BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION AND

PROPERTIES OF ALOE VERA

A Term Paper
Submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirements of
Master of Science Degree Second Semester Examination in Chemistry

Submitted by:
Name: Yugesh Ghimire
Roll No: 13/074
T.U. Registration No: 5-2-0037-2077-2013

Submitted to:
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
Tri – Chandra Multiple Campus
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY, KATHMANDU, NEPAL
June, 2019
 RECOMMENDATION

This is to certify that the term paper entitled, "Biomedical application and
properties of aloe vera" has been carried out by Mr. Yugesh Ghimire, the student of
M.Sc. Chemistry Second Semester Roll No. 13/074 for the partial fulfillment of
requirement of Master of Science degree in chemistry under my supervision. To the
best of my knowledge, this work has not been submitted to any other degree in this
institute.

...................................
Supervisor
Asst. Prof. Dr. Arvind Kumar Pathak
Department of Chemistry
Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus
Ghantaghar, Kathmandu Nepal

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely express my profound gratitude and indebtedness to our respected

supervisor, Asst. Prof. Dr. Arvind Kumar Pathak, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus,
Tribhuvan University, for his precious guidance, encouragement and supervision in
completing the term paper on time. I would like to thank heartily to Prof. Shila Kant
Lal Karn, the Head of Department of Chemistry for providing this golden opportunity
to write the term paper. I would like to show my gratitude to coordinator of MS.c
program Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bishan Datta Bhatt for providing opportunity to prepare this
term.

I am grateful to all teachers and my friends. Specially thanks for my colleagues: Mr.
Santosh Sah for his support during the preparation of the term paper.

......................

Yugesh Ghimire

June , 2019

ii
 ABBREVIATION

AVES Aloe Vera extracts

AVISA Aloe vera internacional socieded anonim
GC Gas chromatography
HPLC High performance liquid chromatography
IR InfraRed
INT Iodonitrotetrazolium
MIC Minimum inhibitory concentration
NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance

iii
 ABSTRACT

Aloe vera is herb distributed throughout the world. The herb is used internally to
combat most digestive problems, including constipation, poor appetite, diabetes,
immune system enhancement. The plant leaves contains numerous vitamins, minerals,
en-zymes, amino acids, natural sugars and other bioactive compounds. The first
objective of this study was to investigate the anti-bacterial activities of Aloe Vera
using methanol extract of Aloe Vera gel (MEAG), ethanol extract of Aloe Vera gel
(EEAG) and acetone extract of Aloe Vera gel (AEAG). The second objective of this
study was to evaluate the anti-oxidant activities of AVES using reducing and
chelating activities of Aloe Vera. The inhibition efficiency of Aloe Vera extract
(AVES) increased from 21.5% up to 75.56% on increasing of its concentration from 5
mg/Kg to 40 mg/Kg. This result indicates that Aloe extract provided a natural
antioxidant by scavenging free radicals.

Keywords: Aloe Vera, antioxidant, Aloe Vera extracts (AVES), bioactive compound

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents page no.

Recommendation letter
Acknowledgement ii
Abstract ii
Abbrevation iv
Table of contents v
1. Introduction 1
2. Literature review 7
3. Experimental method 9
4. Results and discussion 11
5. Conclusion 16
References 18

v
 List of figures

Page no

Fig 1: The stucture of aloe vera leaf and flower 1

Fig 2: The three corss section structure of Aloe vera plant 2
Fig 3: Medicinal properties and uses of Aloe 5
Fig 4: metal chelating activity of AVES 14
Fig 5: The reducing power of AVES 14

vi
 CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction of Aloe vera
Aloe barbadensis miller generally referred to as aloe vera is a species of plant
belonging to the genus Aloe, is the Arabic name for the plant while vera means true or
genuine. As belonging to the family Liliace that originated in South Africa but have
been indigenous to dry subtropical and tropical climates including the southern USA,
aloe vera has been used for medicinal purposes in several cultures for millennia:
Greece, Egypt, Mexico, Japan, and China, and leaves of aloe vera are particularly
used an ointment for the skin. According to the Chinese pharmacopie, Aloe vera has a
cold and bitter nature. The herb is used internally to combat most digestive problems
including constipation, poor apetite, collitis, irritable bowel syndrome as well as
asthama diabeties, immune system enhancement, peltic ulcers [1].
Aloe Vera is a succulent plant, succulants are commonly xerophytes and
having storage tissue that hold maxium water ranging from 99-99.5% and 0.5-1.0%
sold materials that include water and fat soluble vitamins, minerals, enzymes, simple
and complex polysaccharides, phenolic compounds and organic acids. Studies on the
structural components of the A.vera plant leaf be portions, the rind was found to 20-
30% and the pulp 70-8-% of the whole leaf weight. On the dry weight basis, the
percentages of the rind and pulp represented as lipids (2.7%-4.2%) and that as
proteins (6.3% and 7.3%) only accounted for a minor fraction. [2].

