Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
FHWA NHI-05-039
Federal Highway Administration December 2005
NEW MICROPILES
EXISTING BRIDGE
BRIDGE ABUTMENT PIER W/PILE
SUPPORTED
A FOOTING
NEW FOOTING
EXTENSION
SECTION A – A
EXISTING DRIVEN
NEW MICROPILE PIPE PILES (TYP)
FOUNDATION SUPPORT
(TYP) NEW MICROPILES
CONCRETE CAP
ROAD SURFACE CASE 2 RETICULATED
FINISHED GRADE MICROPILE WALL
WALL FACING
SLIDE PLANE
FINAL GRADE
CASE 1
NON RETICULATED
MICROPILE STRUCTURE
The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for
the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not
necessarily reflect policy of the Department of Transportation. This report does not
constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The United States Government
does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturer's names
appear herein only because they are considered essential to the objective of this
document.
Technical Report Documentation Page
1. REPORT NO. 2. GOVERNMENT 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NO.
FHWA-NHI-05-039 ACCESSION NO.
16. ABSTRACT The use of micropiles has grown significantly since their conception in the
1950s, and in particular since the mid-1980s. Micropiles have been used mainly as foundation
support elements to resist static and seismic loads, and to a lesser extent, as in-situ
reinforcements to provide stabilization of slopes and excavations. Many of these applications
are for transportation structures. This manual is intended to be a “practitioner-oriented”
document containing sufficient information on the geotechnical and structural design of
micropiles for foundation support and for slope stabilization. Information is also provided on
inspection and load testing procedures, cost data, and contracting methods to facilitate the safe
and cost-effective use of micropiles on transportation projects. Two detailed design examples
and a generic commentary guideline specification for micropiles is included in the manual.
17. KEY WORDS Micropiles, structural 18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i - iii December 2005
4.3.4.1 Gravity Fill Techniques (Type A Micropiles)................................. 4 – 19
4.3.4.2 Pressure Grouting Through the Casing (Type B Micropiles) ......... 4 – 20
4.3.4.3 Postgrouting (Type C and D Micropiles) ........................................ 4 – 21
4.3.5 Top-Off (Secondary) Grouting ........................................................................ 4 – 26
4.4 REINFORCING STEEL ............................................................................................... 4 – 26
4.4.1 General............................................................................................................. 4 – 26
4.4.2 Placement of Reinforcement............................................................................ 4 – 26
4.4.3 Reinforcement Types ....................................................................................... 4 – 26
4.5 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 4 – 35
FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i-iv December 2005
5.18.2 Analysis Steps for Single Laterally Loaded Micropile.................................. 5 – 54
5.18.3 Evaluation of Micropile Lateral Load Capacity at Threaded Casing Joints.. 5 – 60
5.19 LATERAL RESISTANCE OF MICROPILE GROUPS ............................................ 5 – 61
5.19.1 General........................................................................................................... 5 – 61
5.19.2 Step By Step Design Procedure for Laterally Loaded Pile Groups ............... 5 – 62
5.19.3 Soil-Structure Interaction Analyses for Micropile Groups............................ 5 – 66
5.19.4 Battered Micropiles........................................................................................ 5 – 66
5.20 BUCKLING CONSIDERATIONS FOR MICROPILES ........................................... 5 – 67
5.21.1 General........................................................................................................... 5 – 67
5.21.2 Micropile Surrounded by Very Weak or Liquefiable Soil............................. 5 – 67
5.20.3 Micropiles Installed Through Voids .............................................................. 5 – 72
5.21 SEISMIC CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................................. 5 – 73
5.21.1 General........................................................................................................... 5 – 73
5.21.2 Use of Battered Micropiles in Highly Seismic Regions ................................ 5 – 75
5.21.3 Load Sharing with Existing Foundations....................................................... 5 – 76
5.21.4 Pile Uplift Capacity........................................................................................ 5 – 77
5.21.5 Liquefaction ................................................................................................... 5 – 77
5.22 REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 5 – 79
FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i-v December 2005
6.7.6 STEP 9: Evaluate Shear Capacity of Single Vertical Micropile ................... 6 – 47
6.7.7 STEP 10: Evaluate Shear Capacity of Battered Micropile Group.................. 6 – 51
6.7.8 STEP 11: Calculate Spacing Required to Provide Force to Stabilize the
Slope................................................................................................................ 6 – 52
6.7.9 STEP 12: Check Potential Soil Flow between Micropiles ............................. 6 – 53
6.7.10 STEP 13: Perform Structural Design of Concrete Cap Beam ...................... 6 – 54
