Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
WILLIAM S H A K E S P E A R E ,
HENRY T H E S I X T H , PART 2
LUDWIG VAN B E E T H O V E N ,
IN A L E T T E R TO F R A N Z
WEGELER
PRELUM 1
1770-1792. 10
I79&-I80& 56
A G I F T IN GILLELEJE 64
I803-I8I& 108
1813-1824 143
C H E GUEVARA'5 H A I R 154
1824-1826 183
1826-1827 247
CODA 257
Acknowledgments 274
PRELUDE
c e n t u r i e s i n s i d e a glass l o c k e t , w a s a b o u t t o b e c o m e t h e s u b j e c t
o f rapt a t t e n t i o n o n a w a r m D e c e m b e r m o r n i n g i n 1995. T h e
t w o m e n p r i n c i p a l l y i n v o l v e d i n its p u r c h a s e — B r o o k l y n - b o r n
Ira B r i l l i a n t , a r e t i r e d P h o e n i x real e s t a t e d e v e l o p e r , a n d a
M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n physician w h o s e surprising n a m e is C h e
G u e v a r a — h a d b e e n j o i n e d by a coterie of inquisitors in a teach-
ing theater at the University of Arizona Medical C e n t e r in
T u c s o n : a forensic anthropologist was present; so w e r e a m e d -
ical e x a m i n e r , a n a r c h i v i s t a n d c o n s e r v a t o r , a m e d i c a l p h o t o g r a -
pher, a r e c o r d i n g secretary, a n o t a r y public, a local television
n e w s t e a m , plus a L o n d o n - b a s e d film c r e w from t h e B B C .
E v e r y o n e gathered p r o m p d y at 10:30 because there was m u c h
to do, a n d t h e first o r d e r of business was t h e signing of a contract
that stipulated h o w the hair w o u l d b e divided. O n c e c o u n t e d ,
strand by aging and fragile strand, 27 p e r c e n t w o u l d remain the
p r o p e r t y o f Dr. Alfredo " C h e " Guevara, t h e principal investor,
a urological surgeon from the border t o w n of Nogales. T h e re-
m a i n d e r w o u l d b e d o n a t e d b y h i m a n d B r i l l i a n t t o t h e Ira F .
Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies at San Jose State
University in California, w h e r e it w o u l d r e m a i n in perpetuity.
W h i l e Ira B r i l l i a n t a n d t h e o t h e r s w a t c h e d w i t h f a s c i n a t i o n ,
Dr. G u e v a r a and conservator N a n c y O d e g a a r d — b o t h dressed
in green surgical scrubs and wearing masks and gloves—
w o r k e d a t a s t e r i l e t a b l e , m e a s u r i n g w i t h c a l i p e r s t h e glass a n d
t h e f r a m e t h a t s u r r o u n d e d it, c a l l i n g o u t a s e r i e s o f n u m b e r s a s
well as their impressions of the lockets condition before
G u e v a r a w i e l d e d a scalpel a n d p r e p a r e d t o g o i n s i d e . T h i s was
s u r g e r y o f a s o r t , a n d t h e d o c t o r p r o c e e d e d w i t h careful c o n -
fidence, describing each cut and every observation with the
k i n d of c o m m e n t a r y he m i g h t have m a d e if the subject at h a n d
had been a h u m a n gut and the gathered observers w e r e surgi-
cal i n t e r n s still p r o n e t o g e t t i n g q u e a s y . " N o w I ' m slicing
t h r o u g h t h e last o f t h e g l u e t h a t h o l d s t h e p a p e r b a c k i n g , " h e
a n n o u n c e d , h i s v o i c e b e a r i n g m o r e t h a n a h i n t o f his p r e o c c u -
pation. " I ' l l p u l l t h e b a c k i n g a w a y n o w , a n d . . . let's s e e ,
b e l o w . . . h e r e ' s a n o t h e r l a y e r o f p a p e r , w i t h w r i t i n g o n it,
a n d . . . t h e w r i t i n g s in F r e n c h , I b e l i e v e . C a n s o m e o n e v e r i f y
t h a t this i s i n F r e n c h a n d t r a n s l a t e i t for u s ? "
A v i d e o c a m e r a d e s i g n e d for r e c o r d i n g t h e i n t r i c a c i e s a n d
complexities of rather more conventional surgeries looked
d o w n f r o m o v e r h e a d a n d t h e rest o f t h e g r o u p w a t c h e d t h e
doctor's w o r k o n television m o n i t o r s placed a r o u n d the r o o m ,
a n d y e s , t h a t was F r e n c h , s o m e o n e o f f e r e d . T h e t e x t w a s set i n
t y p e , b u t w a s difficult t o m a k e sense of, a n d t h e r o o m ' s q u i c k
c o n s e n s u s w a s t h a t t h e p a p e r w a s s i m p l y n e w s p a p e r scrap t h a t
h a d b e e n u s e d for b a c k i n g . Y e t t h e w o r d s w r i t t e n o n t h e n e x t
layer G u e v a r a e x p o s e d w e r e b o t h decipherable a n d surprising.
H a n d w r i t t e n this t i m e , a n d a g a i n i n G e r m a n , t h e y e x p l a i n e d
that the locket was " n e w l y pasted" by a picture framer in
C o l o g n e in 1 9 1 1 , the resealing d o n e at a time w h e n Paul
Hiller w o u l d have b e e n fifty-eight years old, a n d presumably
a b o u t t h e t i m e w h e n h e w r o t e his e x p l a n a t o r y n o t e o n t h e
outer paper.
A t last t h e s u r g e o n h e l d n o t h i n g m o r e t h a n t h e c o n j o i n e d
p i e c e s o f glass i n his g l o v e d h a n d s , a n d O d e g a a r d h e l p e d s t e a d y
t h e glass o n e d g e a s G u e v a r a b e g a n t o b r e a k t h e seal w i t h a
scalpel. " W o w , c o u l d y o u h e a r t h a t ? " h e a s k e d . " I h e a r d a r u s h
o f air like a v a c u u m w h e n I s t a r t e d t o s e p a r a t e t h e glass." T w o
m i n u t e s passed as the surgeon's knife slowly c i r c u m n a v i g a t e d
t h e oval, t h e n finally the pieces w e r e free and G u e v a r a deli-
c a t e l y lifted t h e d o m e d glass a w a y f r o m its m a t e , a n d a l t h o u g h
n o o n e s p o k e for a m o m e n t , y o u c o u l d s e n s e t h e m a s s e d e x -
c i t e m e n t . E x p o s e d for t h e f i r s t t i m e i n a t least e i g h t d e c a d e s ,
p e r h a p s m a n y m o r e , there w a s B e e t h o v e n ' s h a i r — d a r k e r t h a n i t
a p p e a r e d u n d e r glass, a carefully s h a p e d c o i l c o n t a i n i n g a h u n -
d r e d o r t w o h u n d r e d strands, o n e o f t h e g r o u p guessed. W h e n
h e h a d b e e n h e l p e d w i t h t h e straps t h a t h e l d his m a s k o v e r his
n o s e , G u e v a r a b e n t t o t h e t a b l e t o s m e l l t h e hair. I t w a s o d o r -
less, h e d e c l a r e d , t h e n Ira B r i l l i a n t a n d t h e o t h e r s p r e s s e d f o r -
w a r d to get close to t h e r e m a r k a b l e relic themselves.
Before the morning ended and the team adjourned for
s o m e t h i n g of a celebratory lunch, Beethoven's hair was p h o -
tographed, weighed, and examined under a high-power m i -
croscope. Forensic anthropologist Walter Birkby declared that
on quick inspection the condition of the hair appeared consis-
tent w i t h hair that was approximately t w o h u n d r e d years old;
h e n o t e d t h a t i t a p p e a r e d t o b e f r e e o f l i c e — o r t h e carcasses o f
lice—and the g r o u p was delighted w h e n he n o t e d as well that
follicles w e r e a t t a c h e d t o a t least s o m e o f t h e s t r a n d s . F i f t e e n -
year-old Ferdinand Hiller must have pulled at the hair as he
s n i p p e d i t — t h a t w a s t h e initial s u p p o s i t i o n — a n d t h e fact t h a t
t h e b o y i n a d v e r t e n t l y p u l l e d a f e w follicles f r o m B e e t h o v e n ' s
scalp m e a n t D N A t e s t i n g m i g h t i n d e e d b e feasible, a p o s s i b i l -
ity t h a t n o n e o f t h e g r o u p h a d d a r e d c o u n t o n t i l l t h a t m o -
ment.
T h e cameras c o n t i n u e d to roll at a press c o n f e r e n c e in the
e a r l y a f t e r n o o n , a n d t h e t e a m o u t l i n e d p u b l i c l y for t h e f i r s t
t i m e t h e a r r a y o f tests i t p l a n n e d t o u n d e r t a k e . P r i o r t o e x a m -
i n i n g t h e hair's D N A — i f t h a t w e r e d o n e — l i k e l y t h e r e w o u l d
be examinations to d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r opiates had b e e n in
B e e t h o v e n ' s s y s t e m a t t h e t i m e o f his d e a t h . O t h e r analyses
w o u l d s e a r c h for t r a c e m e t a l s i n his h a i r : h i g h levels o f z i n c
m i g h t m e a n t h a t his i m m u n e s y s t e m h a d b e e n s e v e r e l y c o m -
promised; the presence of m e r c u r y could indicate that he had
b e e n t r e a t e d for a n i n f e c t i o n , a n d e l e v a t e d levels o f m e r c u r y
might even go s o m e distance t o w a r d explaining Beethoven's
n o t o r i o u s l y e c c e n t r i c b e h a v i o r ; a n a b u n d a n c e o f lead w o u l d
p o i n t t o o n e p o t e n t i a l c a u s e o f t h e c o m p o s e r ' s deafness, a n d
e v e n m i g h t explain the c o n c e r t of o t h e r maladies that had
p l a g u e d h i m t h r o u g h o u t his a d u l t life.
D r a w i n g on techniques a n d testing p r o c e d u r e s that w e r e es-
tablished w h e n a lock of N a p o l e o n ' s hair was studied in t h e
1 9 7 0 s — t e s t s t h a t c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e e m p e r o r h a d not b e e n
poisoned, contrary to w h a t m a n y historians long had sus-
p e c t e d — t h e B e e t h o v e n t£sts w o u l d b e d e s i g n e d t o d e s t r o y o r
p e r m a n e n t l y alter o n l y a v e r y m i n i m a l a m o u n t of t h e hair he
had just unlocked, Guevara informed the assembled reporters.
A n d t h e tests w o u l d b e c a r r i e d o u t o n l y b y h i g h l y q u a l i f i e d s c i -
entists: " W e ' r e g o i n g t o p r e p a r e a p r o t o c o l t o d o t h e w o r k
u n d e r strict c o n d i t i o n s that are forensic, sterile, a n d m o d e r n .
We plan to tabulate people w h o have FBI-quality expertise,
t h e n i n v i t e t h e m t o p r o p o s e specific tests t o u s . B u t w e w o n ' t
sacrifice t h e b u l k o f t h e hair. T h e m a i n t h i n g i s o u r h o p e t h a t
t w o h u n d r e d years f r o m n o w p e o p l e w o n ' t think that t h e r e
w e r e n e o p h y t e s a t w o r k w h o c o u l d n ' t g e t t h e i r act t o g e t h e r .
T w e n t y - f i v e o r f i f t y y e a r s a g o , this k i n d o f t e s t i n g w o u l d n ' t
h a v e b e e n possible. A n d f i f t y years f r o m n o w , m a y b e w e ' l l get
m u c h m o r e information."
B u t the n e w s p a p e r a n d television reporters w a n t e d t o k n o w
m o r e : t h e y n e e d e d s o m e sense o f w h a t m o t i v a t e d G u e v a r a a n d
his p a r t n e r t o b u y t h e h a i r a n d n o w b e g i n t h e p r o c e s s o f h a v -
ing it rigorously examined. W h a t was it a b o u t B e e t h o v e n that
so obsessed t h e m ?
" M y i n t e r e s t i n B e e t h o v e n i s like a f i r e b u r n i n g i n s i d e m e , "
answered seventy-three-year-old Ira B r i l l i a n t , his B r o o k l y n
accent diluted only a bit by thirty years of expatriation in
Arizona. "I started collecting his letters and first editions
twenty years ago out of a deep wish to own something
Beethoven himself had touched. It was my way of paying
h o m a g e t o his greatness." A s h o r t m a n w h o s e dense e y e b r o w s
and deep-set eyes seemed to mirror the composer's, Ira
Brilliant explained that on a N o v e m b e r day almost a year ear-
lier, h e p h o n e d G u e v a r a , his friend a n d fellow B e e t h o v e n
z e a l o t , s o o n after h e h a d s e e n t h e l o c k o f h a i r listed i n a
Sotheby's catalog, and the t w o had agreed that they w o u l d try
to m a k e it theirs. " T h i s was m u c h m o r e than simply s o m e t h i n g
B e e t h o v e n h a d t o u c h e d . T h e h a i r i s B e e t h o v e n . It's a m a r -
velous relic."
A n d the d o c t o r agreed, of course. A large m a n w i t h a thick
s h o c k o f b l a c k h a i r a t o p his h e a d , h i s s p e e c h i n f l e c t e d w i t h
e c h o e s o f his n a t i v e S p a n i s h — a n d " C h e " t o his f r i e n d s s i n c e
his long-ago college days—Guevara's obsession with both
Beethoven's music and Beethoven the m a n tumbled out of h i m
w i t h a k i n d of evangelical passion. " B e e t h o v e n w a s deaf, a s
y o u k n o w . H e suffered f r o m k i d n e y stones, w h i c h i s a v e r y
painful c o n d i t i o n . H e had heparins; h e h a d multiple episodes
of gastrointestinal infections. For s o m e o n e to have that m a n y
m a l a d i e s a n d t o suffer s o g r e a t l y a n d y e t p r o d u c e s u p e r h u m a n
m u s i c , m u s i c t h a t c a n a c t u a l l y e l e v a t e t h e s p i r i t t o a m u c h dif-
ferent plane t h a n t h e o r d i n a r y plane we live in, is quite p h e -
nomenal."
B e e t h o v e n ' s hair—still in the same coil in w h i c h it w a s
w r a p p e d nearly t w o centuries ago, t h e h u n d r e d s o f separate
s t r a n d s still w a i t i n g t o b e c o u n t e d — h a d b e e n r e m o v e d for
safekeeping, but C h e Guevara spoke of it as t h o u g h it r e -
m a i n e d i n t h e r o o m : " T o get this close t o a m a n w h o was able
t o d o t h i s . . . for m e it's a p e r s o n a l t r i u m p h . A c q u i r i n g t h e h a i r
a l r e a d y h a s c h a n g e d m y life."
D E A R B E E T H O V E N : YOU a r e g o i n g t o V i e n n a i n fulfill-
ment of your long-frustrated wishes. The Genius of
M o z a r t i s still m o u r n i n g a n d w e e p i n g o v e r t h e d e a t h o f
her pupil. She f o u n d a refuge b u t no o c c u p a t i o n w i t h the
inexhaustible H a y d n ; t h r o u g h h i m she wishes o n c e m o r e
to f o r m a u n i o n w i t h another. W i t h the help of assiduous
labor y o u shall r e c e i v e : Mozart's spirit from Haydn's hands.
Y O U R TRUE FRIEND, WALDSTEIN.
T H E BOY WO SNIPPED T H E LOCK
IT WAS N O T U N T I L 1 8 7 1 t h a t Kapellmeister F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r ,
t h e c o r p u l e n t dean of music in t h e R h i n e - s i d e city of C o l o g n e ,
f i r s t d e s c r i b e d for f a s c i n a t e d G e r m a n r e a d e r s w h a t i t h a d b e e n
l i k e t o m e e t L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n a n d w h a t , i n fact, t h e c i r -
cumstances of the master composer's final days h a d b e e n . "I can
s c a r c e l y b l a m e myself, m u c h a s I r e g r e t it, for n o t t a k i n g d o w n
m o r e e x t e n d e d notes than I did," sixty-year-old Hiller w r o t e .
" I n d e e d , I r e j o i c e t h a t a lad o f f i f t e e n y e a r s w h o f o u n d h i m s e l f
i n a g r e a t c i t y for t h e f i r s t t i m e w a s self-possessed e n o u g h t o r e -
g a r d any details. [ B u t ] I c a n v o u c h w i t h t h e b e s t c o n s c i e n c e for
t h e p e r f e c t a c c u r a c y o f all t h a t I a m able t o r e p e a t . "
Ferdinand Hiller had m a d e the snow-slowed j o u r n e y from
W e i m a r t o musical, magical V i e n n a w i t h his p i a n o a n d c o m -
position instructor, J o h a n n N e p o m u k H u m m e l , i n t h e early
s p r i n g o f 1 8 2 7 because H u m m e l h a d h e a r d t h e n o w far-flung
n e w s that his old f r i e n d a n d musical rival was d y i n g . H e h a d
w a n t e d t o see a n d e m b r a c e B e e t h o v e n again b e f o r e h e was
g o n e , a n d t o o , h e h a d h o p e d his t a l e n t e d p r o t e g e m i g h t b e i n -
s p i r e d b y a t least a f e w m i n u t e s s p e n t i n t h e c o m p a n y o f i n -
contestable greatness. B e e t h o v e n had received the t w o m e n
w a r m l y o n M a r c h 8 a n d h a d satisfied t h e m t h a t t h e i r c o m p a n y
w o u l d b e efficacious i n fact; t h e y s t a y e d w i t h h i m for h o u r s
t h a t day, t h e n r e t u r n e d t h r e e m o r e t i m e s d u r i n g t h e s u c c e e d -
i n g fortnight before B e e t h o v e n finally s u c c u m b e d to a diseased
l i v e r a n d a life o f r e l e n t l e s s p a i n . Y e t o n t h a t f i r s t day, H i l l e r r e -
m e m b e r e d , t h e d y i n g m a n still h a d s e e m e d v e r y m u c h alive:
F E R D I N A N D H I L L E R H A D R E T U R N E D T O W e i m a r again
in July when he read in t h e ^Abendzeitung, published in
Dresden, an obituary written by poet and historian J o h a n n
Sporschil that described an aspect of B e e t h o v e n that the b o y
had not been fortunate e n o u g h to glimpse:
N o l o n g e r w i l l t h e c i t i z e n s o f f r i e n d l y V i e n n a . . . see h i m
h u r r y i n g t h r o u g h t h e street w i t h his s h o r t y e t f i r m steps
b a r e l y t o u c h i n g t h e g r o u n d , u n t i l , fast a s l i g h t n i n g , h e
vanishes a r o u n d t h e c o r n e r . N o l o n g e r will t h e y b e able
to whisper with benevolent and indulgent pride to one
a n o t h e r : " D i d y o u see? B e e t h o v e n ! "
Y e s , H i l l e r had s e e n h i m , a n d h e e v e n h a d c a p t u r e d a l o c k o f
t h e g r e a t c o m p o s e r ' s hair. T h e m e m e n t o had been part of
B e e t h o v e n ; i t w a s n e i t h e r his flesh n o r his b l o o d b u t i t was h i m
n o n e t h e l e s s . F o r m a n y y e a r s , his w i l d h a i r h a d b e e n t h e p h y s -
ical t h i n g t h a t m o s t i m m e d i a t e l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d h i m — i t w a s a
metaphor somehow for his eccentric ebullience, his utter
unpredictability, his astonishing artistic power—and Hiller
k n e w he always w o u l d cherish the lock of hair and protect it
vigilantly.
It may have been d o n e while he remained in Weimar, or the
task c o u l d h a v e b e e n c o m p l e t e d d u r i n g t h e m o n t h s h e s p e n t a t
h o m e i n F r a n k f u r t w i t h his p a r e n t s , b u t b y t h e t i m e h e t r a v -
eled to Paris in O c t o b e r 1828, F e r d i n a n d Hiller h a d e m p l o y e d
a p i c t u r e f r a m e r t o s e c u r e t h e l o c k o f h a i r i n s i d e a small, o v a l
w o o d e n frame that had b e e n painted black, the kind of locket
i n w h i c h m i n i a t u r e portraits c o m m o n l y w e r e displayed. T h e
clutch of h a i r s — w h o k n e w h o w many of t h e m there w e r e ? —
h a d b e e n l o o p e d i n t o a l o o s e c o i l , a n d p r o t e c t e d b y glass. T h e
k e e p s a k e w a s n o w s e c u r e for t h o s e i n f r e q u e n t o c c a s i o n s w h e n
he w o u l d choose to s h o w it to friends w h o m he was sure
w o u l d a p p r e c i a t e its i m p o r t , a n d w h o c o u l d b e c o u n t e d o n t o
demonstrate a p p r o p r i a t e v e n e r a t i o n w h e n t h e y briefly held
something of Beethoven in their hands.
