningful thermal stresses.
Design Basis
I n the thermal analysis, a three-dimensional
relaxation p r o g r a m can be used to evaluate the Since stresses have little meaning in themselves, a
heat flow and t e m p e r a t u r e distributions in the design basis is necessary to assess the magnitude of
valve b o d y during thermal transients. T h e three- the calculated stresses and give substance to the
dimensional thermal model is frequently required a m o u n t of protection available against the various
in the final analysis because the heat flow and failure modes. I n the development of a design
distribution in the structure is usually influenced basis for high temperature, the stresses or strains

32N I May 1970

 A P P L I C A T I O N S

o O O O O o O 9 O 9 9 O o O

VALVE DESIGN 6 ANALYSIS from different types of loading are evaluated in

I 2-D PHOTOELASTIC ~-~

COM-P~ E St
I DESIGNSPECIFICATION
PERFORMANCE
i OPERATING
LOADING
CONDITIONS
1 relation to the mode of failure which would result
if they are excessive. As the temperatures in-
I "N'OM 1 [
SAT'SPY crease to higher levels and fracture paths change
CODE REQUIREMENTS ~'~TE~PERA!URE from transcrystalline to intercrystalline, the role
t
5-D PHOTOELASTIC I t_~ PRELIMINARYGEOMETRY I
PROGRAM of limits on strain becomes more of a factor.
I MANUFACTURING Another element ~to be considered is the long-term
PROPOSEDGEOMETRY~ [ SPECIFICSHIAPE6 LOAD LIMITATIONS stability of the material to high-thermal environ-
T I
MODEL ANALYSIS )~i__..~ SHELLi NALYSIS FINAL GEOMETRY ments and its influence on the long-term ductility of
] OMPUTE PROGRAM LOADS
TEMPERATURE
FIELDS the material. This property is not readily evalu-
ELASTIC PRESSURE
STRESSES PRESSURE STRESS ated from short-term material-evaluation programs.
INTERNAL LOADS CALIBRATED
INTERNAL MOMENTS 9 SHELL PROGRAM
D(SPLACEMENTS ' FINITE ELEMENT
PROGRAM
Primary Loads
t
P'N'*EEIEMENT PRESSURE& THERMAL
The applied external loads on a component are
COMPUTERANALYSIS ELASTIC 8 INELASTIC considered the primary load. A summation of the
STRESSES
PEAK STRESSESFOR forces on any free-body section of the component
LIMITED REGION DESIGN BASIS will be in equilibrium with these forces. T h e
average stress from these loads across a section is
Ca)
considered the primary membrane stress. Since
the component is used in a boiler, the code allowable
TEMPERATURE PROGRAM stresses of Section I of the A S M E Power Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code was compared to the mem-
ITER PROGRAM
COMPUTE
SHELL ANALYSIS TRANSIENTTEMPERATURE brane stresses2 At 1200 ~ F, the primary load
COMPUTER PROGRAM FIELD TEMPERATURE stresses are limited by either the stress rupture or
MEASUREMENTS creep values for long time periods. Because of the
I
~i SPECIFYSHAPE ] (THERMOCOUPLES)
limited ductility of the weld metal in the nozzles,
I DESIGN ] -L the primary bending stresses were limited by the
SPECIFICATIONS I
IF PECIFY BOUNDARY
SPECIFY FLUID ~ METAL stress-rupture values. At these elevated tempera-
CONDITIONS,
CONDITION INSULATION TEMP & TIME
LU%'~l
TIME DEPENDENT tures, consideration must be given to both stress
)EFFICIENTS I rupture and creep deformation as possible failure

