UNIT 7

Grammar
Passive voice: tenses
We use them when the action is more important than the one who does it (agent), when the
agent is unknown or not relevant.
Tense Active Passive
Present simple Take(s) Am/are/is taken
Present continuous Am/are/is taken Am/are/is being taken
Past simple Took Was/were taken
Past continuous Was/were taking Was/were being taken
Present perfect simple Have/has taken Have/has being taken
Past perfect simple Had taken Had been taken
Future simple Will take Will be taken

Passive voice: Gerunds, Infinitives & modal verbs

Tense Active Passive
Gerund taking Being taken
Bare infinitive take Be taken
Full infinitive To take To be taken
Modal Can take Cam be taken

Causatives
We use it to say that someone has arranged/ done something for us or that something
unpleasant happened to someone
Have + object+ past participle

If we want to be less formal, we can use got+ object + past participle

Vocabulary
- Arson - Robbery - Do away with
- Burglary - Vandalism - Get away with
- Computer - Lawyer - Give yourself up
hacking - Clerk - Own up
- Illegal parking - Judge - Put away
- Kidnapping - Defendant - See through
- Pickpocketing - Witness
 UNIT 8

Grammar
Conditionals
IF clause Main clause
0 Present simple Present simple
1st Present tense Will+ bare infinitive
2nd Past tense Would + bare infinitive
3rd Past perfect tense Would + have + past
participle
Mixed Past perfect tense Would+ bare infinitive
Without if Provided/providing that; on Supposing, …?
condition that; as long as.

Unless, otherwise

• Zero conditional: Actions or situations that are always true (we can use when
instead of if)
• First conditional: Actions or situation that will probably happen (we can use can,
could, may, might instead of will)
• Second conditional: situations that are unlikely to happen or impossible in the
present/ future. We can use it also to give advices (we can use could or might
instead of would)
• Third conditional: situations that could have happened but didn’t, we cannot
change the past (we can use might or could instead of would)
• Mixed
• Without if

Vocabulary
- Torrential - Agriculture - Electrical
- Rainfall - Bank appliances
- Moisture - Current - Recycle
- Coastal - Delta - Block out
- Ecosystem - Downpour - Block over
- Evaporation - Flames - Burst into
- Fossil fuels - Gust - Freeze over
- Global warming - Habitat - Wear away
- Natural resources - Solar energy - Wipe out
- Climate change - Adapt
 - Atmosphere - Emissions - Rise
- Coastal - Produce

UNIT 9
Grammar
Relative clauses
Used to give information about the subject/object. They can be defining, it means that the
information is necessary to understand the sentence, or non-defining where we give extra
information but that is not necessary to understand the information.

Participle clauses
Used to make sentences shorter when the subject of both clauses is the same.
- If the verb is active, we use Present participle (-ing)
- If the verb is passive, we use Past participle (-ed)
- We can use a participle to replace a relative pronoun and verb (the people who were
hired hired)
- We can use perfect participle (have + past participle) to talk about an action that
occurred or was in progress before another. (Have→ had= had updated having
updated; had been working having worked)
- Perfect participle can be used for active voice (having+ past participle) and passive
voice (having been + past participle)
Vocabulary
- Builder - Employees - Communication
- Manager - Insurance skills
- Lifeguard - Leave - Computer skills
- Salesperson - Opening - Hard working
- Writer - Rise - Honest
- Lidership skills - Supervisor - Interpersonal
- Neat appearance - Amateurs skills
- Workforce - Bearer of bad - Positive attitude
- Candidate news - Punctual
- Client - Bounce ideas

Formal letter expressions