Although he had just turned seventeen in 1828, Hiller's
m o v e t o P a r i s m a r k e d his e m a n c i p a t i o n i n t o a d u l t h o o d . H i s
p a r e n t s w e r e i n h e a r t y s u p p o r t o f his s o j o u r n , a n d t h e y m a d e
s u r e a s w e l l t h a t t h e i r s o n d i d n o t suffer f r o m m a t e r i a l w a n t s
w h i l e h e w a s t h e r e . U n l i k e t h e y o u n g B e e t h o v e n , L e Savant
Hiller, a s h e w o u l d b e c o m e k n o w n , w a s a b o n a fide f e l l o w o f
m e a n s — a short, dark-eyed y o u n g m a n w h o s e r o u n d and ex-
p r e s s i v e face e v i d e n c e d a n o p e n n e s s t h a t d r e w p e o p l e t o h i m .
W i t h the revolution l o n g over, a n d on the heels of the final d e -
feat o f N a p o l e o n i n 1 8 1 5 , t h e g o v e r n m e n t o f F r a n c e h a d b e e n
returned to a repressive yet decidedly insecure monarchy,
t h o u g h faint w i n d s o f r e v o l u t i o n still b l e w t h r o u g h t h e s q u a l i d ,
disease-plagued districts o f Paris. O n c e again, r i c h a n d p o o r
l i v e d u t t e r l y s e p a r a t e lives i n t h e c i t y t h a t n o w t o t a l e d a m i l l i o n
r e s i d e n t s , a n d for a m o n e y e d i m m i g r a n t like F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r ,
i t w a s h a r d t o i m a g i n e a m o r e vital a n d s t i m u l a t i n g p l a c e t o
c o n t i n u e his m u s i c a l t r a i n i n g .
I t d i d s e e m t o H i l l e r , h o w e v e r , t h a t Paris's m u s i c a l c u l t u r e
p o s s e s s e d a s i n g l e d i s t r e s s i n g flaw. U n l i k e t h e cities i n G e r m a n y
a n d Austria that he h a d lived in or visited by n o w , w h e r e t h e
w o r k s of L u d w i g van B e e t h o v e n had b e c o m e very widely ad-
m i r e d , in Paris the music of the recently deceased c o m p o s e r
still was deemed too peculiar, too intense, too "difficult"
s o m e h o w , a n d o n l y r e c e n t l y h a d b e g u n t o b e p e r f o r m e d a t all.
Y e t early i n t h e w i n t e r o f 1 8 2 9 , H i l l e r m e t a t w e n t y - f i v e - y e a r -
o l d F r e n c h m u s i c i a n w h o w a s u t t e r l y d e t e r m i n e d t o set h i s
c o u n t r y m e n s t r a i g h t a n d t o e n l i g h t e n t h e m a t l o n g last a b o u t
"this inconceivable p r o d u c t o f the m o s t s o m b e r a n d reflective
genius." H e c t o r Berlioz had been b o r n in La Cote-Saint-
A n d r e , a n d h a d m o v e d t o P a r i s six y e a r s b e f o r e t o s t u d y m e d -
icine as well as music; he was a y o u n g m a n w i t h a wild laugh
w h o a l w a y s s e e m e d t o b e filled t o o v e r f l o w i n g w i t h e n e r g y
and the m o s t public kinds of passion, and Hiller quickly was
c a p t i v a t e d b y h i m p e r s o n a l l y a s w e l l a s b y his s t a l w a r t a d v o c a c y
o f B e e t h o v e n a n d his m u s i c . " I d o n o t t h i n k t h a t a n y o n e c o u l d
have m e t Berlioz w i t h o u t being struck by the extraordinary
e x p r e s s i o n o f his face," H i l l e r l a t e r w r o t e i n a m e m o i r . " T h e
high forehead, precipitously o v e r h a n g i n g the deep-set eyes,
t h e g r e a t c u r v i n g h a w k n o s e , t h e t h i n , f i r m l y c u t Hps, t h e
r a t h e r s h o r t c h i n , t h e e n o r m o u s s h o c k o f hair. . . . W h o e v e r
h a d o n c e s e e n t h i s h e a d c o u l d n e v e r f o r g e t it."
T h a t Hiller, in t u r n , actually had b e e n in B e e t h o v e n ' s p r e s -
e n c e — t h a t h e h a d sat w i t h h i m a n d h e a r d h i m s p e a k , a n d e v e n
h a d s n i p p e d a l o c k o f his h a i r — w a s a l m o s t t o o w o n d e r f u l t o
imagine for Berlioz, and the two men soon became fast
friends. Berlioz ardently believed that G e r m a n i c culture was
m o r e e n l i g h t e n e d , m o r e f o r w a r d - t h i n k i n g t h a n his o w n , a n d
he was therefore eager to attach himself to Hiller, despite the
fact t h a t t h i s p a r t i c u l a r G e r m a n w a s still a t e e n a g e r w h o r e -
m a i n e d n a i v e a b o u t t h e w o r l d ' s p e r i l s a n d its p l e a s u r e s . B e r l i o z
d e l i g h t e d i n s h o c k i n g his n e w f r i e n d w i t h g r i s l y tales f r o m t h e
h o s p i t a l m o r g u e w h e r e h e h a d s t u d i e d , a n d h e d i d his b e s t t o
educate h i m t o o a b o u t the pleasures o f a m o r o u s love, m a k i n g
H i l l e r his r e a d y c o n f i d a n t a n d w r i t i n g h i m i m p a s s i o n e d n o t e s
a b o u t his p a r t i c u l a r l o n g i n g for Irish actress H a r r i e t S m i t h s o n ,
w h o m he recently had seen onstage, t h e n subsequently had
met. " M y dear Ferdinand!" he pleaded on o n e occasion. " C a n
y o u tell m e w h a t i s t h i s o v e r w h e l m i n g p o w e r o f e m o t i o n , this
faculty for s u f f e r i n g t h a t i s k i l l i n g m e ? . . . I h a v e s p e n t s o m e
t i m e d r y i n g t h e f l o o d s t h a t h a v e fallen f r o m m y e y e s — w h i l e I
s a w B e e t h o v e n l o o k i n g at me w i t h s e v e r i t y . . . . T r u l y : I am a
most unhappy man."
It was a curious notion to think that B e e t h o v e n might be
w a t c h i n g d o w n o n h i m like a g o d a n d j u d g i n g w h e t h e r , i n
fact, y o u n g B e r l i o z ' s d e s i r e for a y o u n g w o m a n ' s affections
w a r r a n t e d his t o r m e n t e d e m o t i o n s . Y e t that was t h e d e g r e e t o
w h i c h h e i m a g i n e d his h e r o ' s o m n i p o t e n c e a s w e l l a s t h e t r a n -
s c e n d e n t m a s t e r y his m u s i c h e l d o v e r t h o s e w h o o p e n e d t h e m -
selves t o it. A n d B e r l i o z , a s i t h a p p e n e d , w a s n o t a l o n e i n
believing that the posthumous Beethoven somehow could
i n t e r v e n e i n c o n t e m p o r a r y lives. F o r m a n y y o u n g artists a n d
writers as well as musicians, the w o r l d truly had t u r n e d d u r i n g
the years of the N a p o l e o n i c wars and their aftermath; l o n g -
s t a n d i n g i d e a s a n d classical f o r m s o f e x p r e s s i o n h a d g o n e s o u r
a n d stale, h a d b e c o m e i r r e l e v a n t i n fact, t h e i r p l a c e s s u b s u m e d
b y a n e w artistic a n d i n t e l l e c t u a l c u r r e n t t h a t w a s c h a r a c t e r i z e d
by devotion to nature, to e m o t i o n and imagination, as well as
a c o n s c i o u s rebellion against established rules a n d c o n v e n t i o n s .
W h o better than Beethoven exemplified Romanticism, this
vital a n d t h r i l l i n g n e w m e a n s o f artistic e x p r e s s i o n ? A n d w h a t
b e t t e r p l a c e w a s t h e r e t h a n P a r i s for y o u n g p e o p l e c o m m i t t e d
t o this n e w f o r m o f s e l f - e x p r e s s i v e — a n d o f t e n s e l f - a b s o r b e d —
artistic p a s s i o n t o g a t h e r i n s u p p o r t , m u t u a l e n c o u r a g e m e n t ,
and revelry? By the time Hiller arrived there, so m a n y y o u n g
R o m a n t i c artists h a d e s t a b l i s h e d t h e m s e l v e s i n t h e g e n t e e l a s
w e l l as b o h e m i a n e n v i r o n s of P a r i s t h a t a n a m e , Les Jeunes
France, h a d b e e n a p p l i e d t o t h e m .
" T h e Young France" included writers such as Victor H u g o ,
Honore de Balzac, George Sand, and the German poet
H e i n r i c h H e i n e ; artists s u c h a s E u g e n e D e l a c r o i x ; a n d a m o n g
t h e m a n y m u s i c i a n s for w h o m P a r i s n o w h a d b e c o m e t h e e p i -
c e n t e r o f R o m a n t i c i n n o v a t i o n w e r e P o l i s h - b o r n pianist a n d
composer Frederic Chopin, Hungarian Franz Liszt, Italian
V i n c e n z o B e l l i n i , as w e l l as B e r l i o z . C o l l e c t i v e l y , Les Jeunes
France c o m p r i s e d a c u l t u r a l e l i t e , o n e c a p a b l e o f a p p r e c i a t i n g
w h a t less s e n s i t i v e , less romantic m i n d s c o u l d n o t . " T h e o t h e r
d a y I h e a r d o n e o f t h e late q u a r t e t s o f B e e t h o v e n . . . " B e r l i o z
w r o t e t o h i s sister N a n c i , " t h e r e w e r e n e a r l y t h r e e h u n d r e d
persons present, of w h o m six found ourselves half-dead
through the truth of the emotion we had experienced, but we
six w e r e t h e o n l y o n e s w h o d i d n o t f i n d h i s c o m p o s i t i o n a b -
surd, incomprehensible, barbarous. He rose to such heights
t h a t o u r b r e a t h b e g a n to fail u s . . . . T h i s is m u s i c [ o n l y ] for
h i m o r for t h o s e o f u s w h o h a v e f o l l o w e d t h e i n c a l c u l a b l e
flight o f his g e n i u s . "
Although Luigi Cherubini, director of the Paris Con-
servatory, was skeptical a b o u t w h e t h e r B e e t h o v e n truly d e -
s e r v e d his s w e l l i n g r e p u t a t i o n , h e n o n e t h e l e s s h a d p l a y e d a k e y
role in finally bringing Beethoven's music before the French
public. T h e conservatory had sponsored the French premiere
o f t h e Eroica S y m p h o n y a f e w m o n t h s b e f o r e H i l l e r h a d a r r i v e d
i n P a r i s , a n d t h a t successful c o n c e r t s o o n h a d b e e n f o l l o w e d b y
a p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e Fifth S y m p h o n y t h a t left t h e c o g n o s c e n t i
a m o n g its l i s t e n e r s foudroye, t h u n d e r s t r u c k , a s B e r l i o z r e m e m -
b e r e d it. B u t t h e p u b l i c p e r f o r m a n c e s o f t h e g r e a t s y m p h o n i e s
w e r e far f r o m c o m m o n e v e n t s , a n d i t w a s a t s a l o n s h o s t e d b y
t h e m u s i c i a n s a n d artists t h e m s e l v e s , a s w e l l a s b y t h e i r w e a l t h y
benefactors, that Beethoven's chamber music regularly was
p e r f o r m e d , analyzed, and profusely praised. It was a m a r k of
H i l l e r ' s c h a r m a n d g e n i a l g o o d h u m o r a s m u c h a s o f his f i n a n -
cial w h e r e w i t h a l t h a t h i s o w n m o n t h l y s a l o n b e c a m e a n e a g e r l y
s o u g h t - a f t e r invitation, particularly w h e n his m o t h e r R e g i n e
m o v e d t o P a r i s i n 1 8 3 3 for t h e m a n i f e s t p u r p o s e o f h e l p i n g
her son make the evenings spent at their h o m e decidedly
m e m o r a b l e o n e s . T h e y w e r e lavish n i g h t s , r e p l e t e w i t h f o o d ,
drink, animated conversation, and the impassioned playing of
m u s i c — e v e n i n g s as well, no d o u b t , w h e n a lock of hair in a
black w o o d e n f r a m e s o m e t i m e s was passed f r o m h a n d t o g r a t e -
ful h a n d .
P a r i s w a s s u c h a feast o f a r t a n d p l e a s u r e s , i n fact, t h a t H i l l e r
i n s i s t e d t h a t his f r i e n d F e l i x M e n d e l s s o h n , w h o h a d r e m a i n e d
i n G e r m a n y , c o m e t a k e p a r t i n it, a n d b e g i n n i n g i n D e c e m b e r
1 8 3 1 , H i l l e r , C h o p i n , Liszt, a n d M e n d e l s s o h n f o r m e d a s h o w y
P a r i s i a n f o u r s o m e for a t i m e , p l a y i n g t o g e t h e r r e g u l a r l y a t b o t h
c o n c e r t s a n d salon recitals, as w e l l as s p e n d i n g h o u r s each day
a t a f a v o r i t e s i d e w a l k cafe o n t h e B o u l e v a r d d e s I t a l i e n s , e a t i n g
p a s t r i e s , p l a y i n g c h e s s , a n d t a l k i n g endlessly. M e n d e l s s o h n r e -
c o u n t e d for his n e w f r i e n d s a n d for H i l l e r h o w , i n t h e s p r i n g
o f 1 8 3 0 , h e h a d v i s i t e d G o e t h e a t his h o m e i n W e i m a r , a n d a t
t h e a g i n g p o e t ' s i n s i s t e n c e h a d p l a y e d for h i m a s u r v e y o f t h e
great music o f t h e age. A l t h o u g h G o e t h e had a c k n o w l e d g e d
B e e t h o v e n ' s artistic g e n i u s w h e n t h e y h a d m e t i n T e p l i t z e i g h -
t e e n y e a r s b e f o r e , t h e t r u e p l e a s u r e s o f his w o r k a l w a y s h a d e s -
c a p e d h i m , a n d i n t h i s p r i v a t e m u s i c - a p p r e c i a t i o n class l e d b y
the y o u n g m a n w h o m he saw as a kind of surrogate grandson,
G o e t h e h a d h o p e d s i m p l y t o s k i p o v e r t h e c o m p o s e r w h o m his
visitor believed was the most important of them all. "He
wanted nothing to do with Beethoven," Mendelssohn ex-
p l a i n e d , f e i g n i n g s h o c k , " b u t I t o l d h i m I c o u l d n o t let h i m e s -
c a p e , a n d p l a y e d t h e f i r s t p a r t o f t h e [Fifth] S y m p h o n y i n C
M i n o r . I t h a d a s i n g u l a r effect o n h i m . A t f i r s t h e said, ' t h i s
arouses no e m o t i o n ; n o t h i n g but astonishment; it is grandiose.'
H e c o n t i n u e d g r u m b l i n g i n this w a y , b u t after a l o n g p a u s e h e
b e g a n a g a i n . 'It i s v e r y g r e a t ; q u i t e w i l d ; i t m a k e s o n e fear t h a t
t h e h o u s e m i g h t fall d o w n . ' "
T h e three w h o heard the story delighted in the n o t i o n that
brave Mendelssohn had made a Beethoven convert of the great
bard of the German-speaking world. But Chopin, "Little
C h o p i n e t t o , " as t h e o t h e r s called h i m , actually shared s o m e of
Goethe's misgivings about Beethoven's might. C h o p i n certainly
was the m o s t quiet, e v e n i n t r o v e r t e d m e m b e r o f t h e Paris four-
s o m e , his h e a l t h a l r e a d y p o o r w h e n h e m o v e d t o t h e city f r o m
W a r s a w i n 1 8 3 1 , his d e m e a n o r fastidious a n d i n e v e r y w a y r e -
s e r v e d . Effusive a n d f i e r y e x p r e s s i o n s — w h e t h e r m u s i c a l o r o t h -
erwise—plainly repulsed him, and he did everything he could
t o a v o i d t h e c o n s t a n t e m o t i o n a l t h e a t r i c s o f m e n like H e c t o r
Berlioz. H e w a s a R o m a n t i c w h o disliked R o m a n t i c i s m , Franz
Liszt e x p l a i n e d y e a r s later w h e n h e d e s c r i b e d his b y - t h e n -
deceased colleague's uncertainties a b o u t t h e cult of admiration
they had built a r o u n d the Viennese composer.
F o r his p a r t , t h e p a l l i d b u t d a s h i n g L i s z t — h i s face a r r e s t i n g l y
h a n d s o m e a n d expressive, his dark hair c h o p p e d in a severe
l i n e b e l o w his e a r s — b e l o n g e d , l i k e B e r l i o z , a t t h e h e a d o f t h e
q u e u e of true-believers. A native of H u n g a r y , he had lived in
P a r i s for m o r e t h a n a d e c a d e b y n o w a n d i n t h a t t i m e h a d e s -
t a b l i s h e d h i m s e l f a s a s p e c t a c u l a r l y i n n o v a t i v e p i a n i s t , o n e for
w h o m t h e p e r f o r m a n c e difficulties i m p o s e d b y B e e t h o v e n ' s
c o m p o s i t i o n s o n l y s e r v e d t o h i g h l i g h t his o w n v i r t u o s i t y . " F o r
u s m u s i c i a n s , " Liszt a v e r r e d , " B e e t h o v e n ' s w o r k i s like t h e p i l -
lar o f c l o u d a n d f i r e t h a t g u i d e d t h e Israelites t h r o u g h t h e
d e s e r t . " I t w a s a p a t h t h a t H i l l e r a n d his c o m r a d e m u s i c i a n s
w e r e k e e n t o a d h e r e t o ; for t h e m i t r e p r e s e n t e d n o t o n l y a c o l -
legial a p p r e c i a t i o n o f B e e t h o v e n ' s c e r t a i n g e n i u s , b u t also a v i -
sion of t h e shape their o w n careers as c o m p o s e r s m i g h t take in
t h e years t o c o m e . W r i t i n g s y m p h o n i e s o r string quartets o r
piano pieces was taxing and time-consuming work, how-
e v e r — i t d e p e n d e d on a k i n d of daily d r u d g e r y as m u c h as it
did on inspiration. B o t h M e n d e l s s o h n and Hiller had the l u x -
u r i o u s m e a n s t o live a n d w o r k a n y w h e r e that best suited t h e m ,
and early in 1836 Mendelssohn, already home again in
G e r m a n y , c o n v i n c e d Hiller, n o w nearly t w e n t y - f o u r , that d e -
s p i t e his f l o u r i s h i n g f r i e n d s h i p s , his g r o w i n g r e p u t a t i o n a s a n
o r g a n i n s t r u c t o r , a n d t h e f l a t t e r i n g e s t e e m h e e a r n e d f r o m his
r e n o w n e d a n d highly favored sal^n, it was time, nevertheless,
for h i m t o f o c u s his e n e r g i e s o n c o m p o s i t i o n , t o " l e a v e t h e
Parisian a t m o s p h e r e of glory and pleasure and m o v e into the
w o r k i n g quarters."
D u r i n g a s o j o u r n i n Italy t h e y e a r b e f o r e , H i l l e r h a d m e t a n d
p r o m p t l y m a r r i e d singer Antolka H o g e , a native of Poland
w h o , b e c a u s e o f h e r striking beauty, h a d b e e n d u b b e d L a Bella
P o l a c c a b y t h e m u s i c a l press. S h e w a s a C a t h o l i c ; H i l l e r l o n g
had been a nonpracticing Jew, and the t w o chose to contend
w i t h what w o u l d have been perceived as a scandalous i n c o m -
patibility by b e c o m i n g Protestants, a decision that was m a d e
m u c h m o r e for convenience than out of a shared and n e w -
f o u n d faith. U n l i k e his f r i e n d H e c t o r B e r l i o z , w h o a l w a y s h a d
b e e n s o b o l d , s o u t t e r l y o p e n a b o u t his r o m a n t i c e n t a n g l e -
m e n t s , H i l l e r , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a l w a y s h a d k e p t t h e details o f
his r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h w o m e n r a t h e r s e c r e t . D e s p i t e his g r e g a r -
i o u s n a t u r e a n d his c o n s t a n t c o n v i v i a l i t y , H i l l e r w a s essentially
p r i v a t e , a n d e v e n his d i a r y o n l y o b l i q u e l y refers t o t h e l i k e l i -
h o o d t h a t i n its f i r s t y e a r s his m a r r i a g e t o A n t o l k a w a s n o t a n
easy o n e . O u t g o i n g F e r d i n a n d c o n t i n u e d t o e n j o y t h e c o m -
p a n i o n s h i p o f f e m a l e f r i e n d s — r e l a t i o n s h i p s t h a t his n e w w i f e
a l w a y s w a s w a r y of-—and d e s p i t e t h e fact t h a t t h e couple
would remain childless for more than a decade, Antolka
quickly was forced to subsume her singing career to her h u s -
b a n d ' s q u e s t for a stable a n d s u i t a b l y p r e s t i g i o u s m u s i c a l p o s i -
t i o n , n e c e s s a r i l y a b a n d o n i n g h e r b u r g e o n i n g f a m e i n Italy for
t h e life o f a n i t i n e r a n t G e r m a n c o m p o s e r ' s w i f e .