6.8 SHEAR CAPACITY OF MICROPILES FOR ANALYSIS ....................................... 6 – 58
6.9 CASE HISTORIES ....................................................................................................... 6 – 59
6.9.1 Stabilization of Blue Trail Landslide Using Micropiles, Wyoming ................ 6 – 59
6.9.2 Stabilization of Sum-271 Landslide Using Micropiles, Ohio ........................ 6 – 62
6.9.3 Stabilization of Littleville Landslide using Micropiles, Alabama ................... 6 – 66
6.10 REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 6 – 67
FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i-vi December 2005
8.2 INSPECTION ROLES UNDER CERTAIN CONTRACT APPROACHES ................. 8 – 1
8.3 PRE-PROJECT PREPARATION................................................................................... 8 – 2
8.4 INSPECTION OF MICROPILE MATERIALS ............................................................. 8 – 5
8.4.1 General............................................................................................................... 8 – 5
8.4.2 Storing and Handling of Cement ....................................................................... 8 – 5
8.4.3 Storing and Handling of Reinforcing Steel........................................................ 8 – 6
8.5 INSPECTION OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES..................................................... 8 – 8
8.5.1 Inspection of Drilling Activities ........................................................................ 8 – 8
8.5.2 Inspection of Reinforcement Installation Activities .......................................... 8 – 9
8.5.3 Inspection of Grouting Activities..................................................................... 8 – 10
8.6 REQUIRED PROJECT DOCUMENTATION............................................................. 8 – 12
8.6.1 Micropile Load Testing.................................................................................... 8 – 12
8.6.2 Production Micropiles...................................................................................... 8 – 13
8.6.3 Grouting Records for Production Micropiles .................................................. 8 – 13
8.7 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 8 – 18
FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i - vii December 2005
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i-viii December 2005
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1. Details of Micropile Classification Based on Type of Grouting ........................ 2 – 9
Table 5-1. Design Steps for Micropiles Used for Structural Foundations ........................... 5 – 2
Table 5-2. Guidelines for Minimum Number of Investigation Points and Depth of
Investigation. ................................................................................................. 5 – 6
Table 5-3. Summary of Typical bond (Grout-to-Ground Bond) Values for
Micropile Design......................................................................................... 5 – 21
Table 5-4. Efficiency Factors for Micropile Groups in Cohesive Soils............................ 5 – 23
Table 5-5. Criteria for Assessing Ground Corrosion Potential ........................................... 5 – 46
Table 5-6. Corrosion Protection Requirements for Micropiles........................................... 5 – 50
Table 5-7 Values of ε50 for Intact Clays.............................................................................. 5 – 55
Table 5-8 Values of ε50 for Stiff Clays................................................................................ 5 – 56
Table 5-9 Soil –modulus Parameter (k) for Sands. ............................................................. 5 – 56
Table 5-10 Soil –modulus Parameter (k) for Clays............................................................. 5 – 56
Table 5-11 Guidance on Level of Fixity for Micropile-Footing Connections.................... 5 – 58
Table 5-12 Elastic Constants of Various Soils Based on Soil Type ................................... 5 – 69
Table 5-13 Elastic Constants of Various Soils Based on SPT N Value.............................. 5 – 70
Table 6-1. Design Steps for Micropiles for Slope Stabilization .......................................... 6 – 3
Table 6-2. Mult Values for Design Example....................................................................... 6 – 47
Table 6-3. Hult(Ψds) for Various Batter Angles .................................................................... 6 – 52
Table 6-4. Comparison of Actual Loads to Design Loads for
Blue Trail Landslide Project. ........................................................................ 6 – 62
FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i - ix December 2005
Table 10-1. Typical Breakdown of Micropile Unit Costs................................................... 10 – 2
Table 10-2. Material Costs of Steel Casings used for Micropiles....................................... 10 – 2
Table 10-3. Material Costs of Steel Reinforcing Bars used for Micropiles........................ 10 – 3
Table 10-4. Effects of Project-Specific Factors on Micropile Cost .................................... 10 – 5
Table 10-5. Sample Problem No. 1 – Cost Analysis (Bridge Abutment Support) ........... 10 – 7
Table 10-6. Sample Problem No. 2 – Cost Analysis (Seismic Retrofit) ........................... 10 – 9
Table 10-7. Micropile Measurement and Payment Units ............................................... 10 – 10
FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile Design & Construction i-x December 2005