i 1 modes. It might be necessary to limit primary

bending stresses to less than a code value (set on
TEMPERATURE FIELDS
the basis of creep rate) if creep rates produce ex-
cessive distortions which could impair the function
of the valve.
I FINAL GEOMETRY
Secondary Loads
(b) The internal self-equilibrating loads on a cross
section are considered as the secondary loads and
DESIGN BASIS give rise to the secondary stresses. These stresses
develop because of constraint of adjacent parts or
the self-constraint of a part as in a thermal stress.
I PRIMARYSTRESSES
Although self-limiting, these stresses must h a v e
9EXT~EN~LL ~ E
9SATISFY EQUATIONS
limits to prevent unacceptable distortions. In the
ASME SECTION ][
OF EQUILIBRIUM ~]~CODE ALLOWABLE STRESSES1 creep range, the classic concept of shakedown to
FLUID PRESSURE
WEIGTH
PIPING LOADS elastic action really have no significance. The
inelastic behavior of the material brought on by
SECONDAR~ STRESSES
9INTERN~ALL O A D ~
I.SELF EQUILIBRATING J
ss t D:T:R:E:NYI[::T
0R creep can be significantly altered b y cycling, for ex-
ample. Therefore, very careful attention must be
i YCLIC STRESSES 1'
9V A ~ E LOADS
9STRAIN CONCENTRATIONS
9RESIDUAL STRESS o*~'~',%~u~
FATIGUE cuRVES given to the strain range resulting from the secon-
dary thermal stresses imposed during startup and
shut down. This aspect of the problem, i.e.,
thermal ratchet in the creep range, is an area of
technology which requires an extensive amount of
(c) additional work. For materials that retain good
Fig. 8 - - B l o c k d i a g r a m s h o w i n g flow of analysis a n d ductility for the life of the equipment, these stresses
evaluation w o r k could be allowed to have values approaching twice

Experimental Mechanics I 33N

 APPLICATIONS
O0 O O O O O O O O O O O O
=,
i I n real plant operation, there is a need for opera-
'.:' 5
,.=,
/
8 ate his operation cycles to meet both routine and
3
,.=
.u
P,
2
MJ
/ I n the design of a high-temperature component,
200 300 400 500 600
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE - F
BETWEEN BOILER STOP
VALVE i N L E T a DISCHARGE
Fig. 9--Fatigue d a m a g e from
t e m p e r a t u r e differentials
the yield strength at the peak temperatures under
consideration. I f larger values are used, the
distortion of the part must be evaluated a n d kept
within allowable tolerances for satisfactory opera-
tion. I n addition, if the material has a high creep
strength, these stresses must be evaluated against
the short-time allowable stress-rupture values.
For materials having lower creep strengths, the
stresses will relax at the expense of some additional
creep strain which will lower the fatigue resistance
of the material.
Cyclic Loads
T h e various pressure and temperature transients
give rise to variable stresses in the component and
these stresses are evaluated b y a fatigue analysis.
P e a k stresses are used in this t y p e analysis; this
includes the influence of strain-concentration fac-
tors. T h e strain-concentration factors arise from
variations in geometry of the part and variations
in stiffness because of t e m p e r a t u r e differences.
T h e allowable n u m b e r of cycles for a given stress
level is determined from the fatigue curves in Code
Case 1331 of the A S M E Power Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code. 9 W h e n there is relaxation of
residual stresses, the curves in Code Case 1331 do
not account for this additional damage. ~0,~
Some d a t a have been reported in the literature t o
aid in this evaluation 1~ and other d a t a will be
available from tests which are now in progress.
Also, in the USA, the interaction between creep and
fatigue is under investigation b y the Fatigue Sub-
34N I May 1970
committee of Metal Properties Council. T h e y are
attempting to determine a procedure to sum the
individual damages of creep and fatigue for power-
generation equipment.
tional freedom to meet emergency conditions.
T h e results of the fatigue analysis m a y be presented
to the user of the equipment as shown in Fig. 9.
This furnishes the user with information to evalu-
emergency conditions.
Summary
the information from analytical and experimental
methods of analysis can be combined in a system-
atic manner to yield an economical development
of the design. With modern high-speed computers,
it is practicable to make parametric studies to
evaluate various design concepts and configura-
tions. This is followed b y an experimental s t u d y
to calibrate the mathematical model, to evaluate
the influence on n o n s y m m e t r y , and to determine
peak stresses.
I n some pressure components, the transient
thermal and pressure stresses have a significant
bearing on the operational life. T h e design basis
for the evaluation of the calculated stresses or strain
must consider all modes of failure to which the
component m a y be subjected. A basis to evaluate
the different t y p e s of stresses has been discussed
and some limits proposed. I n the high-tempera-
ture design field, the interaction of creep and fatigue
damage is under active s t u d y and better definitions
of limits should be forthcoming.
References
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Co., Inc., Princeton, N . ,3. (1956).
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Wiley & Sons, Inc., N e w York, N . Y . (1960).
3. Roark, R. J., Formulas for Stress and Strain, McGraw-Hill Book
Co., Inc., N e w York, 17, Y . (1954).
4. Kraus, H., "'A Review and Evaluation of Computer Programs for the
Analysis of Stresses in Pressure Vessels," Welding Research Council
Bulletin No. 108, N e w York, N . Y . (September 1965).
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