O n c e t h e y w e r e settled i n D r e s d e n i n 1844, A n t o l k a Hiller
j o i n e d h e r h u s b a n d i n e s t a b l i s h i n g y e t a n o t h e r o f h i s s t o r i e d sa-
l o n s , a f r e q u e n t g a t h e r i n g o f t h e city's artists a n d i n t e l l e c t u a l s
that this t i m e i n c l u d e d c o m p o s e r a n d m u s i c critic R o b e r t
S c h u m a n n a n d his n e w w i f e , C l a r a , a s w e l l a s R i c h a r d W a g n e r ,
w h o s e dramatically innovative opera Tannhduser r e c e n t l y h a d
been premiered before rather puzzled Dresden audiences. T h e
t w o S c h u m a n n s , like s o m a n y o f F e r d i n a n d Hiller's musical
contemporaries, were ardent believers in the genius of
B e e t h o v e n , a n d t h e fact t h a t H i l l e r r e p e a t e d l y c o u l d r e g a l e
t h e m w i t h t h e tale o f his d e a t h b e d visits t o t h e m a s t e r f o r m e d
an i m p o r t a n t c o m p o n e n t of their b u d d i n g friendship.
F o r his p a r t , W a g n e r ' s p a s s i o n for B e e t h o v e n e v e n s u r p a s s e d
the adoration of the Schumanns, with w h o m he had b e c o m e
friends p r i o r to their separate arrivals in D r e s d e n in t h e 1840s.
In much the same way in which Berlioz first had been
beguiled, it had been at a Paris Conservatoire concert—in
W a g n e r ' s case, a n 1 8 3 9 p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e N i n t h S y m p h o n y ,
w h i c h w o u l d b e c o m e his l i f e l o n g o b s e s s i o n — w h e n h e h a d
discovered the transcendent p o w e r of Beethoven's music. Like
B e r l i o z , W a g n e r t o o c o u l d i m a g i n e n o artistic g e n i u s g r e a t e r
t h a n that w h i c h Shakespeare a n d B e e t h o v e n clearly h a d shared;
a n d like t h e F r e n c h m a n as well, W a g n e r was s p e l l b o u n d :
T h e effect o n m e w a s i n d e s c r i b a b l e . T o this m u s t b e
added the impression p r o d u c e d on me by Beethoven's
features, w h i c h I saw in the lithographs that w e r e c i r c u -
l a t e d e v e r y w h e r e a t t h a t t i m e , a n d b y t h e fact t h a t h e w a s
deaf, a n d l i v e d a q u i e t , s e c l u d e d life. I s o o n c o n c e i v e d an
image of h i m in my m i n d as a sublime and unique super-
natural being, w i t h w h o m n o n e could compare. This
image was associated in the brain with that of
S h a k e s p e a r e ; i n ecstatic d r e a m s I m e t b o t h o f t h e m , s a w
and spoke to them, and on awakening found myself
b a t h e d in tears.
N o t o n l y in D r e s d e n , b u t in Paris as well by t h e 1840s, praise
for B e e t h o v e n ' s m u s i c h a d b e c o m e w i d e s p r e a d . N o l o n g e r w a s
his m u s i c t o o a v a n t - g a r d e for F r e n c h tastes, o r for a n y o t h e r s ,
n o r w a s i t his m u s i c a l o n e t h a t h a d c a p t u r e d p e o p l e ' s f a s c i n a -
tion. In t h e n i n e t e e n years since B e e t h o v e n ' s death, y o u n g
R o m a n t i c s l i k e W a g n e r , B e r l i o z , Liszt, t h e t w o S c h u m a n n s —
a n d F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r — h a d s h o u t e d t h a t t h e r e must h a v e b e e n
s o m e t h i n g s u p e r n a t u r a l a b o u t t h e m u s i c i a n himself; s u r e l y n o
ordinary mortal could have reached such creative heights.
W h e n W a g n e r , n o w i n e x i l e i n Z u r i c h b e c a u s e o f his r a d i c a l
p o l i t i c s , r e a d H i l l e r ' s a s s e s s m e n t , h e w a s q u i c k t o d e f e n d Liszt
against w h a t h e b e l i e v e d h a d b e e n a n u n w a r r a n t e d attack b y
t h e "FalstafF from C o l o g n e , " a r e f e r e n c e m e a n t as a j a b at
Hiller's physical b u l k as well as an i r o n i c r e m i n d e r that he w a s
r e n o w n e d for his g e n i a l i t y r a t h e r t h a n his v e n o m . W a g n e r
himself was u n c o n s t r a i n e d by a similar r e p u t a t i o n , a n d s o o n he
w r o t e d i r e c d y t o H i l l e r t o tell h i m h o w d i s t r e s s e d h e w a s t o
hear that Hiller recently had reestablished the music
Konservatorium in C o l o g n e . " B e t t e ^ a Destruktorium," he p o i n t -
edly suggested, before a d d i n g that he h o p e d Hiller w o u l d n o t
t a k e his r e m a r k s t o o p e r s o n a l l y . I t w a s a h o p e W a g n e r p r o -
fessed t o c l i n g t o d e s p i t e t h e fact t h a t s e v e n y e a r s e a r l i e r h e h a d
p u b l i s h e d a n o n y m o u s l y his o w n d i a t r i b e a g a i n s t J e w s , o n e t h a t
h a d p r e c e d e d Liszt's racist r e m a r k s , i n fact. I n h i s 1 8 5 0 b o o k ,
Jewry in Music—which w a s r e r e l e a s e d , this t i m e w i t h his n a m e
a t t a c h e d t o it, i n 1 8 6 9 — W a g n e r h a d i s s u e d a d a m n i n g i n d i c t -
ment of the Jewish spirit and its p e r n i c i o u s influence on
G e r m a n culture. J e w s , h e declared, w e r e interested i n art o n l y
i n o r d e r t o sell it, a n d t h e y w e r e h o r r i b l y d e t r i m e n t a l t o t h e
Fatherland's cultural glory because they w o r k e d to convert
t h e lofty r e a l m o f artistic c r e a t i o n i n t o a m e r e m a r k e t p l a c e .
Without mentioning Hiller or anyone else by name, he
l a m e n t e d t h e fact t h a t J e w s n o w h e l d i m p o r t a n t artistic p o s i -
t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t G e r m a n y , and h e w o r r i e d that they i n a p p r o -
priately influenced music and the theater in particular.
B y 1 8 7 0 , n e i t h e r W a g n e r n o r L i s z t — w h o lately h a d b e c o m e
Wagner's father-in-law—pretended any longer that they r e -
tained remnants of their early friendships with Ferdinand
Hiller, a n d h e , i n t u r n , n o w was b l u n t a n d i m p a s s i o n e d i n his
assaults o n t h e t w o m e n ' s p o l i t i c s a s w e l l a s t h e k i n d s o f m u s i c
they made. "Richard, the Wagnerian, [began to] hurl his
a n a t h e m a a g a i n s t t h e J e w s f r o m his p u l p i t i n S w i t z e r l a n d s o m e
y e a r s a g o . . ." H i l l e r w r o t e in t h e Kolnische Zeitung, " a n d n o w
h e h a s p u b l i s h e d a n e w p a m p h l e t t h a t i s b u r s t i n g w i t h false-
h o o d a n d i n j u s t i c e . " T w o y e a r s later, H i l l e r j o k e d b i t t e r l y i n a
letter t o his colleague, t h e c o n d u c t o r H e r m a n n Levi, " Y o u
h a d n ' t t o l d m e t h a t y o u r e c e i v e d a kiss f r o m W a g n e r . I t s e e m s
h e w a s n ' t afraid o f t h e J e w i s h c o n t a g i o n ! " A n d a g a i n i n t h e
Kolnische Zeitung, H i l l e r w a s a c i d i c i n his r e s p o n s e t o t h e n e w s -
paper's suggestion that Wagner's upcoming appearance in
Cologne—where he would stage and conduct his opera
Lohengrin—would be akin to "a bold knight [entering] the
c a m p o f d e c l a r e d e n e m i e s " : " I c a n n o t d e n y t h e fact t h e g r e a t e r
part of w h a t H e r r W a g n e r writes, composes, and does is ex-
tremely unpleasant to me," Hiller w r o t e . "I must nevertheless
p o i n t o u t t h a t I h a v e p r e s e n t e d his c o n c e r t c o m p o s i t i o n s t o t h e
p u b l i c i n s p l e n d i d p e r f o r m a n c e s o v e r t h e y e a r s . T o see H e r r
W a g n e r c o n d u c t i n g o n e o f his w o r k s i s s o m e t h i n g t h a t s h o u l d
i n t e r e s t his foes a n d f o l l o w e r s alike, e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e h e w i l l b e
u s i n g a b a t o n for t h i s a n d n o t his v i l e G e r m a n p r o s e . "
F o r t h e last t h r e e y e a r s m y h e a r i n g h a s b e c o m e w e a k e r
and weaker. T h e trouble is supposed to have b e e n caused
by the condition of my abdomen, which, as you know,
w a s w r e t c h e d e v e n b e f o r e I left B o n n , b u t h a s b e c o m e
w o r s e i n V i e n n a , w h e r e I h a v e b e e n c o n s t a n t l y afflicted
w i t h diarrhea a n d have b e e n suffering in c o n s e q u e n c e
from an e x t r a o r d i n a r y d e b i l i t y . . . . D u r i n g t h i s last w i n t e r
I w a s t r u l y w r e t c h e d for I h a d d r e a d f u l a t t a c k s o f kolik a n d
again relapsed c o m p l e t e l y i n t o my f o r m e r c o n d i t i o n . . . .
I n o r d e r t o g i v e y o u s o m e i d e a o f this s t r a n g e deafness, let
m e tell y o u t h a t i n t h e t h e a t e r I h a v e t o p l a c e m y s e l f q u i t e
close t o t h e orchestra i n o r d e r t o u n d e r s t a n d w h a t t h e
a c t o r is saying, a n d that at a distance I c a n n o t h e a r t h e
h i g h n o t e s o f i n s t r u m e n t s o r v o i c e s . A s for t h e s p o k e n
w o r d , it is surprising that s o m e people have never noticed
m y deafness; b u t s i n c e I h a v e a l w a y s b e e n liable t o fits o f
absentmindedness they attribute my hardness of hearing
to that. S o m e t i m e s t o o I can scarcely h e a r a p e r s o n w h o
17 9 2 - 1 8 0 2
s p e a k s softly; I c a n h e a r s o u n d s , it is t r u e , b u t I c a n n o t
m a k e o u t t h e w o r d s . B u t i f a n y o n e s h o u t s , I c a n ' t b e a r it.
Heaven alone knows what is to b e c o m e of me.
I T WAS I N 1 7 9 7 , A T T H E a g e o f t w e n t y - s i x , w h e n h e h a d b e g u n
t o miss w o r d s a n d t h e n w h o l e p h r a s e s i n c o n v e r s a t i o n s , a n d h e
b e g a n t o o to hear incessant, painful, and surely d e r a n g i n g
b u z z i n g a n d r i n g i n g sounds. B u t four years had passed before
h e h a d b e e n a b l e t o c o n f e s s his failing h e a r i n g a n d t o b e g i n t o
s e e k t h e c u r e t h a t n e v e r h a d c o m e . F i v e m o n t h s later, after
W e g e l e r h a d b e g g e d for m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t his h e a r i n g
loss, B e e t h o v e n a g a i n w r o t e t o his f r i e n d , b u t t h i s t i m e w i t h
slightly b e t t e r n e w s . " M y life i s a g a i n s o m e w h a t p l e a s a n t e r , for
I a m m i x i n g m o r e i n society. Y o u c a n s c a r c e l y i m a g i n e w h a t a
d r e a r y , sad life I l e d d u r i n g t h e past t w o y e a r s . " A l t h o u g h his
h e a r i n g h a d n o t i m p r o v e d , t h e r e w a s a v e r y specific r e a s o n
w h y his spirits h a d lifted: " T h i s c h a n g e h a s b e e n b r o u g h t a b o u t
b y a d e a r c h a r m i n g girl w h o l o v e s m e a n d w h o m I l o v e . A f t e r
t w o y e a r s I a m a g a i n e n j o y i n g a f e w blissful m o m e n t s ; a n d for
t h e f i r s t t i m e I feel t h a t m a r r i a g e m i g h t b r i n g m e h a p p i n e s s .
U n f o r t u n a t e l y , s h e i s n o t o f m y class, a n d n o w — f o r t h e m o -
ment I certainly could not marry—I must bravely bustle
about."
A l t h o u g h h e didn't n a m e her, the y o u n g w o m a n w h o m
B e e t h o v e n was e n c h a n t e d by as the year 1801 c a m e to a close
almost certainly was his seventeen-year-old piano student,
Countess Giulietta Guicciardi, s o m e o n e w h o s e nobility w o u l d
h a v e m a d e m a r r i a g e t o h i m m o s t unlikely. A n d she was n o t , i n
fact, t h e f i r s t w o m a n B e e t h o v e n h a d c o n s i d e r e d m a r r y i n g — h i s
1795 proposal to singer Magdalena W i l l m a n quickly had b e e n
r e j e c t e d — b u t it is clear in t h e letters he w r o t e to C o u n t e s s
G u i c c i a r d i t h a t , a t least briefly, B e e t h o v e n b e l i e v e d h e finally
h a d f o u n d s o m e o n e w h o n o t o n l y l o v e d h i m b u t w h o also
m i g h t m a k e b e a r a b l e his s t e a d i l y d i m i n i s h i n g h e a r i n g .
N i n e m o n t h s later, n e a r t h e e n d o f a s o j o u r n i n t h e t r a n q u i l
v i l l a g e o f H e i l i g e n s t a d t n o t far f r o m V i e n n a — w h e r e h e h a d
g o n e o n t h e a d v i c e o f his p h y s i c i a n — B e e t h o v e n h a d g r o w n
d e e p l y d i s t r a u g h t n o t o n l y a b o u t h i s a d v a n c i n g deafness b u t
also his g r o w i n g r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t his r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h a c o u n t -
ess little m o r e t h a n h a l f his a g e s i m p l y h e l d n o p r o m i s e . O n
O c t o b e r 6 , 1 8 0 2 , h e a d d r e s s e d t o his t w o b r o t h e r s a l o n g , f u l -
minating letter that s e e m e d intended to be at o n c e a public
c o n f e s s i o n o f his t e r r i b l e m e d i c a l s e c r e t — a w i l l o f s o r t s , p e r -
h a p s e v e n a s u i c i d e n o t e — a s w e l l a s a n i m p a s s i o n e d p l e a for
u n d e r s t a n d i n g . " Y o u m e n w h o t h i n k o r say I a m h o s t i l e , p e e -
vish, o r m i s a n t h r o p i c , " h e w r o t e ,
h o w greatly y o u w r o n g m e . You d o n o t k n o w t h e secret
cause w h i c h m a k e s m e s e e m s o t o y o u . F r o m c h i l d h o o d
o n , m y h e a r t a n d s o u l w e r e full o f t h e t e n d e r f e e l i n g o f
goodwill, and I was always inclined to accomplish great
d e e d s . B u t j u s t t h i n k , for six y e a r s n o w I h a v e h a d a n i n -
c u r a b l e c o n d i t i o n . . . . T h o u g h b o r n w i t h a fiery, lively
t e m p e r a m e n t , s u s c e p t i b l e t o t h e d i v e r s i o n s o f society, I
s o o n h a d t o w i t h d r a w myself, t ^ s p e n d m y life a l o n e . A n d
y e t i f I w i s h e d a t r i m e s t o i g n o r e all t h i s , o h h o w h a r s h l y
w a s I p u s h e d b a c k b y t h e d o u b l y sad e x p e r i e n c e o f m y
b a d h e a r i n g ; a n d y e t i t w a s i m p o s s i b l e for m e t o say t o
p e o p l e , " S p e a k l o u d e r , s h o u t , for I a m deaf." A h , h o w
c o u l d I possibly a d m i t w e a k n e s s of t h e o n e sense w h i c h
s h o u l d be m o r e perfect in me t h a n o t h e r s , a sense w h i c h
I o n c e possessed in t h e greatest perfection, a p e r f e c t i o n
such as few in my profession have or ever have had?
W h a t h u m i l i a t i o n for m e w h e n s o m e o n e s t a n d i n g n e a r
m e h e a r d a flute i n t h e d i s t a n c e a n d I h e a r d n o t h i n g , o r
s o m e o n e h e a r d t h e s h e p h e r d singing and again I heard
n o t h i n g . S u c h incidents b r o u g h t me almost to despair; a
little m o r e a n d I w o u l d h a v e e n d e d m y life.
O n l y m y art held m e back. A h , i t s e e m e d t o m e i m -
p o s s i b l e t o l e a v e t h e w o r l d u n t i l I h a d p r o d u c e d all t h a t I
felt w a s w i t h i n m e ; a n d so I s p a r e d t h i s w r e t c h e d life. . . .
You, my brothers, Carl and [johann], as soon as I am
d e a d , i f D r . S c h m i d t i s still alive, ask h i m i n m y n a m e t o
d e s c r i b e m y disease, a n d a t t a c h this w r i t t e n d o c u m e n t t o
h i s a c c o u n t o f m y illness, s o t h a t a t least a s m u c h a s
p o s s i b l e t h e w o r l d m a y b e r e c o n c i l e d t o m e after m y
death. . . .
Farewell, and do n o t c o m p l e t e l y forget me w h e n I am
d e a d . I h a v e d e s e r v e d this from y o u , since I often t h o u g h t
o f y o u d u r i n g m y life, a n d o f w a y s t o m a k e y o u h a p p y ;
d o b e so.
w h o s e s o u n d s i n c r e a s i n g l y w e r e lost t o h i m a n d t o r e s o l v e ,
n o n e t h e l e s s , t o d r a w t h e m u s i c o u t . H e confessed his terrible
c a l a m i t y , h i s a w f u l fate, t o h i s b r o t h e r s a n d all t h e w o r l d , b u t
t h e n B e e t h o v e n f o l d e d t h e p a p e r o n w h i c h h e h a d w r i t t e n his
a c h i n g t e s t a m e n t a n d t u c k e d i t a w a y , s h o w i n g i t t o n o o n e for
t h e r e m a i n d e r o f his life.
A GIFT IN GILLELEJE
r i g h t e o u s u p t o his d e a t h , o u r u n f o r g e t t a b l e d e a r h u s b a n d
a n d father, H e r r Paul Hiller, m u s i c w r i t e r , passed a w a y
u n e x p e c t e d l y . . . a t the age o f e i g h t y - o n e . H e died f i r m l y
b e l i e v i n g i n his S a v i o r . I n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h his w i s h e s , w e
h a v e laid o u r b e l o v e d d e p a r t e d o n e q u i e t l y t o h i s f i n a l r e s t
in the Southern C e m e t e r y in Cologne. In deep sorrow:
S o p h i e H i l l e r ; E d g a r a n d E r w i n H i l l e r . W e ask f r i e n d s t o
a b s t a i n f r o m c o n d o l e n c e visits.
Last n i g h t I r e c e i v e d w o r d t h a t t o m o r r o w t h e G e r m a n s
plan t o raid J e w i s h h o m e s t h r o u g h o u t C o p e n h a g e n t o ar-
rest all t h e D a n i s h J e w s for s h i p m e n t t o c o n c e n t r a t i o n
camps. T h e y k n o w that t o m o r r o w is R o s h Hashanah and
o u r families w i l l b e h o m e . T h e s i t u a t i o n i s v e r y s e r i o u s .
We m u s t take action immediately. You m u s t leave t h e
synagogue now and contact all relatives, friends, and
n e i g h b o r s y o u k n o w a r e J e w i s h a n d tell t h e m w h a t I h a v e
t o l d y o u . Y o u m u s t tell t h e m pass t h e w o r d o n t o e v e r y -
o n e t h e y k n o w i s J e w i s h . Y o u m u s t also s p e a k t o all y o u r
C h r i s t i a n f r i e n d s a n d tell t h e m t o w a r n t h e J e w s . Y o u
m u s t d o this immediately, w i t h i n t h e n e x t few m i n u t e s , s o
that t w o o r t h r e e h o u r s from n o w e v e r y o n e will k n o w
w h a t i s h a p p e n i n g . B y n i g h t f a l l t o n i g h t , w e m u s t all b e i n
hiding.
103
L
b e g a n , e a c h p r i s o n e r q u i z z e d a b o u t his r e s i d e n c e , j o b , n a t i o n -
ality, a n d w h e t h e r , i n fact, h e w a s a J e w . T h o s e w h o w e r e n o t
Jewish, w h o w e r e "half-Jews," and even those J e w s w h o w e r e
m a r r i e d to non-Jews, w e r e shuttled to a barracks to await tran-
sit t o C o p e n h a g e n , w h e r e t h e y w o u l d b e r e l e a s e d . E v e r y o n e
e l s e — a b o u t sixty people in total—was moved to wooden
sheds, w h e r e the waiting c o n t i n u e d until the g r o u p was trans-
p o r t e d again to Helsingor. There, together with hundreds
m o r e w h o h a d b e e n c a p t u r e d i n o t h e r places, t h e refugees
f r o m t h e G i l l e l e j e C h u r c h w e r e p a c k e d t i g h t l y i n t o c a t t l e cars
l o a d e d a b o a r d a G e r m a n s h i p for t h e o v e r n i g h t j o u r n e y t o t h e
German port of S w i n e m i i n d e , w h e r e t h e cars c o n t i n u e d b y
rail f o r f o u r m o r e t o r t u o u s d a y s t o C z e c h o s l o v a k i a a n d t h e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n c a m p t h e N a z i s called T h e r e s i e n s t a d t .
A r n e K l e v e n , o n e o f f o u r D a n e s a r r e s t e d for a t t e m p t i n g t o
help J e w s escape t o S w e d e n , w a s jailed briefly i n C o p e n h a g e n
before a Danish j u d g e sentenced h i m to thirty days' i m p r i s o n -
m e n t for h i s c r i m e — t h e n p o i n t e d l y e x p l a i n e d t h a t his p a p e r s
w o u l d b e p l a c e d a t t h e b o t t o m o f a v e r y fat s t a c k . T h e s e n -
t e n c e n e v e r w a s c a r r i e d o u t . H e n r y Skjaer, t o o , r e t u r n e d t o his
h o m e i n t h e c a p i t a l city, b u t i n G i l l e l e j e t h e r e s c u e effort w a s
far from over. The misadventure with the Flyvbjerg on
Wednesday afternoon and the tragedy at the church in the
early h o u r s o f T h u r s d a y simply s p u r r e d the t o w n s p e o p l e t o
f i n d far b e t t e r w a y s t o h i d e t h e r e f u g e e s , t h e n t o g e t t h e m
safely a b o a r d t h e f i s h e r m e n ' s ships.
W h e n t h e effort's l e a d e r s m e t a g a i n o n T h u r s d a y m o r n i n g a t
auto mechanic Peter Petersen's house, they created a formal
committee of ten townspeople—the "Jewish Committee,"
s o m e a m o n g t h e m called i t — t h a t h e n c e f o r t h carefully w o u l d
c o n t r o l all r e s c u e o p e r a t i o n s . T h e c o m m i t t e e w o u l d s e c u r e t h e
s h i p s a n d r e g u l a t e t h e fees t h a t w e r e c h a r g e d for passage, assign
h i d i n g p l a c e s a n d t h e specific tasks o f t h e v o l u n t e e r s , a n d w o u l d
ensure as well that the disorganization and p o o r c o m m u n i c a -
t i o n that h a d p l a g u e d t h e p r e v i o u s days w o u l d n o t b e r e p e a t e d .
Gilleleje's g o o d n a m e w a s a t s t a k e , a s w e r e h u m a n lives, said
school inspector L. C. Jensen, w h o agreed to b e c o m e the c o m -
mittee's chairman. Peter Petersen was charged w i t h securing
deals w i t h c o o p e r a t i n g f i s h e r m e n ; G i l b e r t Lassen w o u l d o v e r -
see t h e t e m p o r a r y q u a r t e r i n g of refugees; E. K. R a s m u s s e n ,
w h o m a d e f i s h i n g nets, w o u l d organize embarkations f r o m the
nearby beaches; and Dr. Hjalmar Vilstrup, Kay Fremming's
medical partner, was n a m e d treasurer, in charge of ensuring
t h a t all r e f u g e e s c o u l d sail, r e g a r d l e s s o f w h a t e a c h o n e c o u l d
pay. S u r e l y P a s t o r K j e l d g a a r d J e n s e n w o u l d h a v e j o i n e d t h e
g r o u p as well, b u t t h e arrest of t h e J e w s at t h e c h u r c h — c o u p l e d
w i t h his f a i l u r e t o p r e v e n t i t — h a d d e a l t h i m a t e r r i b l e b l o w ; h e
fell ill a n d d i d n o t r e j o i n t h e r e s c u e effort a g a i n .
N o o n e b l a m e d t h e p a s t o r for w h a t h a d o c c u r r e d a t t h e
c h u r c h , y e t clearly someone had told the Gestapo w h e r e they
w o u l d f i n d a large n u m b e r o f h i d d e n J e w s , a n d s o m e o n e e v e n
h a d g o n e s o far a s t o d i v u l g e t h e p a s s w o r d . S o m e b l a m e d t h e
flirtatious d a u g h t e r o f t h e p r o - N a z i o w n e r s o f t h e B a d e h o t e l ;
others c o n t e n d e d that a Danish secretary to the Nazi c o m -
m a n d a n t o f t h e H o r s e r o d prison c a m p h a d visited t h e c h u r c h
on W e d n e s d a y afternoon, t h e n had s e e m e d curiously pleased
with herself w h e n the prisoners w e r e b r o u g h t to the c a m p on
Thursday.
T h e c h u r c h n e v e r again was used as a h i d i n g place, a n d n e i -
t h e r w e r e refugees sheltered again in a single place in s u c h
n u m b e r s . B u t t h e c o m m i t t e e ' s d i l i g e n t efforts, c o u p l e d w i t h
t h e e x t r a o r d i n a r y s u p p o r t o f v i r t u a l l y all o f t h e t o w n ' s s e v e n -
t e e n h u n d r e d p e o p l e , u l t i m a t e l y r e s u l t e d i n n o t h i n g less t h a n
s t u n n i n g s u c c e s s . T h r e e h o u r s after d a r k o n F r i d a y e v e n i n g —
and forty-eight h o u r s after i t first h a d p l a n n e d t o sail for
S w e d e n — t h e Jan p u l l e d its a n c h o r i n t h e w a t e r s off S m i d s t r u p
B e a c h a n d f e r r i e d 1 2 3 J e w i s h r e f u g e e s a c r o s s t h e s o u n d . Its
j o y f u l l y u n e v e n t f u l passage a n d W e d n e s d a y ' s p a n i c k e d r u n b y
the Flyvbjerg w e r e t h e t w o largest s i n g l e t r a n s p o r t s o f r e f u g e e s
d u r i n g t h e m o n t h l o n g series o f u n d e t e c t e d a n d u n i m p e d e d d e -
p a r t u r e s t h a t e n s u e d . O n t h e vast m a j o r i t y o f c r o s s i n g s , p e o p l e
t r a v e l e d i n small n u m b e r s , y e t b y t h e t i m e t h e o p e r a t i o n d r e w
t o a c l o s e a t t h e e n d o f O c t o b e r , w i t h v i r t u a l l y all o f D e n m a r k ' s
J e w s a l r e a d y safely i n e x i l e , t h e p e o p l e o f G i l l e l e j e w e r e q u i -
etly p r o u d i n d e e d o f w h a t t h e y h a d a c c o m p l i s h e d . D u r i n g t h a t
short span o f time, thirteen h u n d r e d J e w s w h o s e n a m e s they
n e v e r k n e w — D a n e s a s w e l l a s stateless i m m i g r a n t s — s u c c e s s -
fully f o u n d t h e i r w a y t o f r e e d o m v i a t h e h o m e s a n d s h e d s a n d
ships o f t h e o u t p o s t h a r b o r t o w n , far m o r e t h a n f r o m a n y o t h e r
village o n Sjaelland's c o a s t . N a t i o n w i d e , a t o t a l o f 7 , 9 0 6 p e o p l e
safely w e r e e s c o r t e d t o S w e d e n ' s w e l c o m i n g s h o r e s i n t h e a u -
t u m n o f 1 9 4 3 ; o n l y 5 8 0 failed t o e s c a p e , 4 6 4 o f t h o s e s h i p p e d
like s t o c k t o T h e r e s i e n s t a d t , a m o n g t h e m s o m e sixty p e o p l e
w h o briefly h a d s o u g h t refuge i n t h e Gilleleje C h u r c h .
I t w a s a n a s t o u n d i n g c o l l e c t i v e effort. I t w a s m a d e p o s s i b l e
b y t h e fact t h a t o n l y t h e r e l a t i v e l y small n u m b e r s o f G e s t a p o
agents assigned t o D e n m a r k w e r e enlisted b y G e r m a n a u t h o r -
ities t o t r y t o s t o p it. N e i t h e r w o u l d t h e r e s c u e h a v e s u c c e e d e d
without Georg Duckwitz's valiant early warning, nor, he
w o u l d c o n t e n d after t h e w a r e n d e d , w i t h o u t t h e tacit c o m -
plicity o f R e i c h c o m m a n d e r W e r n e r Best, w h o always h a d
f o u n d a r e a d y a r g u m e n t against e m p l o y i n g a r m y t r o o p s i n t h e
h u n t despite loud d e m a n d s to do so from Berlin. Yet most of
all, J e w s e s c a p e d i n D e n m a r k i n s u c h o v e r w h e l m i n g n u m b e r s
because D e n m a r k ' s citizens a g r e e d s u d d e n l y a n d en masse that
t h e y would e s c a p e , t h a t t h e y w a r r a n t e d p e r s e c u t i o n n o m o r e
t h a n a n y o n e else, t h a t t h e N a z i h o r r o r s i m p l y c o u l d n o t b e
countenanced in their beloved homeland.
I T WAS BEETHOVEN'S THIRD SYMPHONY, drafted a n d
c o m p l e t e d i n o n l y four m o n t h s d u r i n g t h e s u m m e r a n d early
fall o f 1 8 0 3 , t h a t a t last c l e a r l y s e p a r a t e d his style f r o m t h o s e o f
H a y d n a n d M o z a r t . He had i n t e n d e d to create a w o r k that
w o u l d address the transcendent subject of h e r o i s m — t h e t r i -
u m p h o v e r pain, t u r m o i l , and the reality o f d e a t h — a n d a s h e
w r o t e it he had b e c o m e increasingly c o n v i n c e d that the w o r k
should be tided "Bonaparte" to h o n o r Napoleon's heroic, o n -
g o i n g effort to shape a liberated and utterly n e w kind of
Europe. But w h e n , in 1804, Beethoven heard the news from
his f r i e n d a n d p i a n o p u p i l F e r d i n a n d R i e s t h a t t h e g e n e r a l h a d
18 0 3 - 1 6 1 2
O N T H E M O R N I N G O F M A Y 5 , 1 9 4 5 , listeners i n D e n m a r k
w h o s e radios w e r e t u n e d t o the B B C heard the stupendous
n e w s that G e r m a n forces h a d s u r r e n d e r e d . By midday, the
news was being proclaimed on Danish R a d i o as well, and
British troops w e r e entering C o p e n h a g e n and quelling the
scattered s h o o t i n g b y G e r m a n soldiers w h o had yet t o receive
the news themselves. Within twenty-four hours, everyone in
D e n m a r k , it s e e m e d , had r u s h e d to t h e capital city to o b s e r v e
m e m b e r s of the Danish Brigade, Denmark's o w n army, parad-
i n g d o w n t h e pedestrian Stroget i n t h e city c e n t e r — D a n e s
once m o r e in control of their sea-encircled country.
Unlike Germany, occupied D e n m a r k had b e e n spared the
destruction b y Allied b o m b i n g that had b r o u g h t a b o u t the e n d
o f t h e w a r ; t h e lives o f a l m o s t all its c i t i z e n s — J e w s a n d n o n -
J e w s a l i k e — m i r a c u l o u s l y h a d b e e n s p a r e d ; a n d its p e o p l e n o w
w e r e giddy w i t h delight that the l o n g siege was over. A m o n g
t h e i r last o r g a n i z e d acts, y o u n g D a n i s h r e s i s t a n c e f i g h t e r s i n -
sisted, t h e n e n s u r e d w i t h o p e n l y b r a n d i s h e d w e a p o n s , t h a t d e -
feated G e r m a n soldiers m a d e their w a y t o t h e b o r d e r w i t h o u t
delay, a n d s o o n t h e D a n i s h J e w s w h o h a d b e e n i n e x i l e s i n c e
October 1943 began to return to Their homeland. This time
t h e y simply crossed t h e O r e s u n d o n regularly s c h e d u l e d ferries
i n t h e b r i g h t a n d o p e n l i g h t o f day, a n d for a l m o s t all o f t h e m ,
the w e l c o m e they received from their c o u n t r y m e n was nearly
a s e x t r a o r d i n a r y a s t h e assistance t h e y h a d b e e n o f f e r e d b a c k
w h e n t h e y m a d e their secret escapes. In Copenhagen and
t h r o u g h o u t t h e n a t i o n , t h e r e f u g e e s c a m e h o m e t o find t h e i r
h o u s e s a n d a p a r t m e n t s s e c u r e a n d c l e a n — e v e n freshly p a i n t e d
i n s o m e c a s e s — t h e i r p e t s a n d g a r d e n s w e l l c a r e d for, t h e i r
k i t c h e n s filled w i t h f o o d , t h e i r j o b s a n d t h e i r b u s i n e s s e s e a g e r l y
awaiting their return.
Although, i n t i m e , m a n y o f t h e p e o p l e w h o h a d fled t o
S w e d e n d i d g o b a c k t o G i l l e l e j e a n d t h e o t h e r f i s h i n g villages,
for the time being, memories of the terror of that flight
r e m a i n e d t o o r a w for m o s t t o b e e a g e r t o r e t u r n . Y e t t h r e e
f a m i l i e s — t h e i r n a m e s still u n r e c o r d e d , e v e n i n n a s c e n t p e a c e -
t i m e — d i d r e v i s i t G i l l e l e j e i n t h e d a y s s o o n after t h e l i b e r a t i o n
t o claim t h e t h r e e c h i l d r e n w h o m , i n desperate m o m e n t s , t h e y
had b e e n forced to leave b e h i n d a year a n d a half before:
" M o n a , " w h o had b e e n only t h r e e m o n t h s old w h e n she was
taken in by Margrethe Hansen; " H e n n i n g , " w h o had been
s e v e n m o n t h s o l d w h e n E d i t h Back C a r l s e n b e g a n t o c a r e for
him; and one-year-old "Tove," adopted by Svend Andreasen's
family. E a c h w a s n o w w a l k i n g , e v e n t a l k i n g w h e n p a r e n t s t h e y
didn't recognize c a m e t o t o w n t o take t h e m h o m e , their tear-
ful d e p a r t u r e s t h a t M a y u n a m b i g u o u s p r o o f t o t h e p e o p l e o f
little G i l l e l e j e t h a t t h e w a r h a d c o m e t o a c l o s e .
B u t i t w a s n ' t l o n g b e f o r e o t h e r c h i l d r e n , still m o r e v i c t i m s o f
t h e ravages of the w a r that h a d devastated m o s t of E u r o p e , ar-
r i v e d i n t h e village, r e m i n d e r s t h a t its l e g a c y w o u l d last a v e r y
long time. Early in 1946, a g r o u p of thirty F r e n c h w a r o r p h a n s
arrived i n D e n m a r k u n d e r t h e auspices o f t h e D a n i s h R e d
C r o s s , a n d w e r e m a t c h e d w i t h a d o p t i v e families i n s e v e r a l
N o r t h Sjaslland t o w n s , a n d a m o n g t h e g r o u p o f five w h o w e r e
s e n t t o G i l l e l e j e w a s a s i x - y e a r - o l d girl from t h e village o f
Sannois, n e a r Paris. Tiny, m a l n o u r i s h e d , b u t b r i g h t - e y e d a n d
fiercely i n d e p e n d e n t , M i c h e l e de R y b e l had b e e n sorely in
n e e d o f assistance, b u t s h e w a s n o t , i n fact, a n o r p h a n . H e r
B e l g i a n - b o r n father, T h e o p h i l e , w a s a b i c y c l e - s h o p c l e r k a n d
a deteriorating alcoholic; her m o t h e r M a r i a n n e struggled to
feed a n d c a r e for s e v e n m o r e c h i l d r e n i n a d d i t i o n t o M i c h e l e ,
y e t i t w a s o n l y s h e w h o w a s failing d a n g e r o u s l y , o n l y s h e
w h o m h e r parents v e r y reluctantly h a d a g r e e d t o send away.
Michele had b e e n both confused and frightened about w h a t
w a s i n s t o r e for h e r d u r i n g t h e e i g h t d a y s i n t h e s p r i n g o f t h a t
year that she spent in quarantine near Sannois w i t h as m a n y as
sixty o t h e r c h i l d r e n , a n d s h e still h a d n o t b e e n s u r e w h e r e s h e
w a s g o i n g w h e n s h e w a s p u t a b o a r d a t r a i n i n P a r i s b o u n d for
C o p e n h a g e n , c a r r y i n g o n l y a s i n g l e small s u i t c a s e c o n t a i n i n g
r e m n a n t s o f t h e life s h e w a s l e a v i n g b e h i n d . S h e w a s d e l i g h t e d
t o d i s c o v e r t h a t t h e t o w n t h a t w a s h e r d e s t i n a t i o n lay b e s i d e a
b e a u t i f u l sea, b u t t h e p e o p l e i n G i l l e l e j e s p o k e a l a n g u a g e t h a t
s o u n d e d like n o t h i n g s h e e v e r h a d h e a r d , a n d t h e w o r s t p a r t o f
this n e w h o m e , s h e s o o n w a s c e r t a i n , w a s t h e family t o w h i c h
she h a d b e e n assigned. B y n o w i t h a d b e c o m e clear t o y o u n g
M i c h e l e t h a t h e r n a t u r a l p a r e n t s i n t e n d e d for h e r t o b e a w a y
f r o m F r a n c e for a v e r y l o n g t i m e ; h e r m o t h e r h a d t o l d h e r h o w
m u c h s h e l o v e d h e r , b u t s h e also w a n t e d h e r t o live a n d t h r i v e
i n d i s t a n t D e n m a r k . T h e c o u n t y a d m i n i s t r a t o r a n d his w i f e
w h o explained t o her that they n o w w e r e her parents, h o w -
e v e r , s e e m e d s t r a n g e a n d aloof, e v e n c r u e l . T h e y k e p t w h o l e
r o o m s of their house locked so she could n o t enter t h e m ; she
n e v e r w a s a l l o w e d t o p l a y w i t h t h e dolls t h a t b e l o n g e d t o h e r
n e w sister o r t o t o u c h a n y t h i n g else t h a t c a p t u r e d h e r c u r i o s -
ity; a n d often, w h e n t h e rest o f the family w o u l d g o o u t ,
M i c h e l e w a s m a d e t o stay b e h i n d , l o c k e d i n s i d e t h e h o u s e a s
t h o u g h it w e r e a prison.
After t h r e e m o n t h s i n h e r n e w h o m e , M i c h e l e h a d g r o w n
and was physically healthier, yet she was bitterly h o m e s i c k a n d
h a t e d t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f h e r n e w life. S h e k n e w t h a t s h e
c o u l d n o t m a n a g e t o f i n d h e r w a y b a c k t o F r a n c e b y herself,
b u t p e r h a p s s h e could f i n d o t h e r p e o p l e i n G i l l e l e j e w h o w o u l d
treat h e r as if she truly w e r e theirs. N o t e v e r y o n e in t o w n was
m e a n , she h a d c o m e t o u n d e r s t a n d . T h e d o c t o r a n d his wife
t h e n u r s e , for e x a m p l e , h a d b e e n v e r y k i n d t o h e r w h e n s h e
h a d v i s i t e d t h e i r c l i n i c for e x a m i n a t i o n s ; a n d w h e n M i c h e l e
d i s c o v e r e d , t h r e e m o n t h s after h e r a r r i v a l , t h a t t h e y h a d n o
c h i l d r e n o f t h e i r o w n , s h e s i m p l y sat d o w n o n e d a y i n f r o n t o f
t h e large, y e l l o w - b r i c k h o u s e that o v e r l o o k e d Vesterbrogade
a n d w a i t e d for t h e i r r e t u r n , a n n o u n c i n g t o K a y a n d M a r t a
F r e m m i n g w h e n at last t h e y e n c o u n t e r e d h e r t h a t it w a s their
d a u g h t e r w h o m she w o u l d like t o b e .
A l t h o u g h t h e e v i d e n c e is sketchy, it n o n e t h e l e s s appears c e r -
tain that t h e F r e m m i n g s t o o h a d b e c o m e p a r t o f this a d h o c
m e d i c a l n e t w o r k , r e c e i v i n g refugees i n t o their clinic o v e r a
s p a n o f d a y s i n e a r l y O c t o b e r , i n t o t h e l i v i n g q u a r t e r s t h a t lay
a b o v e it, a n d , for a t i m e a t least, h i d i n g t h e m i n t h e i r t h i r d -
story attic. M a r t a , t o o , h a d b e e n actively i n v o l v e d i n h e l p i n g
people in flight reach the Gilleleje Church on the early
e v e n i n g o f O c t o b e r 6 , a n d h e r h u s b a n d h a d visited t h e c h u r c h
t o a t t e n d t o s o m e o n e w h o w a s ill s o m e t i m e b e f o r e t h e e a r l y
h o u r s of the following m o r n i n g . B u t apart from those few cer-
tainties—and the physical e v i d e n c e of a simple black locket
w i t h a c o i l o f h a i r i n s i d e — i t i s likely t h a t little m o r e e v e r w i l l
b e d i s c o v e r e d a b o u t h o w t h e d o c t o r c a m e t o possess a c o r p o -
real b i t o f t h e i n c o m p a r a b l e L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n , t h e r e -
markable circumstances of that gift-giving s h r o u d e d forever by
K a y ' s p e r s o n a l i n s u l a r i t y , his k i n d l y d i f f i d e n c e , a n d his e v i d e n t
u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t n e i t h e r his n o r a n y o n e else's r o l e i n r e n -
d e r i n g help to the refugees h a d b e e n u n i q u e d u r i n g those days
and certainly should not have b e e n labeled heroic.
E x p r e s s l y for t h e n i g h d y e n t e r t a i n m e n t o f t h e c a m p ' s g u a r d s
and c o m m a n d e r s , a g r o u p of forty prisoners w h o had b e e n
musicians prior to their capture had b e e n formed into an o r -
chestra of sorts a n d made t o p e r f o r m a t six o ' c l o c k e a c h
e v e n i n g a s t h e i r day's p h y s i c a l l a b o r a t last c a m e t o a c l o s e . E a c h
of the ten D u t c h m e m b e r s of the e n s e m b l e had held chairs in
Amsterdam's w e l l - k n o w n K o n c e r t g e b o u w before they w e r e
seized by t h e Nazis; t h r e e D a n e s had b e e n professional m u s i -
cians as well, a n d a fourth, f o u r t e e n - y e a r - o l d Paul R a b i n o -
witsch, a precocious y o u n g t r u m o e t player w h o was a c c o m -
p l i s h e d e n o u g h t o j o i n t h e g r o u p , h a d b e e n c a p t u r e d i n t h e loft
o f t h e Gilleleje C h u r c h . Sometimes, people w h o had been
professional singers and actors j o i n e d t h e orchestra as well and
s a n g for t h e p l e a s u r e o f t h e i r c a p t o r s — s a c r e d c h o r a l m u s i c ,
G e r m a n folk t u n e s , a n d e v e n a f e w s o n g s c o m p o s e d b y t h e i m -
p r i s o n e d m u s i c i a n s t h e m s e l v e s , t h e i r l y r i c s , like t h o s e o f " T h e
S o n g o f M u s i c , " t o o s u b t l e t o enlist t h e N a z i s ' w r a t h :
E v e r y d a y T h e r e s i e n s t a d t has its m u s i c ,
W e play adagio, a n d a n t e a n d allegro,
C y m b a l a n d d r u m say b u m b u m c h i n g b u m c h i n g ,
Enthusiastic, the audience is applauding.
B u t can't y o u hear? T h e r e is a child crying
W h i l e t h e m u s i c i s p l a y i n g s o cheerfully.
A n d t h e v o y a g e r s g o off. W h e r e ? Y o u m a y g u e s s ,
A n d w h e n they arrive at the destined place
T h e only thing they can b r i n g w i t h t h e m
Is t h e m u s i c , t h e m u s i c , t h e m u s i c . . .
if I
ness, a s w e l l a s for a c e r t a i n s e n s i t i v i t y t o s u f f e r i n g t h a t w a s u n -
usual in a m a n , e v e n in o n e w h o was a physician.
B u t n o w K a y t o o h a d e n c o u n t e r e d stark, d e b i l i t a t i n g , a n d
e n d u r i n g pain, a n d — a w a r e of the myriad ways in w h i c h the
distress w o u l d c o m p r o m i s e his w o r k — h e s i m p l y c h o s e t o g i v e
i t u p . I n J a n u a r y 1 9 5 4 , Kay, M a r t a , a n d M i c h e l e — n o w f i f -
t e e n — m a d e t h e s h o r t m o v e east t o N a e r u m , w h e r e K a y w a s
able t o w o r k p a r t - t i m e a t t h e O r e s u n d Hospital, t h e n ulti-
m a t e l y o n t o H o l t e , thirty k i l o m e t e r s s o u t h o f Gilleleje, i n M a y
1955, w h e r e the w o r k that was d e m a n d e d o f h i m i n the t u -
berculosis w i n g of the nearby Central Hospital in Hillerod was
b o t h m a n a g e a b l e a n d r e w a r d i n g i n its o w n w a y .
H e was o n l y f i f t y years old, b u t t h e injury t o his spine h a d
f o r c e d h i m i n t o t h e k i n d o f life n o r m a l l y l e d b y s o m e o n e far
o l d e r — h i s w o r k d a y l i m i t e d a n d e t c h e d w i t h p a i n , his a b i l i t y t o
t r a v e l a n d e v e n t o w a l k drastically d i m i n i s h e d , his c h a i r a s a
f l u t i s t i n t h e r e g i o n a l o r c h e s t r a a n d his c o l l e c t i o n o f m o r e t h a n
two hundred classical phonograph records—featuring the
m u s i c o f B a c h , H a y d n , a n d B e e t h o v e n — f i l l i n g t h e b u l k o f his
leisure time. For f o u r t e e n m o r e years, Kay and M a r t a c o n t i n -
ued to live in Hillerod, during which time Michele was
a d o p t e d legally a t last, c o m p l e t e d s c h o o l , t h e n m a r r i e d , a n d
e v e n t u a l l y b e g a n a family o f h e r o w n . S h e c o n t i n u e d t o l i v e
nearby, a n d w a s i n c o n s t a n t t o u c h w i t h t h e D a n i s h p a r e n t s
w h o m she always h a d called b y their g i v e n n a m e s , a n d K a y
was delighted w h e n he became a grandfather to her sons
Carsten and Thomas. Then, on a blustery day in late
S e p t e m b e r 1969, he collapsed on a train that was h o m e w a r d
bound from Copenhagen, where he had gone to buy n e w
l o n g - p l a y i n g r e c o r d s t o a d d t o his c o l l e c t i o n . O t h e r p a s s e n g e r s
a n d t h e c o n d u c t o r t r i e d t o assist h i m , a n d a n a m b u l a n c e w a s
w a i t i n g at t h e train's n e x t stop, b u t at a n e a r b y hospital he c o u l d
not be revived. Kay F r e m m i n g had died of a sudden and mas-
sive h e a r t attack at age sixty-four.
\
T h e catalog—listing h u n d r e d s o f letters, antiquarian b o o k s ,
and music manuscripts, but certainly no other human re-
m a i n s — h a d been mailed to b o o k and music agents and p r o m i -
n e n t c o l l e c t o r s a r o u n d t h e w o r l d ; t h e a u c t i o n h a d b e e n set for
the saleroom at Sotheby's offices on N e w Bond Street in
L o n d o n for 1 0 A . M . o n D e c e m b e r 1 , a n d n o w t h e r e w a s n o t h -
i n g m o r e for t h e a n x i o u s seller o f t h e l o c k o f h a i r t o d o b u t
wait. If it w e r e to garner the Danish equivalent of _£1,800 or
m o r e , M i c h e l e s share of those funds w o u l d be w e l c o m e a n d
e n o r m o u s l y h e l p f u l . If, o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , n o o n e a n y w h e r e
i n t h e w o r l d c a r e d t o p a y a t least t h a t m u c h for t h e r e l i c t h a t
for s o l o n g h a d b e e n h a r b o r e d i n n o r t h Sjaelland, w e l l , t h e n s h e
w o u l d b e v e r y glad t o h a v e i t h o m e again.
'•J I
the rather giddy redivision of Europe on the heels of
Napoleon's disastrous defeat—Beethoven had composed
choruses in celebration of that "glorious m o m e n t , " music that
w a s far f r o m his f i n e s t w o r k , b u t w i t h w h i c h , n o n e t h e l e s s , his
p o p u l a r i t y h a d c o n t i n u e d t o soar.
Yet it was in 1814 as well w h e n B e e t h o v e n had been forced
t o m a k e h i s f i n a l p u b l i c a p p e a r a n c e a s a p i a n i s t b e c a u s e his
h e a r i n g h a d g r o w n s o faint. A n d t h e n m o r e t r o u b l e h a d d e -
s c e n d e d : t h e p o s t w a r e u p h o r i a h a d b e e n all t o o q u i c k l y f o l -
l o w e d by a severe e c o n o m i c depression, o n e t h a t h a d left
B e e t h o v e n a n d v i r t u a l l y e v e r y o n e else i n V i e n n a i n s e r i o u s l y
c o m p r o m i s e d f i n a n c i a l c o n d i t i o n s . T h e p a l a c e o f his l o n g t i m e
patron Prince Andreas R a z u m o v s k y — t h e scene of a score of
Beethoven's performing triumphs—had burned to the ground
in December, and the count, battered by the b o t t o m e d - o u t
economy, suddenly and almost incomprehensibly had b e e n t o o
p o o r t o r e b u i l d it. H i s d e a r f r i e n d a n d b e n e f a c t o r , P r i n c e K a r l
L i c h n o w s k y , h a d d i e d t h a t y e a r ; his b r o t h e r h a d b e e n c l a i m e d
b y c o n s u m p t i o n t h e n e x t , a n d his s t a l w a r t p a t r o n P r i n c e F r a n z
Joseph Lobkowitz in turn had succumbed in 1816. In the
midst of the long and onerous battle for Karl's custody,
Beethoven's musical o u t p u t had slowed to only a trickle; he
had a c k n o w l e d g e d as well that he was " n e v e r in g o o d health"
a n y m o r e , a n d d u r i n g t h e r e c e n t w e e k s o f p r o t r a c t e d fever h e
even had begun to w o n d e r w h e t h e r he might be the next
t o die.
I T H A D B E E N I N B O N N d u r i n g his a d o l e s c e n c e , i n fact, t h a t
B e e t h o v e n f i r s t h a d i m a g i n e d setting t o m u s i c Schiller's p o e m
An die Freude, a h y m n to the notion of a loving Father dwelling
above an earthly b r o t h e r h o o d c o m p r i s i n g all p e o p l e s . But
nearly four decades passed b e f o r e it struck h i m that he m i g h t
conclude the monumental n e w symphony he had begun to
s k e t c h for t h e L o n d o n P h i l h a r m o n i c S o c i e t y w i t h a c h o r u s o f
v o i c e s g l o r i o u s l y i n t o n i n g Schiller's w o r d s a n d s e n t i m e n t s . N o
c o m p o s e r ever had used voices in a traditional s y m p h o n y in
this w a y before, b u t B e e t h o v e n certainly wasn't d e t e r r e d b y
t h e l a c k o f p r e c e d e n t , a n d o n c e t h e Missa solemnis w a s c o m -
p l e t e d a t l o n g last, h e set t o w o r k o n t h e n e w s y m p h o n y — h i s
n i n t h — w i t h a r a p i d i t y a n d f e r v o r t h a t w e r e r e m i n i s c e n t o f his
m o s t p r o d u c t i v e days.
It h a d b e e n a d e c a d e since m u s i c - m a d V i e n n a h a d h o s t e d the
p r e m i e r e of a major orchestral w o r k by B e e t h o v e n , and four
y e a r s s i n c e h e h a d m a d e his difficult final a p p e a r a n c e a t a c o n -
cert podium—conducting a charity performance of the
S e v e n t h S y m p h o n y b u t h e a r i n g it h a r d l y a t all. Fidelio had been
r e v i v e d for a v e r y successful p e r f o r m a n c e i n 1 8 2 2 , b u t o t h e r -
wise the music of the m a n w h o by n o w was considered s o m e -
thing of an old master had fallen out of currency, and
Beethoven had been reluctant to sanction the first perfor-
m a n c e s o f e i t h e r t h e Missa solemnis o r t h e n e w c h o r a l s y m -
phony in his home city. The depression that had rocked
V i e n n a s o m e y e a r s b e f o r e still h a d n o t e n t i r e l y a b a t e d , a n d
Beethoven had had to struggle—and to connive a bit—with
h i s p u b l i s h e r s i n o r d e r t o c o n t i n u e t o live i n t h e c o m f o r t a b l e
m a n n e r he long had enjoyed. He had c o n c o c t e d the clever but
ultimately distracting n o t i o n t o sell " s u b s c r i p t i o n s " — i n t h e
f o r m o f m a n u s c r i p t c o p i e s — o f t h e mass t o t h e several c r o w n e d
h e a d s o f E u r o p e , a n d h e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y h a d o f f e r e d its initial
p u b l i c a t i o n t o n o less t h a n s e v e n p u b l i s h e r s , c o n c e a l i n g t h e fact
a t f i r s t , t h e n p l a y i n g t h e i r offers a g a i n s t e a c h o t h e r u n t i l h e h a d
b e e n satisfied t h a t h e w o u l d b e fairly p a i d for b o t h t h e m a s s a n d
the n e w s y m p h o n y by a publisher w h o m he trusted, the firm
Schott & Sons of M a i n z .
He had m a d e inquiries in Berlin as well about w h e t h e r p r e -
miere performances of the t w o n e w works might be popular
a n d f i n a n c i a l successes i f h e l d t h e r e , b u t w h e n n e w s o f t h a t i n -
quiry reached p r o m i n e n t m e m b e r s of Vienna's music c o m m u -
n i t y early i n 1 8 2 4 , t h e y r e s p o n d e d b y m a i l i n g t o B e e t h o v e n a n
extraordinary j o i n t appeal, signed^ by thirty benefactors a n d
musicians, acknowledging in the most florid kind of language
t h a t a l t h o u g h " B e e t h o v e n ' s n a m e a n d c r e a t i o n s b e l o n g t o all
contemporaneous humanity and every country which opens a
susceptible b o s o m to art, it is Austria w h i c h is best entitled to
claim h i m as her o w n . "
The appeal moved and g r e a t l y p l e a s e d its r e c i p i e n t — a l -
t h o u g h h e was o u t r a g e d w h e n r u m o r s briefly spread that h e
h i m s e l f h a d p r o m p t e d t h e letter's c o m p o s i t i o n — a n d i n t h e e n d
h e a c q u i e s c e d t o t h e s c h e d u l i n g o f a gala c o n c e r t a t V i e n n a ' s
Karntnertor Theater, w h i c h w o u l d include the overture that
h e h a d c o m p o s e d for t h e d e d i c a t i o n o f t h e J o s e p h s t a d t T h e a t e r
t w o years before, t h e Kyrie, C r e d o , a n d A g n u s D e i f r o m t h e
Missa solemnis, a n d t h a t w o u l d b e c o n c l u d e d by, as t h e a n -
n o u n c e m e n t proclaimed, "A Grand S y m p h o n y with Solo and
C h o r u s V o i c e s e n t e r i n g i n t h e f i n a l e o n Schiller's O d e t o J o y . "
T h e response in Vienna on the heartening spring evening of
M a y 7 , 1 8 2 4 , w a s , t o say t h e least, e n t h u s i a s t i c . T h e i m p e r i a l
b o x w a s e m p t y , b u t o t h e r w i s e t h e c o n c e r t hall w a s c r o w d e d .
A l t h o u g h A r c h d u k e R u d o l p h — n o w a n a r c h b i s h o p i n distant
Olmiitz—could not attend, Beethoven's longtime friends and
benefactors t u r n e d o u t i n force, a m o n g t h e m t h e ailing and
otherwise bedridden Baron Nikolaus Zmeskall, who was
c a r r i e d t o his seat i n a s e d a n c h a i r . T h e r e n o w n e d Ignaz
S c h u p p a n z i g h w a s B e e t h o v e n ' s c h o i c e for first v i o l i n ; M i c h a e l
Umlauf, w h o had conducted Fidelio in 1814, c o m m a n d e d the
p o d i u m , and Beethoven himself—resplendent in a dark green
f r o c k c o a t , w h i t e n e c k e r c h i e f a n d w a i s t c o a t , b l a c k silk b r e e c h e s
a n d s t o c k i n g s , a n d s h o e s w i t h brass b u c k l e s , h i s g r a y i n g h a i r
c a r e f u l l y c o i f e d a n d p i n n e d for t h e o c c a s i o n — s t o o d n e a r b y ,
setting t h e t e m p o s o f t h e several m o v e m e n t s .
T h e o v e r t u r e and t h e t h r e e " g r a n d h y m n s " f r o m t h e mass
w e r e received with great w a r m t h by the unusually attentive
g a t h e r i n g , b u t i t w a s t h e n e w s y m p h o n y for w h i c h t h e a u d i -
e n c e r e s e r v e d its m o s t u n r e s t r a i n e d r e s p o n s e s . W h e n t i m p a n i s
t h u n d e r e d i n t h e s e c o n d m o v e m e n t , t h e listeners b r o k e o u t
into s p o n t a n e o u s applause, then did so four m o r e times until at
last t h e p o l i c e c o m m i s s i o n e r y e l l e d , " S i l e n c e ! " A v i o l e n t , c o n -
v u l s i v e fanfare c o n c l u d e d t h e f o u r t h m o v e m e n t b e f o r e a s i n g l e
bass v o i c e r a n g o u t , " O F r i e n d s , n o m o r e t h e s e s o u n d s ! L e t u s
s i n g m o r e c h e e r f u l s o n g s , m o r e full o f j o y ! , " a n d t h e n , a s i f i n
specific r e s p o n s e t o his e x h o r t a t i o n , t h e e n t i r e c h o r u s t o o k u p
his t h e m e , t h e i r c o l l e c t i v e h y m n s u n g t o j o y f u l n o i s e , t o h o p e ,
t o b r o t h e r h o o d : " M i l l i o n s , I e m b r a c e y o u . T h i s kiss i s for all
the world!"
W h e n a t last t h e v o i c e s a n d i n s t r u m e n t s w e r e stilled, a p -
plause and s h o u t e d cheers e r u p t e d t h r o u g h o u t the c o n c e r t
hall, b u t B e e t h o v e n , u n n o t i c i n g , s i m p l y s t o o d a t his m u s i c
s t a n d , c l o s i n g t h e p a g e s o f his s c o r e u n t i l t h e c o n t r a l t o soloist
took him by the arm and turned him toward the proscenium
s o a t least h e c o u l d see t h e w i l d r e s p o n s e s o f t h e p e o p l e w h o m
h i s s y m p h o n y , his s o n g t o j o y , h a d s o e n t h r a l l e d . H i s face r e -
m a i n e d e x p r e s s i o n l e s s a s h e p e e r e d o u t a t t h e m , b u t a t last h e
o f f e r e d a s u b t l e b o w — t h e final t i m e h e e v e r w o u l d s t a n d o n a
stage a n d a c k n o w l e d g e t h e public's p r a i s e — a n d w h e n h e did s o
t h e applause a n d cries c r e s c e n d o e d again; w h i t e handkerchiefs
w a v e d like flags f r o m h u n d r e d s o f h a n d s a n d a h u n d r e d hats
r o s e i n t o t h e l a m p - l i t air.
CHE GUEVARA'5 HAIR
s t a t e o f C o a h u i l a , a n d his f a t h e r l o n g h a d h e l d a s e r i e s o f j o b s
m a n a g i n g gas s t a t i o n s i n L a r e d o ' s b a r r i o s , w h e r e his y o u n g
namesake had had to w o r k as well. T h e boy had g r o w n up
s p e a k i n g S p a n i s h i n t h e s m a l l , s i n g l e - r o o m b l o c k h o u s e his fa-
t h e r h a d built b y h a n d — h o m e n o w t o his p a r e n t s a n d t h r e e
m o r e siblings—but o n c e in school, he learned English rather
effortlessly a n d s o o n p r o v e d t o b e a b r i g h t a n d d i l i g e n t s t u d e n t .
By the time he reached high school, "Alfredito" had read
c o v e r t o c o v e r e v e r y v o l u m e o f tl^e World Book encyclopedia
s i m p l y b e c a u s e h e e n j o y e d its b r e a d t h o f s u b j e c t s . A s a h i g h
school senior, the science project to w h i c h he had d e v o t e d
h i m s e l f for t h r e e full y e a r s h a d e a r n e d h i m a w a r d s a t b o t h n a -
tional and international science-fair c o m p e t i t i o n s as well as t h e
attention of Northwestern University near Chicago.
It was there in 1970 that a d o r m - m a t e had n i c k n a m e d h i m
" C h e " G u e v a r a o n t h e d a y o f his a r r i v a l , a n d w h e r e h e first
h a d b e c o m e i n t r i g u e d b y classical m u s i c . H e h a d r e m e m b e r e d
t h e t i m e l o n g b e f o r e w h e n a L a r e d o f r i e n d h a d p l a y e d for h i m
a 7 8 r p m r e c o r d i n g o f B e e t h o v e n ' s Fifth S y m p h o n y , its s o u n d s
l i n g e r i n g i n his m i n d like a c o m p e l l i n g k i n d o f d r e a m , b u t o t h -
erwise, the bronze-skinned freshman had been entirely an
open b o o k with regard to the world of music. Although he
h a d r e m a i n e d a p a s s i o n a t e B e a t l e s fan, b e f o r e l o n g t h e m u s i c
he most w a n t e d to hear had b e e n Beethoven's. His c o m p o s i -
tions, singularly a n d uniquely, h a d s e e m e d to crawl inside t h e
y o u n g m a n ' s chest, inside his h e a d ; B e e t h o v e n ' s m u s i c h a d
s e e m e d t o b e a n e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e c o m p o s e r ' s c o m p l e x life e x -
p e r i e n c e s offered in a strictly musical language, a n d by t h e time
he had returned to Texas for medical school in 1974, C h e
Guevara had become convinced that it was a language he
w a n t e d t o listen t o forever.
H i s n e w p l a n for a c q u i s i t i o n s clear, B r i l l i a n t , w h o r e m a i n e d
a c t i v e i n r e a l e s t a t e — h i s success i n S c o t t s d a l e t h e sole m e a n s
w i t h w h i c h h e c o u l d fund this n e w a v o c a t i o n , i n fact—slowly
b e g a n t o establish r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h t h e h a n d f u l o f E u r o p e a n
a n d A m e r i c a n music dealers w h o traded i n antiquarian music:
H e r m a n n Baron, Richard Macnutt, a n d Albi R o s e n t h a l i n
England; Hans Schneider in Germany—as well as Mary
Benjamin in Harper, N e w York, each of w h o m b e c a m e well
a c q u a i n t e d i n t h e s u c c e e d i n g y e a r s w i t h t h e small m a n w h o s e
p a s s i o n for B e e t h o v e n b u r n e d s o Uprightly R o s e n t h a l " w o u l d
c o n d u c t b u s i n e s s , a s d i d all t h e o t h e r s , w i t h h i s s t o c k s u r -
r o u n d i n g h i m o n s h e l f after s h e l f i n a l a r g e r o o m w i t h a f i r e -
p l a c e , " B r i l l i a n t w r o t e i n 1 9 9 0 . " W e w o u l d visit, e x c h a n g e all
t h e n e w s , w h i l e I w o u l d carefully i g n o r e a small p i l e o f m u s i c
stacked on a nearby table. After a p r o p e r interval, he w o u l d c a -
sually i n v i t e m e t o l o o k o v e r t h e p i l e a n d m a k e m y s e l e c t i o n s .
T h e s e h a d b e e n s a v e d for m e . "
B y 1 9 8 3 , Ira B r i l l i a n t h a d a s s e m b l e d a c o l l e c t i o n o f m o r e
t h a n s e v e n t y first e d i t i o n s o f B e e t h o v e n c o m p o s i t i o n s — e a c h
piece possessing significant m a r k e t value, t h e collection as a
w h o l e w o r t h far m o r e t h a n t h e s u m o f its p a r t s — a n d h e w a s
certain that the time had c o m e to put the collection to w o r k ,
r a t h e r t h a n s i m p l y let i t f i l l a c l o s e t s h e l f i n his h o u s e . B u t w h e n
h e a n d his w i f e I r m a a p p r o a c h e d t h e d e a n o f F i n e A r t s a n d t h e
d i r e c t o r o f t h e S c h o o l o f M u s i c a t A r i z o n a State U n i v e r s i t y i n
nearby T e m p e , they quickly w e r e rebuffed: that institution
s i m p l y w a s n o t i n t e r e s t e d . A s fate w o u l d d i c t a t e a f e w w e e k s
later, h o w e v e r , t h e B r i l l i a n t s t r a v e l e d t o S a n J o s e , C a l i f o r n i a ,
on the heels of a c o n v e n t i o n of T h e M a n u s c r i p t Society in
San F r a n c i s c o t o visit D a v i d S h a p i r o , a friend and f o r m e r
e c o n o m i c s p r o f e s s o r a t A r i z o n a S t a t e , a n d c u r r e n t l y o n faculty
a t S a n J o s e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y . S h a p i r o a s k e d his h o u s e g u e s t s i f h e
m i g h t b r o a c h t h e s u b j e c t o f a s i m i l a r gift t o a n a p p r o p r i a t e
d e a n a t t h e s c h o o l w h e r e h e n o w w a s e m p l o y e d . Ira B r i l l i a n t
a g r e e d , a n d w i t h i n d a y s d r a m a t i c a l l y c h a n g e d h i s life.
It was M e m o r i a l Day, M a y 30, 1983, w h e n Shapiro tele-
phoned at h o m e Arlene Okerlund, dean of the School of
H u m a n i t i e s and t h e Arts at SJSU, a n d quickly i n t r i g u e d h e r
enough that she proposed a meeting with him and the
Brilliants at n i n e the following m o r n i n g . At the close of that
first meeting, O k e r l u n d was nearly giddy with excitement
a b o u t t h e possibility of b u i l d i n g a b o n a fide B e e t h o v e n r e -
search center a r o u n d the Brilliant collection, a n d before that
w e e k was out, she and university librarian Barbara Jeskalian
f l e w t o P h o e n i x t o i n s p e c t t h e c o l l e c t i o n . I n less t h a n a n o t h e r
f o r t n i g h t , Ira B r i l l i a n t r e c e i v e d a l e t t e r w h o s e i m p a c t c l o s e l y
r i v a l e d his r e c e i p t o f " A n d e r s o n 1 2 7 2 " e i g h t y e a r s b e f o r e , y e t
this o n e w a s a c o n t e m p o r a r y m i s s i v e d r a f t e d b y t h e S J S U p r e s -
ident rather than the long-deceased composer.
" O n b e h a l f o f t h e faculty a n d s t u d e n t s a t S a n J o s e S t a t e
University," university president Gail Fullerton w r o t e , "I w a n t
t o t h a n k y o u for y o u r i n t e r e s t i n t h i s c a m p u s a s a p o t e n t i a l
h o m e for y o u r c o l l e c t i o n o f B e e t h o v e n m a t e r i a l s . W e h a v e a n
excellent music department, a c o m m i t m e n t to developing o u r
s c h o l a r l y r e s o u r c e s , a n d a l o v e for B e e t h o v e n t h a t i s s h a r e d b y
the surrounding community. I do believe that w o r k i n g t o -
g e t h e r w e c a n a c h i e v e o u r s h a r e d i d e a l o f c r e a t i n g the m a j o r
c e n t e r for B e e t h o v e n r e s e a r c h i n A m e r i c a . " T h e l e t t e r w e n t o n
t o specify t h a t i f t h e B r i l l i a n t s a g r e e d t o p r o c e e d w i t h t h e p r o j -
ect, the university w o u l d guarantee t h e m contractually that
t h e i r c o l l e c t i o n n e v e r w o u l d b e sold o r d i v i d e d , that they
w o u l d h a v e access t o i t a t all t i m e s , t h a t t h e c e n t e r w o u l d b e
p r o v i d e d w i t h adequate, climate-controlled space in a c a m p u s
library or in the music d e p a r t m e n t , and that b o t h a curator and
a musicologist specializing in B e e t h o v e n w o u l d be hired to a d -
minister the center and help it meet its goal of bringing
Beethoven's a c h i e v e m e n t s to an e v e r - w i d e n i n g circle of stu-
d e n t s , s c h o l a r s , a n d c i t i z e n s a t larg^.
W h a t F u l l e r t o n p r o p o s e d w a s t h e k i n d o f p u b l i c l y accessible
r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t i o n t h a t Ira B r i l l i a n t h a d b e g u n t o d r e a m a b o u t
almost a decade before, and, of course, he responded quickly
a n d enthusiastically. N e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e B r i l l i a n t s a n d
the university were completed and a contract signed on
September 7, 1983, creating and ensuring the existence in per-
p e t u i t y o f w h a t O k e r l u n d a n d F u l l e r t o n h a d insisted w o u l d b e
n a m e d t h e Ira F . B r i l l i a n t C e n t e r for B e e t h o v e n S t u d i e s , t h e
o n l y o n e o f its k i n d i n t h e W e s t e r n H e m i s p h e r e . Thomas
W e n d e l , a SJSU history professor and a keen B e e t h o v e n e n -
thusiast himself, w a s n a m e d i n t e r i m d i r e c t o r ; t e m p o r a r y s p a c e
was carved o u t of t h e sixth floor of the campus's Wahlquist
Library; an i n t e r n a t i o n a l search to find a p e r m a n e n t d i r e c t o r
got u n d e r w a y ; and, to be sure, t h e still-swelling collection of
B e e t h o v e n f i r s t e d i t i o n s — n u m b e r i n g s e v e n t y - s e v e n i n t h e fall
o f 1 9 8 3 — f o u n d its w a y t o S a n J o s e .
Ira B r i l l i a n t n o w o w n e d a t o t a l o f f o u r i m p o r t a n t a n d h i g h l y
coveted Beethoven letters as well, the latest of which,
" A n d e r s o n 7 5 8 , " a c q u i r e d for h i m b y d e a l e r R i c h a r d M a c n u t t ,
had been p e n n e d by B e e t h o v e n to Franz Brentano, husband of
the woman whom many scholars believed was his secret
" I m m o r t a l Beloved," a n d w h o s e son Karl Josef possibly c o u l d
h a v e b e e n sired b y B e e t h o v e n . If Antonie Brentano indeed
w a s b o t h t h e c o m p o s e r ' s l o v e r a n d t h e m o t h e r o f his c h i l d , t h e
letter's g e n e r o u s e x p r e s s i o n o f B e e t h o v e n ' s h o p e t h a t h e r h u s -
b a n d w o u l d l i v e v e r y l o n g a s t h e h e a d o f his l a r g e a n d v e r y f i n e
family m a d e it a r e m a r k a b l e d o c u m e n t i n d e e d . Brilliant h a d
a c q u i r e d t h e l e t t e r — n o w t h e c r o w n j e w e l i n his w h o l e c o l l e c -
t i o n — o n l y a m o n t h before he signed the contract creating the
c e n t e r , a n d s o o n h e w o u l d a m e n d his w i l l t o e n s u r e t h a t i t a n d
t h e o t h e r B e e t h o v e n l e t t e r s also w o u l d b e c o m e t h e p r o p e r t y o f
t h e c e n t e r u p o n his d e a t h . B u t u n t i l t h e n , h e c h o s e t o k e e p
t h e m i n a b a n k v a u l t n e a r his h o m e i n P h o e n i x s i m p l y b e c a u s e
h e c o n t i n u e d t o t a k e s o m u c h p l e a s u r e i n c a s t i n g his e y e s o n
t h e m t w o or t h r e e times a year, as well as e x h i b i t i n g t h e m to
awestruck friends on occasion. A l t h o u g h each letter was p r o -
t e c t e d b y a n a c i d - f r e e m y l a r c o v e r , still i t w a s a u n i q u e k i n d o f
gift t h a t h e l o v e d t o g i v e t o a f e w p e o p l e w h o c o u l d p e r c e i v e
its transcendent significance—the opportunity for them to
hold in their o w n hands s o m e t h i n g that the great B e e t h o v e n
had held as well.
I R A B R I L L I A N T W A S M O R E T H A N a little r e l i e v e d t o d i s -
cover that B e e t h o v e n was n o t part of the mariachis' musical
r e p e r t o i r e w h e n h e a n d his w i f e , I r m a , t r a v e l e d t o N o g a l e s i n
m i d - D e c e m b e r . Yet the celebration was o n e he greatly e n -
j o y e d b e i n g p a r t of, and he was utterly c h a r m e d by Che
G u e v a r a . T h e t w o m e n discovered a t t h e b i r t h d a y party, a n d
t h e n in subsequent e n c o u n t e r s , that although they w e r e very
different p e o p l e , t h e y u n d e r s t o o d each o t h e r entirely w h e n i t
c a m e t o t h e i r e n d u r i n g d e v o t i o n t o B e e t h o v e n a n d his m u s i c .
CHE G U E VA R A' 5 HAIR
A s t h e t w o m e n b e c a m e m o r e closely a c q u a i n t e d o v e r the e n -
suing m o n t h s , as they began to consider themselves true
friends, C h e Guevara found himself increasingly intrigued by
Brilliant's collecting a v o c a t i o n . H e b e c a m e fascinated b y w h a t
he learned about the tiny b u t intensely focused sphere of col-
lectors a r o u n d the world; he was attracted, too, by the w a y in
w h i c h there seemed to be a kind of sacramental connection
b e t w e e n collectible objects and t h e great people t o w h o m they
h a d b e l o n g e d ; he was lured as w^ll by t h e financial aspects of
the enterprise, w h i c h transformed attempts to b u y at bargain
prices and the anxious bidding at auctions into something of a
h e a d y b u t a n x i o u s s p o r t . B u t h e w a s c a p t i v a t e d , m o s t o f all, b y
the way in which Brilliant had been able truly to bring
B e e t h o v e n t o life a g a i n — a t least i n his o w n h e a r t — b y g a t h e r -
ing together scattered tokens and m e m e n t o s from the time
l o n g ago w h e n t h e m a s t e r h a d m a d e his music.
Yet C h e G u e v a r a did n o t b e g i n to aspire to b e c o m e a c o l -
l e c t o r h i m s e l f — t h e r e w e r e his t h r e e c h i l d r e n a n d t h e i r e d u c a -
t i o n s t o t h i n k of, i f n o t h i n g e l s e — a n d h e d o u b t e d w h e t h e r t h e
d e m a n d s o f his m e d i c a l p r a c t i c e w o u l d a l l o w h i m t h e t i m e h e
w o u l d n e e d t o l e a r n successfully t h e v e r y s u b d e t r i c k s o f t h e
trade. C o l l e c t i n g was a potential n e w passion he simply w o u l d
s u r r e n d e r , b u t n o n e t h e l e s s , h e w o u l d l o v e t o possess something,
a trifle, a s m a l l m e m e n t o o f B e e t h o v e n o r h i s r i m e s , h e a d m i t -
t e d f i r s t t o himself, a n d t h e n t o his n e w f r i e n d . Ira B r i l l i a n t
recently h a d p u r c h a s e d a p r i n t e d invitation to B e e t h o v e n ' s fu-
n e r a l — a small c a r d a n n o u n c i n g t h e c o m p o s e r ' s d e a t h a n d t h e
date, t i m e , a n d location in t h e Alsergasse of the private service
at the c h u r c h outside of w h i c h so m a n y thousands of Vienna's
citizens w o u l d wait to pay their final respects. It was s o m e t h i n g
precisely like t h e funeral invitation, G u e v a r a explained, that he
w o u l d l o v e t o possess o n e day, a n d B r i l l i a n t a s s u r e d h i m t h a t
h e w o u l d k e e p his e y e s o p e n o n his f r i e n d ' s behalf. I t m i g h t
take a bit of time, and the m e m e n t o m i g h t cost a c o u p l e of
thousand dollars or thereabouts, b u t yes, he could garner
s o m e t h i n g f r o m B e e t h o v e n ' s t i m e for C h e G u e v a r a t o t r e a s u r e
forever.
i I N T H E D E C A D E S I N C E I T h a d b e e n established, t h e C e n t e r
for B e e t h o v e n S t u d i e s t h a t b o r e Ira B r i l l i a n t ' s n a m e h a d m a d e
massive strides t o w a r d b e c o m i n g the k i n d of institution that
h e , his wife, I r m a , a n d t h o s e enthusiastic San J o s e State a d -
ministrators first had h o p e d it w o u l d be. In August 1985,
T h o m a s W e n d e l , the history professor w h o had s h e p h e r d e d
t h e f l e d g l i n g c e n t e r s i n c e its i n c e p t i o n , h a d b e c o m e p r e s i d e n t
o f its b o a r d a n d s u r r e n d e r e d its d a i l y a d m i n i s t r a t i o n t o t h i r t y -
one-year-old William Meredith, who had been awarded a
doctoral degree in musicology earlier that month by the
U n i v e r s i t y o f N o r t h C a r o l i n a a t C h a p e l H i l l . T h e s e a r c h for a
p e r m a n e n t d i r e c t o r h a d s p r e a d a s far f r o m S a n J o s e a s W e s t e r n
E u r o p e , a n d several already r e n o w n e d B e e t h o v e n scholars had
a p p l i e d for t h e p o s i t i o n . B u t M e r e d i t h c l e a r l y h a d p o s s e s s e d
not only the requisite Beethoven scholarship but also the
y o u t h , e n e r g y , a n d self-effacing g e n i a l i t y t h a t t h e b o a r d h a d
b e l i e v e d w o u l d b e essential q u a l i t i e s i n a successful d i r e c t o r .
T h e d a t e for t h e d e d i c a t i o n o f t h e c e n t e r l o n g h a d b e e n
planned for September 15, and in preparation for it, Ira
B r i l l i a n t h a d m a d e a c a s h p l e d g e o f $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 t o k i c k off a c a m -
paign a i m e d at raising an eventual $1.5 million e n d o w m e n t .
H e a n d his w i f e also h a d c o m m i s s i o n e d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a
f o r t e p i a n o that w o u l d resemble v e r y closely t h e k i n d o f i n -
strument that B e e t h o v e n himself had played and c o m p o s e d on
as a y o u n g m a n . Built by instrument makers Paul and Janine
P o l e t t i o f O a k d a l e , C a l i f o r n i a , i t w o u l d b e smaller, q u i e t e r , a n d
m o r e fragile t h a n a c o n t e m p o r a r y p i a n o , a n d w o u l d h a v e less
r a n g e a s w e l l , y e t its s o l i d w o o d c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d s e n s i t i v e a c -
tion w o u l d allow it to e c h o the kind of tones with w h i c h the
c o m p o s e r a n d his a u d i e n c e s w o u l d h a v e b e e n i n t i m a t e l y fa-
miliar. An exact replica of a f o r t e p i a n o that was built circa
1 7 9 5 b y J o h a n n D u l c k e n i n M u n i c h , a n d for w h i c h D u l c k e n
h a d drafted detailed plans, t h e i n s t r u m e n t w o u l d be h o u s e d at
t h e c e n t e r itself, a n d w o u l d b e a gift from the Brilliants in
m e m o r y of their daughter.
T h e A m e r i c a n B e e t h o v e n Society, a n o n p r o f i t organization
o f B e e t h o v e n e n t h u s i a s t s d e d i c a t e d t o s u p p o r t i n g its e n d e a v o r s ,
h a d b e e n f o r m e d n o t l o n g after t h e c e n t e r g o t d o w n t o daily
business, a n d Patricia Stroh, w h o h a d d e g r e e s i n b o t h music his-
tory and library science, soon had been named curator.
S u p p o r t e d i n t h e e n s u i n g y e a r s b y g r a n t s a n d gifts f r o m t h e
N a t i o n a l E n d o w m e n t for t h e H u m a n i t i e s , t h e C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e
Library, a n d n u m e r o u s private charitable trusts, t h e center's s u b -
s e q u e n t g r o w t h a n d its significant successes h a d b e e n b o t h swift
a n d i m p r e s s i v e . B y t h e early w i n t e r d a y i n D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 3
w h e n Ira B r i l l i a n t f i r s t s u g g e s t e d t o his n e w f r i e n d C h e G u e v a r a
t h a t h e t o o s h o u l d j o i n t h e B e e t h o v e n S o c i e t y i n s u p p o r t o f its
m y r i a d missions, the center had a c c u m u l a t e d nearly 3 0 0 first
e d i t i o n s o f B e e t h o v e n ' s w o r k s , m o r e t h a n 1,600 early e d i t i o n s
published d u r i n g t h e composer's lifetime, a n d a library of almost
3,400 b o o k s and scholarly m o n o g r a p h s in ten languages d e -
v o t e d t o t h e c o m p o s e r ' s life a n d m u s i c . A n a n n u a l p i a n o c o m -
p e t i t i o n for h i g h s c h o o l m u s i c i a n s o f e x c e p t i o n a l p r o m i s e h a d
b e e n established, as h a d a B e e t h o v e n - i n - t h e - S c h o o l s p r o g r a m ,
a s w e l l a s f r e q u e n t B e e t h o v e n festivals, c o s p o n s o r e d w i t h t h e
San Jose Symphony. A n d the center's semiannual Beethoven
Journal, e d i t e d b y M e r e d i t h , b y n o w h a d p u b l i s h e d articles, l e t -
ters, and c o m m e n t a r i e s by virtually every legendary B e e t h o v e n
scholar in the world.
M o r e t h a n a n y t h i n g else, i t w a s Ira B r i l l i a n t ' s c o m m u n i c a -
tions and interactions with those individuals—scholarly l u m i -
n a r i e s like J o s e p h K e r m a n , L e w i s L o c k w o o d , a n d M a y n a r d
S o l o m o n i n t h e U n i t e d States; W i l l i a m K i n d e r m a n i n C a n a d a ;
Barry C o o p e r and Alan Tyson in Great Britain; and Sieghard
Brandenburg and Hans-Werner Kuthen at the renowned
and enormously influential Beethoven-Archiv in Bonn,
G e r m a n y — t h a t p r o v e d t o h i m t h a t his d r e a m a t last w a s b e i n g
t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a n u n a r g u a b l e k i n d o f reality. H e w a s a s i m -
p l e r e a l e s t a t e m a n , after all; for m a n y y e a r s h e h a d b e e n n o t h -
ing m o r e than a B e e t h o v e n layman, a m e r e foot soldier of
s o r t s , y e t h i s l o n g - t e r m c o m m i t m e n t h a d r e s u l t e d i n his early
seventies in b u r g e o n i n g friendships w i t h the world's foremost
a u t h o r i t i e s o n B e e t h o v e n ' s life a n d h i s w o r k . T h e y c a l l e d h i m
b y his f i r s t n a m e , h e w a s p r o u d t o n o t e , a n d b y n o w h e c a l l e d
t h e m b y t h e i r s a s w e l l ; t h e y r e s p e c t e d his w i d e - r a n g i n g s t o r e
of k n o w l e d g e ; they recognized w h a t an important institution
the center he had established had b e c o m e , and, to a p e r s o n , it
w a s c l e a r t h a t t h e y w e r e b e g u i l e d a s w e l l b y Ira B r i l l i a n t ' s p r o -
f o u n d a n d particular passion.
I n all h i s y e a r s o f c o l l e c t i n g , h o w e v e r , B r i l l i a n t n e v e r h a d
b e e n able t o a c q u i r e a f i n e f i r s t e d i t i o n o f B e e t h o v e n ' s O p u s 1 ,
the Piano Trios n u m b e r s 1-3, w h i c h had been published in
1 7 9 5 , t h r e e y e a r s after t h e c o m p o s e r ' s m o v e t o V i e n n a f r o m
B o n n . B e e t h o v e n was by no means widely r e n o w n e d in those
early days, a n d o n l y a handful o ^ t h e first edition of t h e trios
s u r v i v e d t o t h e p r e s e n t day. N o t o n l y w a s a f i r s t - e d i t i o n s c o r e
r a r e , b u t its o p u s n u m b e r l e n t i t a p a r t i c u l a r c a c h e t , and
B r i l l i a n t a n d t h e c e n t e r ' s staff w e r e e a g e r t o f i n d a c o p y a n d a c -
q u i r e it, i f its c o s t w e r e n o t t o o d e a r . A n d i t w a s i n e a r l y
November 1994 that g o o d fortune seemed to arrive once
m o r e in the mail. In t h e catalog for Sotheby's s e m i a n n u a l
b o o k s and music auction, Brilliant spotted precisely w h a t he
h a d b e e n l o o k i n g for: l o t n u m b e r 2 7 , t o b e s o l d i n L o n d o n o n
D e c e m b e r 1, was a first-edition O p u s 1 in excellent c o n d i t i o n .
Sotheby's estimate that it was w o r t h £ 1 , 5 0 0 - 2 , 0 0 0 was a bit
daunting, b u t Brilliant quickly d e t e r m i n e d to do what he
c o u l d t o s e c u r e it. H e w o u l d m a k e a s g e n e r o u s a p l e d g e a s h e
c o u l d , a n d o t h e r k e y s u p p o r t e r s o f t h e c e n t e r likely w o u l d d o
so as well, and t o g e t h e r surely they c o u l d a r m English agent
R i c h a r d M a c n u t t w i t h f u n d s sufficient for its p u r c h a s e .
B u t t h e r e w a s s o m e t h i n g else i n t h e c a t a l o g t h a t also q u i c k l y
c a u g h t his e y e . I n t h e t w o d e c a d e s s i n c e h e h a d b e c o m e a c o l -
lector, h e n e v e r h a d e n c o u n t e r e d h u m a n remains o f any k i n d
b e i n g offered at a u c t i o n , yet t h e r e it was unmistakably: lot 3 3 ,
its value estimated at £2,000-3,000 and its authenticity
certified as unassailable, w a s a lock of t h e great B e e t h o v e n ' s
hair. W h e n h e b r o a c h e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f p u r c h a s i n g t h e l o c k
o f hair w i t h M e r e d i t h and W e n d e l , b o t h w e r e i m m e d i a t e l y e n -
thusiastic, and then Brilliant remembered his friend in
Nogales.
H e w a s a b l e t o r e a c h C h e G u e v a r a a t his c l i n i c a t t h e c l o s e
o f t h e day, a n d B r i l l i a n t f i r s t r e m i n d e d his f r i e n d t h a t h e h a d
asked h i m to find a suitable B e e t h o v e n m e m e n t o s o m e t i m e .
Y e s , o f c o u r s e , t h e d o c t o r r e m e m b e r e d . I n t h a t case, a n d n o w
b a r e l y c o n c e a l i n g his e x c i t e m e n t , t h e s e n i o r m a n p o s e d a s u b -
sequent question: w o u l d C h e by chance be interested in ac-
q u i r i n g a b i t o f L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n ' s hair?
It was an extraordinary notion—a lock of the master's
h a i r t h a t o n e d a y h e m i g h t h o l d i n t h e p a l m o f his h a n d ,
B e e t h o v e n h i m s e l f a l i v e a g a i n , o r a t least u n d e n i a b l y a m o n g
the living—and Che Guevara enthusiastically affirmed that
he would pledge $5,000 toward its acquisition. Brilliant
t h a n k e d h i m b o t h for his g e n e r o s i t y a n d his q u i c k d e c i s i o n , b u t
he cautioned h i m that, based on Sotheby's o w n projections,
i t m i g h t t a k e t w i c e t h a t a m o u n t t o s e c u r e it. Y e t h e t o o
c o u l d c o n t r i b u t e , a n d surely t h e r e w e r e a few o t h e r m e m b e r s
of the B e e t h o v e n Society w h o might as well. He w o u l d do
w h a t he c o u l d to p u t t o g e t h e r a small c o n s o r t i u m of b u y e r s ,
a n d t h e y w o u l d m a k e t h e i r b e s t c o l l e c t i v e effort t o b r i n g t o
the United States this unlikely but enormously intriguing
relic. I m a g i n e it, t h e t w o m e n u r g e d e a c h o t h e r : a b i t o f
B e e t h o v e n ' s hair.
THE FIRST ORDER OF B U S I N E S S was t o marshal the f i -
nancial resources that w o u l d be necessary to acquire b o t h the
O p u s 1 s c o r e a n d t h e l o c k o f hair. D u r i n g t h e s u c c e e d i n g d a y s ,
A m e r i c a n B e e t h o v e n Society president T o m W e n d e l eagerly
added $ 5 0 0 to the hair-acquisition pot, as did longtime s u p -
porter Caroline C r u m m e y ; C h e Guevara had pledged $5,000,
o f c o u r s e ; B r i l l i a n t also c o u l d c o n t r i b u t e $ 2 , 0 0 0 o r s o o v e r a n d
above the a m o u n t he had c o m m i t t e d to O p u s 1, but as he tal-
lied t h e several c o n t r i b u t i o n s , he^believed he c o u l d a u t h o r i z e
his agent R i c h a r d M a c n u t t t o bid n o h i g h e r t h a n £ 4 , 2 0 0 . T h a t
a m o u n t might f e t c h t h e r e l i c , b u t w h o k n e w ? T h e i t e m at a u c -
t i o n w o u l d b e B e e t h o v e n h i m s e l f , i n p o i n t o f fact, s o i t s e e m e d
entirely possible that s o m e o n e s o m e w h e r e i n t h e w o r l d m i g h t
b e w i l l i n g t o s p e n d a p r i n c e l y s u m t o s e c u r e it. W h e n h e f a x e d
h i s f i n a l i n s t r u c t i o n s t o M a c n u t t a f e w d a y s b e f o r e t h e sale,
B r i l l i a n t m a d e i t c l e a r t o his a g e n t t h a t , s h o u l d t h e y fail i n t h e i r
attempt to acquire O p u s 1 as lot 27 was auctioned, t h e n he
s h o u l d b e a g g r e s s i v e i n his a t t e m p t t o a c q u i r e t w o o t h e r , i f d e -
c i d e d l y lesser, B e e t h o v e n f i r s t e d i t i o n s t h a t also w o u l d b e a u c -
t i o n e d . I f t h e y lost O p u s 1 — a n d h e s o r e l y h o p e d t h e y w o u l d
n o t — M a c n u t t t h e n s h o u l d f o c u s his efforts o n t h e m , a s w e l l a s
that b e g u i l i n g bit of hair h e l d in a small black l o c k e t that w a s
labeled lot 3 3 .
I R M A B R I L L I A N T W A S M A D E M O R E t h a n a little u n e a s y b y
t h e p a c k a g e t h a t sat u n o p e n e d o n h e r h u s b a n d ' s d e s k for t h r e e
full d a y s . T h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s d i d n o t s e e m t o h e r t o b e v e r y dif-
ferent from possessing the c r e m a t e d remains of a stranger, al-
b e i t o n e w h o h a d b e e n h e l d i n t h e h i g h e s t r e g a r d . Finally,
h o w e v e r , Ira w a s r e a d y t o o p e n t h e p a c k a g e ; t h e r e h a d b e e n a
m o u n t i n g k i n d o f p l e a s u r e for h i m i n l e t t i n g i t sit u n a t t e n d e d ,
in k n o w i n g w h a t treasure it contained yet keeping that trea-
s u r e a t bay, a n d t h e n , i n m u c h t h e s a m e w a y h e h a d w i t h h i s
first B e e t h o v e n letter t w o decades before, he spent most of an
h o u r meticulously u n w r a p p i n g th^ Sotheby's packaging before
a t last h e h e l d t h e b l a c k - f r a m e l o c k e t i n his h a n d s a n d s a w w i t h
astonishment the hair that had g r o w n on the head of the m a n
w h o m he revered m o r e than any other.
W h e n Brilliant a n d h e m e t i n T u c s o n a few days h e n c e , C h e
G u e v a r a r e s p o n d e d i n k i n d t o his f i r s t g l i m p s e o f this m o s t u n -
likely p r i z e . N e i t h e r m a n s p o k e for a m o m e n t w h e n B r i l l i a n t
r e m o v e d t h e l o c k e t f r o m t h e small b o x i n w h i c h h e h a d c a r -
ried it from P h o e n i x , a n d their silence b e s p o k e their shared
e m o t i o n s . T h i s hair, this r e m a r k a b l e r e l i c o f B e e t h o v e n h i m -
self, w a s n o t s o m e t h i n g t h e y h a d e n d e a v o r e d for y e a r s t o o b -
t a i n ; n e i t h e r m a n , i n fact, h a d k n o w n o f its e x i s t e n c e j u s t six
weeks before, yet the improbable dispatch with w h i c h it had
c o m e into their possession didn't diminish in any w a y the p r o -
fundity of that m o m e n t in w h i c h they first v i e w e d it together.
It was at that s a m e m e e t i n g , h o w e v e r , w h e n a significant
m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g b e t w e e n t h e m first c a m e i n t o focus as well.
A l t h o u g h p r i o r t o t h e a u c t i o n t h e t w o h a d d i s c u s s e d t h e fact
t h a t t h e y w o u l d d i v i d e t h e h a i r i f i t b e c a m e t h e i r s , its a c q u i s i -
t i o n h a d b e e n u n c e r t a i n e n o u g h t h a t t h e p a r t i c u l a r s o f t h e split
n e v e r h a d b e e n discussed. N o w that t h e lock o f hair b e l o n g e d
t o t h e m , h o w e v e r , i t w a s t i m e t o b e g i n t o settle issues o f t h a t
sort, a n d G u e v a r a m a d e it clear that it s e e m e d to h i m that t h e
division should be based on the a m o u n t each had invested. It
s e e m e d t o h i m t h a t s i n c e h e h a d p a i d $ 5 , 0 0 0 o f its $ 7 , 3 0 0 c o s t ,
t w o - t h i r d s of the hair therefore b e l o n g e d to h i m . B u t Brilliant
w a s q u i c k t o d i s a g r e e . A s h e s a w it, G u e v a r a h a d s u p p l i e d t h e
largest s h a r e o f t h e hair's p u r c h a s e p r i c e , y e s , b u t o n t h e o t h e r
h a n d , i t w a s h e w h o f i r s t h a d l e a r n e d o f t h e p e n d i n g sale, w h o
h a d e m p l o y e d his E n g l i s h a g e n t i n its a c q u i s i t i o n , w h o h a d
paid the entire cost o f the t w o f i r s t editions, a n d w h o w o u l d
have been willing as well to spend m o r e than the $1,300 he ul-
timately had contributed to the hair's purchase if he had
n e e d e d t o d o so. B r i l l i a n t d i d n o t offer his o w n p r o p o s a l for
h o w the hair should b e d i v i d e d — w h a t seemed equitable sim-
p l y w a s n ' t c l e a r t o h i m a s y e t — b u t h e d i d say t h a t h e h o p e d
m u c h o f the hair ultimately w o u l d b e h o u s e d — i n p e r p e t u -
i t y — a t the B e e t h o v e n C e n t e r in San Jose.
T h e t w o m e n agreed to give the matter m o r e thought, and
s o o n t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e i r c o n v e r s a t i o n shifted. M i g h t i t m a k e
s e n s e , D r . G u e v a r a w o n d e r e d , t o test a b i t o f t h e hair, t o h a v e
i t e x a m i n e d b y f o r e n s i c scientists? W a s i t p o s s i b l e t h a t t e s t i n g o f
t h e h a i r t h a t lay o n t h e t a b l e b e t w e e n t h e m m i g h t b e able t o
announce something conclusive about the last days of
B e e t h o v e n ' s life? C o u l d i t d e m o n s t r a t e w h a t m e d i c a t i o n s h e
h a d c o n s u m e d ? C o u l d i t c o n c e i v a b l y e x p l a i n t h e r e a s o n s for
h i s c h r o n i c i n t e s t i n a l distress, o r e v e n d e c i p h e r his deafness?
T h i s w a s a t h r i l l i n g t h i n g for t h e t w o m e n t o c o n s i d e r : i n his
Heiligenstadt Testament, p e n n e d nearly t w o h u n d r e d years b e -
fore, B e e t h o v e n himself h a d expressed t h e h o p e that o n e day
t h e r e a s o n s f o r h i s h e a r i n g loss m i g h t b e d e t e r m i n e d a n d m a d e
p u b l i c , a n d n o w p e r h a p s t h e t w o o f t h e m c o u l d h e l p fulfill t h e
c o m p o s e r s poignant request. Was that the reason why, they
asked themselves, the hair s o serendipitously h a d c o m e t o t h e m ?
U N D E R U S U A L C I R C U M S T A N C E S , I T I S Sotheby's policy
n o t to disclose t h e sources of the^objects it presents at a u c t i o n .
B u t o n t h i s o c c a s i o n — o n t h e a p p e a l o f Ira B r i l l i a n t a n d C h e
Guevara and, of course, because of the r e n o w n of the m a n
whose hair the locket contained—Stephen Roe, head of
Sotheby's B o o k s and Manuscripts D e p a r t m e n t , agreed to c o n -
tact t h e p r e v i o u s o w n e r o f t h e hair, e x p l a i n i n g t h a t t h e p e o p l e
w h o n o w h e l d i t h o p e d t h e y m i g h t l e a r n s o m e t h i n g o f its p a r -
t i c u l a r a n d unlikely p r o v e n a n c e . R o e m a d e i t clear w h e n h e
w r o t e t o M i c h e l e Wassard Larsen i n D e n m a r k that she w a s
under no obligation whatsoever to surrender her anonymity or
t o describe h o w the lock o f hair h a d c o m e into h e r possession,
but, as it h a p p e n e d , she was very willing indeed. T w o m o n t h s
after t h e a r r i v a l o f B e e t h o v e n ' s h a i r i n A m e r i c a , i t w a s f o l l o w e d
by a letter posted from Hillerod and mailed to t h e B e e t h o v e n
C e n t e r i n San Jose. " H e l l o ! " t h e t y p e d missive called o u t ,
T h e analysis b e g a n w i t h t h e w a s h i n g o f t h e t w e n t y h a i r
specimens in dry ethanol at 37 degrees centigrade with
vigorous shaking at 120 cycles/minute. T h e p u r p o s e of
the w a s h p r o c e d u r e was t o r e m o v e any possible m o r p h i n e
c o n t a m i n a n t s f r o m t h e h a i r surface. A n y m o r p h i n e f o u n d
in the ethanol solution w o u l d be interpreted as m o r p h i n e
deposited on t h e hair n o t as a result of d r u g use b u t by
m o r p h i n e that was present in the environment while
B e e t h o v e n was alive o r d u r i n g t h e m a n y years o f storage
of the hair sample.
After the initial decontamination process, the hairs
w e r e d r i e d t o r e m o v e any residual ethanol. T h e subse-
q u e n t e x t r a c t i o n w a s p e r f o r m e d w i t h specially d e i o n i z e d
aoi
w a t e r w h i c h was received from Dr. William Walsh's l a b -
o r a t o r y . T h e u s e o f t h e specially p u r i f i e d w a t e r w a s d e s i r -
able in o r d e r to avoid i n t r o d u c i n g a n y metals (present as
impurities in the water) i n t o t h e hair s p e c i m e n d u r i n g t h e
extraction process. Prior to extraction with water, the
hairs w e r e quickly rinsed w i t h 2 ml of w a t e r to r e m o v e
any r e m a i n i n g ethanol, w h i c h could interfere w i t h the ra-
dioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure. The hair was s u b -
jected to 15 hours of extraction at 37 degrees centigrade
w i t h a fresh 2 ml aliquot. T h e ethanol wash solutions
w e r e evaporated to dryness and the residue taken up in
w a t e r for R I A analysis. R I A w a s p e r f o r m e d i n d u p l i c a t e
on 0.5 ml water aliquots. The results of the analysis
s h o w e d zero m o r p h i n e c o n t e n t i n t h e w a t e r e x t r a c t s , i n
the water rinse, and in the ethanol wash solution.
I
I medicine.
204
learned h o w at t h e e n d of S e p t e m b e r 1943 naval attache G e o r g
D u c k w i t z had alerted Danish leaders to the i m p e n d i n g purge;
h o w d o c t o r s a n d nurses had led the w a y in the D a n i s h citizens'
b o l d a n d i m m e d i a t e r e s p o n s e t o t h e crisis; h o w f r i g h t e n e d
J e w s — D a n e s a n d i m m i g r a n t s a l i k e — h a d b e e n e s c o r t e d t o fish-
i n g villages a l o n g t h e 0 r e s u n d c o a s t , w h e r e t h e y h a d b e e n h i d -
d e n u n t i l t h e y w e r e p u t a b o a r d b o a t s for t h e b r i e f b u t p e r i l o u s
transport to S w e d e n ; and he discovered as well that it was in the
little p o r t o f G i l l e l e j e w h e r e , o n tr^e n i g h t o f O c t o b e r 6 , t h e r e s -
c u e effort h a d g o n e t e r r i b l y a w r y , s o m e o n e b e t r a y i n g t o t h e
G e s t a p o t h e fact t h a t a s m a n y a s 1 2 0 J e w s w e r e h i d d e n i n t h e
h i g h loft o f t h e G i l l e l e j e C h u r c h .
Jens N o e , pastor of the c h u r c h in 1995, had no k n o w l e d g e
a b o u t a lock of Beethoven's hair w h e n Brilliant contacted h i m
that a u t u m n , although he promised to query the old-timers
w h o still r e m e m b e r e d v i v i d l y t h e t r a u m a t i c e v e n t s o f a n o t h e r
fall fifty-two years before. Danish playwright Finn Abra-
h a m o w i t z , w h o h a d w r i t t e n a play a b o u t t h e e v e n t s i n t h e
c h u r c h , b a s e d l a r g e l y o n C h r i s t i a n T o r t z e n ' s b o o k , c o u l d offer
Brilliant n o n e w information; n e i t h e r could Per J o r g e n s e n , a d -
ministrator o f Gilleleje's regional government, nor Henrik
Lundbak at the Frihedsmuseet, the National Resistance M u -
s e u m i n C o p e n h a g e n ; a n d n o o n e w h o h a d read Brilliant's ear-
lier p l e a for assistance i n t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y ' s n e w s l e t t e r
e v e r r e s p o n d e d w i t h a specific m e m o r y , a p r o m i s i n g l e a d , o r
e v e n idle speculation a b o u t w h o m i g h t h a v e g i v e n t h e small
a n d v e n e r a b l e l o c k e t away.
By m i d c e n t u r y , scholars such as W a l d e m a r S c h w e i s h e i m e r
h a d g r o w n w i l l i n g t o a r g u e t h a t t h e c o m p o s e r ' s deafness h a d
i n f l u e n c e d his m u s i c p r o f o u n d l y , i n fact, a n d e v e n t o p o s i t its
c a u s e . " B e e t h o v e n ' s t r a g i c deafness w a s t h e c o n s e q u e n c e o f a
disease o f t h e i n n e r ear, a neuritis acoustica. T h e most probable
c a u s e o f this n e u r i t i s w a s a s e v e r e early a t t a c k o f t y p h o i d fever,"
S c h w e i s h e i m e r had w r i t t e n in t h e Musical Quarterly in 1945.
T h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e h e a r i n g loss h a d b e e n c a u s e d i n s t e a d
by syphilis—a theory that had g r o w n popular in s o m e cir-
cles—simply could not be supported by Beethoven's medical
history, a c c o r d i n g t o S c h w e i s h e i m e r , w h o described t h e claim
t h a t h e h a d syphilis a s " p u r e i n v e n t i o n , " a n d i t h a d b e e n u t t e r l y
discredited m o r e than a century before, he believed, w h e n
n o n e o f s e v e r a l v i v i d a n d telltale signs o f t h e d i s e a s e h a d b e e n
o b s e r v e d a t a u t o p s y . A q u a r t e r c e n t u r y later, h o w e v e r , t h e n o -
t i o n t h a t syphilis h a d b e e n t h e c o m p o s e r ' s c h i e f m e d i c a l c u l p r i t
nonetheless had grown commonplace enough that British
scholar E d w a r d Larkin h a d d e v o t e d a n e n t i r e section o f his
l o n g essay, " B e e t h o v e n ' s M e d i c a l H i s t o r y , " t o its r e f u t a t i o n .
Like Schweisheimer, Larkin had not intended to protect
Beethoven's magisterial reputation by refusing to a c k n o w l e d g e
t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f his h a v i n g c o n t r a c t e d a v e n e r e a l disease; i n
fact, h e b e l i e v e d i t w a s p r o b a b l e t h a t h e h a d : " I t i s l i k e l y t h a t
B e e t h o v e n , like e v e r y b o d y else, c a u g h t g o n o r r h e a , " L a r k i n h a d
written, his essay published in 1970 as an appendix to
Beethoven: The Last Decade, b y M a r t i n C o o p e r , " b u t t h e r e is n o
e v i d e n c e t h a t e i t h e r his l i f e l o n g illnesses o r his deafness w e r e
syphilitic, a n d t h e substantial m e d i c a l w r i t e r s m a k e o t h e r d i a g -
noses."
K u b b a a n d Y o u n g similarly h a d d i s c o u n t e d E d w a r d Larkin's
1 9 7 0 s u g g e s t i o n t h a t a c o n n e c t i v e tissue disease a c c o u n t e d for
all o f B e e t h o v e n ' s d i s o r d e r s s a v e t h e d e a f n e s s ; a n d n e i t h e r w e r e
t h e y c o n v i n c e d t h a t P a g e t ' s disease o f b o n e , t u b e r c u l o s i s , i n -
f l a m m a t o r y b o w e l disease, or Whipple's disease—each sug-
gested as a unifying cause at s o m e p o i n t d u r i n g the c e n t u r y
t h a t w a s d r a w i n g t o a r a p i d c l o s e — w e r e , i n fact, t h e c o l l e c t i v e
c a u s e . T h e t w o S c o t s h a d c o n c l u d e d t h e i r analysis b y e x p r e s s -
i n g t h e i r p e r s o n a l beliefs t h a t B e e t h o v e n ' s a g o n i z i n g l y p o o r
h e a l t h s u r e l y w a s r o o t e d i n m u l t i p l e disease p r o c e s s e s , b u t t h e
t h r e e A m e r i c a n s w h o n o w p o s s e s s e d vital n e w i n f o r m a t i o n —
t h e n e w s t h a t B e e t h o v e n ' s h a i r h a d e x h i b i t e d l e a d levels t h a t
w e r e startlingly h i g h — w e r e eager t o learn w h a t c o m m e n t a t o r s
like K u b b a a n d Y o u n g , P a l f e r m a n , a n d a score of o t h e r s w o u l d
make of the proposition that plumbism, i n fact, explained
B e e t h o v e n ' s life o f t r o u b l e b e s t o f all.
Walsh w a n t e d t o g o o n e step further. He k n e w that i f b o n e
remains of B e e t h o v e n existed, by s o m e r e m o t e chance, testing
p e r f o r m e d o n t h e m w o u l d b u t t r e s s e n o r m o u s l y t h e results o f
t h e h a i r analysis; a n d m o r e o v e r , i f h a i r a n d b o n e t h e n w e r e
compared by DNA sequencing and were determined ir-
refutably t o have c o m e f r o m the same h u m a n b e i n g , t h e n t h e
case t h e y c o u l d m a k e for t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e i r w o r k a n d t h e
likelihood that chronic plumbism explained very much of
the composer's medical history w o u l d b e c o m e a compelling
o n e indeed. As it happened, Drs. Bankl and Jesserer in Vienna
h a d e x a m i n e d small f r a g m e n t s o f B e e t h o v e n ' s skull i n t h e m i d -
1 9 8 0 s i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e r e s e a r c h for t h e i r b o o k . M o r e t h a n
a century before, the bones had been sequestered by an a n -
thropologist who had examined the composer's skeletal
r e m a i n s after his c o r p s e h a d b e e n e x h u m e d ; t h e y h a d b e e n
l o a n e d for t h e l a t t e r - d a y s t u d y b y a n a g i n g F r e n c h m a n , w h o
h a d i n h e r i t e d t h e m f r o m his g r e a t - u n c l e , t h a t s a m e a n t h r o p o l -
ogist. Perhaps, just perhaps, Brilliant suggested, the F r e n c h m a n
c o u l d b e p e r s u a d e d t o have t h e m e x a m i n e d again.
I n t h e h o p e o f d e f e a t i n g his diseases, o v e r t h e y e a r s B e e t h o v e n
h a d s o u g h t t h e a d v i c e a n d a m e l i o r a t i n g assistance o f fifteen dif-
ferent physicians in B o n n and Vienna. M o s t of t h e m had b e e n
" m e d i c a l asses," h e insisted, b u t i t w a s far n e a r e r t h e t r u t h t h a t
c u r a t i v e m e d i c i n e w a s m e r e l y i n its i n f a n c y i n t h o s e d a y s . E a r l y
i n t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y , b l e e d i n g a n d l e e c h i n g still w e r e c o m -
monplace, and poisonous m e r c u r y mistakenly was believed to
b e a p a n a c e a for d o z e n s o f d i s o r d e r s . D o c t o r s a t t e m p t e d t o m a k e
t h e i r c h a r g e s c o m f o r t a b l e a n d t o ease t h e i r p a i n w i t h m o r p h i n e
w h e n t h e y c o u l d — a n d t h e latest c h a l l e n g e o f m e d i c i n e w a s t h e
s i m p l e a t t e m p t t o e x p l a i n t h e cause o f a n i l l n e s s — b u t t r u e c u r e s
r e m a i n e d l a r g e l y e l u s i v e . A s his several p h y s i c i a n s h a d s t r u g g l e d
t o f i n d a u n i f i e d e x p l a n a t i o n for B e e t h o v e n ' s l i f e l o n g ills, t h e y
h a d q u e r i e d their patient repeatedly a b o u t the years of the
1790s. The composer himself suspected that his incessant
"colic" h a d b e e n t h e c a u s e o f his deafness, and Dr. Franz
W e g e l e r , his o l d f r i e n d a n d f r e q u e n t m e d i c a l adviser, also b e -
l i e v e d t h a t b o t h ears a n d b o w e l s h a d b e e n b e s e t b y t h e s a m e
m y s t e r i o u s t r o u b l e . " T h e s e e d s o f his d i s o r d e r s , his h e a r i n g
p r o b l e m , a n d t h e d r o p s y t h a t f i n a l l y k i l l e d h i m , a l r e a d y lay
w i t h i n m y f r i e n d ' s ailing b o d y i n 1796," h e speculated years
later, a l t h o u g h h e actually m a y h a v e b e e n r e m e m b e r i n g 1 7 9 7 , a
y e a r t h a t for B e e t h o v e n w a s far m o r e e t c h e d b y illness t h a n t h e
o n e b e f o r e it. Y e t i n a n y case, W e g e l e r h a d c o n t i n u e d t o s u s p e c t
l o n g after B e e t h o v e n ' s d e a t h t h a t s o m e t h i n g i n s i d i o u s h a d b e -
fallen h i m i n t h o s e early y e a r s , s o m e t h i n g t h a t u l t i m a t e l y h a d
b e e n t h e c u l p r i t for t h e a m a l g a m a t e d t r o u b l e s t h a t e n s u e d .
I t w a s " d r o p s y " — t h e swelling caused b y the r e t e n t i o n o f flu-
ids t h a t i s n o w k n o w n a s e d e m a — t h a t h a d b e g u n t o p l a g u e
B e e t h o v e n w h i l e h e l i v e d w i t h his b r o t h e r i n t h e t o w n o f
G n e i x e n d o r f i n t h e A u s t r i a n c o u n t r y s i d e late i n 1 8 2 6 . H i s feet
w e r e f i r s t t o b a l l o o n , a n d t h e y d i d s o v e r y p a i n f u l l y ; t h e n his
b e l l y t o o g r e w fat w i t h f l u i d , a n d b y t h e t i m e h e a n d K a r l , his
nephew, began their j o u r n e y back to Vienna on D e c e m b e r 1,
h e already was nearly i m m o b i l i z e d b y these dire n e w s y m p -
toms. B e e t h o v e n and Karl w e r e forced to spend a night en
route h o m e in an unheated r o o m above a tavern, and by the
t i m e h e w a s d e l i v e r e d a t last t o h i s l o d g i n g s n e a r t h e u n i v e r s i t y ,
B e e t h o v e n h a d d e v e l o p e d a h i g h fever, a h a c k i n g c o u g h , a n d
h a d a s h o o t i n g p a i n i n his side. D r . B r a u n h o f e r , n o m i n a l l y still
his p h y s i c i a n , d e c l i n e d t o a t t e n d t o his p a t i e n t for r e a s o n s t h a t
remain unclear; a second doctor premised to c o m e quickly but
d i d n o t , a n d i t w a s n ' t u n t i l t h e i r t h i r d d a y b a c k i n t h e city t h a t
Karl was able to secure the services of Dr. A n d r e a s W a w r u c h ,
a p r o f e s s o r o f p a t h o l o g y a n d clinical m e d i c i n e a t t h e V i e n n a
Hospital. " O n e w h o holds y o u r n a m e i n h i g h h o n o r will d o
e v e r y t h i n g p o s s i b l e t o b r i n g y o u s p e e d y relief," t h e p h y s i c i a n
scribbled into the conversation b o o k as he was introduced at
bedside t o t h e famous m a n w h o s e visage h a d t u r n e d yellowish
a n d w h o b y n o w h a d b e c o m e t e r r i b l y i n f i r m , his b r e a t h i n g l a -
b o r e d , b l o o d d r i p p i n g f r o m his m o u t h . A l t h o u g h W a w r u c h
w a s a b l e t o m a k e his p a t i e n t a b i t m o r e c o m f o r t a b l e t h a t d a y
b y a d m i n i s t e r i n g " a s e v e r e c o u n t e r - t r e a t m e n t for i n f l a m m a -
t i o n , " w h e n h e a r r i v e d for his d a i l y visit f i v e days h e n c e h e d i s -
covered that B e e t h o v e n was near death a n d n o w also w a s
raging at that realization:
I f o u n d h i m g r e a t l y d i s t u r b e d a n d j a u n d i c e d all o v e r his
b o d y . A f r i g h t f u l c h o l e r i c a t t a c k h a d t h r e a t e n e d his f i f e i n
the p r e c e d i n g night. A violent rage, a great grief because
of sustained ingratitude and u n d e s e r v e d humiliation, was
t h e cause o f this m i g h t y explosion. T r e m b l i n g a n d shiver-
i n g , h e b e n t d o u b l e b e c a u s e o f t h e p a i n s t h a t r a g e d i n his
l i v e r a n d i n t e s t i n e s , a n d his feet, h i t h e r t o m o d e r a t e l y i n -
flated, w e r e t r e m e n d o u s l y s w o l l e n . . . . G e n t l e e n t r e a t i e s
f r o m his f r i e n d s q u i e t e d t h e t h r e a t e n i n g m e n t a l t e m p e s t ,
a n d t h e f o r g i v i n g m a n f o r g o t all t h e h u m i l i a t i o n t h a t h a d
b e e n p u t u p o n h i m . B u t t h e disease m o v e d o n w a r d w i t h
giant strides.
T h r e e w e e k s i n t o t h e crisis, B e e t h o v e n ' s a b d o m e n h a d b e -
c o m e s o swollen that W a w r u c h n o w believed there was n o
c h o i c e b u t t o d r a i n its fluid surgically, a p r o c e d u r e t h a t w a s
p e r f o r m e d o n D e c e m b e r 2 0 , a n d w h i c h p r o d u c e d literally g a l -
lons of septic, w a t e r y liquid. B e e t h o v e n was better, b u t only a
little, w h e n h e said g o o d - b y e t o K a r l o n J a n u a r y 2 , 1 8 2 7 , a s t h e
y o u n g m a n left t o b e g i n his m i l i t a r y p o s t i n g i n M o r a v i a , a n d
t h e f o l l o w i n g d a y B e e t h o v e n c o m p o s e d a w i l l m a k i n g K a r l his
sole h e i r . A s e c o n d t a p p i n g o n J a n u a r y 8 p r o d u c e d e v e n m o r e
l i q u i d t h a n h a d b e e n d r a i n e d t h e first t i m e , a n d n o w h e w a s
h o r r i b l y a w a s h i n his o w n fluid, h i s b e d c l o t h e s a n d m a t t r e s s
soaked, a large w o o d e n b o w l o v e r f l o w i n g b e n e a t h his b e d , t h e
straw that was m e a n t to p r o t e c t t h e floor fouled as well a n d
filled w i t h c o c k r o a c h e s t h a t h a d b e e n a t t r a c t e d b y t h e s t e n c h .
N E A R T H E E N D O F H I S s i x - m o n t h s o j o u r n i n t h e village o f
Heiligenstadt in the a u t u m n of 1802, L u d w i g van Beethoven
h a d b e c o m e s o d i s t r a u g h t o v e r his u n r e l e n t i n g deafness t h a t for
a r i m e h e h a d c o n s i d e r e d s u m m a r i l y e n d i n g h i s life. B u t a s h e
e x p l a i n e d t o his b r o t h e r s i n t h e i m p a s s i o n e d O c t o b e r letter h e
c h o s e n e v e r t o m a i l , " o n l y m y art h e l d m e b a c k . A h , i t s e e m e d
i m p o s s i b l e t o l e a v e t h e w o r l d u n t i l I h a d p r o d u c e d all t h a t I felt
w a s w i t h i n m e , a n d s o I s p a r e d t h i s w r e t c h e d life." B y t h e t i m e
his life d i d c o m e t o a c l o s e a q u a r t e r c e n t u r y later, h e h a d c r e -
ated 138 singular and extraordinary compositions to w h i c h he
attached opus n u m b e r s , a n d t w o h u n d r e d m o r e songs, canons,
a n d d a n c e s t h a t h e c o n s i d e r e d lesser w o r k s . I n t h a t t i m e , t h e
m a n w h o first a n d f o r e m o s t c o n s i d e r e d h i m s e l f a " t o n e p o e t "
set classical m u s i c o n a b o l d a n d i m p a s s i o n e d a n d r e v o l u t i o n -
ary n e w course, o n e from w h i c h it never w o u l d t u r n back, and
he did so despite heartbreaking disappointments, crippling and
d e f e a t i n g illnesses, a n d t h e deafness t h a t u l t i m a t e l y r o b b e d h i m
o f c o m m u n i t y a s w e l l a s t h e a u r a l p l e a s u r e s o f his m u s i c . H i s
w a s a life s h a p e d b y t r e m e n d o u s p a s s i o n a n d e n d u r i n g p a i n ,
o n e s h a p e d a s w e l l b y his ability t o d r a w f r o m s o m e w h e r e d e e p
w i t h i n h i m compositions that r e m a i n profoundly i m p o r t a n t to
m i l l i o n s o f p e o p l e a r o u n d t h e w o r l d t w o c e n t u r i e s after t h e y
w e r e w r i t t e n . O u t o f this p h y s i c a l l y f l a w e d a n d c o m p r o m i s e d
m a n c a m e m u s i c t h a t b y l o n g - s t a n d i n g c o n s e n s u s has cast h i m
a s t h e artistic p e e r o f M i c h e l a n g e l o B u o n a r r o t i , L e o n a r d o d a
Vinci, and William Shakespeare, music that anchors h i m "at
the center of h u m a n consciousness," in the v i e w of British m u -
sicologist B u r n e t t J a m e s . " T h r o u g h t h e b l e n d i n g o f t h e c o n -
s c i o u s a n d t h e u n c o n s c i o u s i n his e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y d e e p a n d
comprehensive experience of the farthest mysteries o f this
life," J a m e s w r o t e i n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o h i s b o o k Beethoven
and Human Destiny, " a n d a b o v e all in his o v e r w h e l m i n g ability
to e m b o d y in music t h e essence of that experience, B e e t h o v e n
bears witness to the destiny of man."
W r i t i n g t o his l i f e l o n g f r i e n d F r a n z W e g e l e r , B e e t h o v e n —
w h o p r e v i o u s l y h a d c o n f e s s e d his h e a r i n g loss t o W e g e l e r —
n o n e t h e l e s s h a d b e e n b r i e f l y b u o y a n t a b o u t his p r o s p e c t s . H e
believed he was learning to c o p e w i t h a w o r l d that was i n -
c r e a s i n g l y silent; h e w a s n e w l y i n l o v e w i t h a w o m a n w h o fas-
cinated h i m , and he was sure that s o o n he w o u l d travel the
w o r l d . " I w i l l t a k e fate b y t h e t h r o a t , i t shall n o t w h o l l y o v e r -
c o m e m e , " h e h a d w r i t t e n . " O h , i t w o u l d b e s o lovely t o live
a t h o u s a n d lives."
K A R L B E E T H O V E N , T H E C O M P O S E R ' S N E P H E W a n d sole
heir, had died n i n e years before F e r d i n a n d Hiller, in 1883,
passed t h e small treasure h e h a d clipped f r o m the master c o m -
p o s e r ' s h e a d t o his o n l y s o n . A t s e v e n t y - o n e , F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r ' s
l o n g c a r e e r n o w w a s i n its d e n o u e m e n t ; h e still c o m p o s e d ,
m u c h like t h e a g i n g a n d i n f i r m B e e t h o v e n h a d d o n e , b u t —
v e r y unlike t h e m a n w h o m h e briefly h a d m e t and t h e n c e f o r t h
had hugely revered—already the public was losing interest in
H i l l e r ' s c r e a t i o n s , a l r e a d y his i m p a c t o n t h e w o r l d o f m u s i c w a s
w a n i n g dramatically.
I n t h e d a y s b e f o r e his d e a t h , L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n h a d
urged fifteen-year-old F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r t o d e v o t e h i s life t o
a r t , a n d t o w o r k ceaselessly t o w a r d its p e r f e c t i o n . H i l l e r h a d
t a k e n t h a t a d m o n i t i o n d e e p l y t o h e a r t , a n d b y all b u t t h e m o s t
d e m a n d i n g m e a s u r e m e n t s , h e h a d s u c c e e d e d splendidly. W h i l e
still a t e e n a g e r , his t a l e n t s h a d a s t o n i s h e d s o m e o f E u r o p e ' s
f o r e m o s t m u s i c i a n s ; i n P a r i s i n his t w e n t i e s , h e h a d m o v e d t o
the c e n t e r o f a circle o f s o o n - t o - b e r e n o w n e d y o u n g c o m -
p o s e r s w h o w e r e d e t e r m i n e d t o infuse t h e i r m u s i c w i t h t r a n -
scendent e m o t i o n in the w a y that the now-deified B e e t h o v e n
had done; and in the succeeding decades, Hiller had continued
t o b e vitally i m p o r t a n t t o b o t h t h e l e g i o n o f musicians w h o m
he befriended and supported and the concertgoing public
w h o s e a p p r e c i a t i o n o f m u s i c h e n u r t u r e d a t e v e r y t u r n . A s his
health d e t e r i o r a t e d in t h e early 1880s a n d it b e c a m e clear that
his d a y s t o o w o u l d s o o n b e d o n e , F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r c o n t i n u e d
to c o m p o s e , n o t because he h o p e d that posterity s o m e h o w
w o u l d c h a n g e its m i n d a n d o n e d a y d e m a n d his m u s i c , b u t
simply because t h e j o y of shaping s o u n d into art r e m a i n e d syn-
o n y m o u s w i t h l i v i n g for h i m .
BY T H E T I M E HE H A D g i v e n his l o n g - c h e r i s h e d l o c k o f
Beethoven's hair to his son, Ferdinand Hiller had grown
d e e p l y distressed a b o u t t h e rise of r a m p a n t a n t i - S e m i t i s m in
E u r o p e , a n d h e c h i l l i n g l y h a d p r e d i c t e d t h a t b e c a u s e o f it, t h e
t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y w o u l d b e filled w i t h b l o o d a n d h o r r o r . P a u l
H i l l e r a n d his f a m i l y h a d b e g u n t o e x p e r i e n c e p e r s o n a l l y t h e
effects o f t h a t e t h n i c h a t r e d o n l y a s h o r t t i m e after his father's
d e a t h , a n d a l t h o u g h h e , l i k e his f a t h e r , l o n g h a d d e v o t e d his life
t o t h e b e s t o f T e u t o n i c c u l t u r e — t o its m u s i c a l a r t s — i t w a s t h e
G e r m a n y characterized by Hitler rather than by Beethoven in
w h i c h h e d i e d u n e x p e c t e d l y i n 1 9 3 4 , his w i f e a n d s o n s f o r c e d
a s t h e y e u l o g i z e d h i m t o h i d e his J e w i s h h e r i t a g e i n t h e d e s -
perate h o p e of avoiding death themselves.