Fig 1: The stucture of aloe vera leaf and flower

1
1.2 Characteristics of Aloe vera
1.2.1 Physical classification:
Membranes which are green and leathery. Beneath it a tough resistant covering is the
gel which itself as a compact, gelatinous mass with a transculant pearly aspect. The
leaves reach 30-60 cm long, erected green in color, covered with rounded specks and
crowded in a basal rosette. Aloe vera leaf is fatty and smooth. It contains two separate
juice materials, the yellow latex (exudates) refered as “Aloe juice” or “Aloe sap” and
the transparent mucilaginous gel (Aloe vera gel)[ 3].
1.2.2 Chemical classification
Plant of Aloe vera is unique itself that contains richest source of many chemical
compounds. Chemistry of plant demonstrated that there are more than 200 different
biologically active substances which are present different parts of plant bodies. Plants
of aloe vera leaves are made up of three layers which is given as

Green rind/cuticles

Sap

Mucilage or clear gel

Fig 2: The three cross section structure of Aloe vera plant.

The inner clear gel that contains 99% water and the rest is made of glucomannans,
amino acids, lipids, sterols and vitamins. The middle layer of latex bitter yellow sap
that contains antraquinones and glycosides. The outer thick layer “ rind” that contain

2
cuticles and chloroplast which has protective function and in synthesis carbohydrates
and proteins [4].
Anthraquinones
There are twelve different types of anthraquinones are present in the sap of Aloe vera:
Aloinm Isobarbaloin, Antracene, Emodin, Ester of Cinnamonic acid, Chrysophanic
acid, Barbaloin, Anthranol, Aloetic acid, Aloe Emodin, Ethereal oil and Resistannol.
They work as natural painkillers, laxatives and analgesics, and they have powerful
antibacterial, antifungal and virucidal features[5].
Amino Acids
Amino acids are the basic unit of protein, which help in the manufacture and repair of
muscle tissue. The human body needs 8 essential ones among 22 amino acids. Aloe
vera provides 20 of 22 required amino acids and 7 of 8 essential ones which are not
synthesized in our body[5].
Enzymes
Enzymes are natural protein molecules with highly specialized catalytic functions in
biochemical reactions produced by all living organisms. Although like all other
proteins, enzymes are composed of amino acids, they differ in function in that they
have the unique ability to facilitate biochemical reactions without undergoing change
themselves. Some of the most important enzymes in Aleo Vera are: Peroxidase,
Aiiase, Catalase, Lipase, Cellulose, carboxypeptidase, Amylase and Alkaline
Phosphates.[5]
Vitamins
The plants contains many vitamins, including the important antioxidant vitamins A,
C, and F. vitamins B (Thiamins), niacin, vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B12,
choline and folic acid. Generally vitamin B12 responsible for the production of red
blood cells. Similarly, Folic acid helps to develop the new blood cells [5].
Minerals
Aloe Vera contains the following minerals: calcium, manganese, sodium, copper,
magnesium potassium, zinc, chromium, iron etc. maganesium lactates inhibits the
histidine decarboxylates and prevents the formation of histamine from the amino
acids, histamine. Similarly, Sodium ensures that the body fluids do not become too

3
acidic or too alkaline. Copper also enables iron to work as oxygen carriers in the red
blood cells[6].

S. No. Minerals Aloe vera (whole leave)

1 Iron 0.1
2 Phosphorous 0.02
3 Zinc 0.02
4 Copper 0.06
5 Magnesium 1.22
6 Calcium 3.58
7 Sodium 3.66
8 Potassium 4.06
Table 1; Percentage of minerals in Aloe vera [6]

Lignin
This cellulose substance is found in the gel has no known medical properties except it
posses the property of penetrating the human skin[6].
Saponins
These form soapy lathers when mixed and agitated with water. They have been used
in detergents, foaming agents and contain antiseptic properties[6].
Sugars
Aloe Vera contains both monosaccharide, such as glucose and fructose, and
polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are the most important types of sugars. They aid in
proper digestion, maintain cholesterol levels, improve liver functions and promote the
strengthening of bones[6].
Sterols
Sterols are important anti-inflammatory agents. The ones found in Aloe vera are:
Cholesterol, Sitosterol, Campesterol, and Lupeol. These sterols contain antiseptic and
analgesic properties. They also have pain killing properties similar to aspirin[6].

4
1.3 Application
1.3.1 Medicinal uses

Aloe vera is anthelncintic aperients, carminative, deobstruent, depurative, diuretic

stomachic and emmenagogue. Juice is used in skin care medicine, dyspepsia,
amenorrhea, burns, colic, hyperdenosis, hepatopathy, splenopathy, constipation, span
menorrhea, abdominal tumors, dropsy carboncles, sciatica. It is also used in ayurvedic
formulations as appettie stimulant purgative, for treating cough, colds. Piles, debility,
dyspnoea, asthma and jaundic,[7] Traditionally, Aloe vera gel is used both, topically
(treatment of wounds, minor burns and skin irritations) and internally to treat
constipation, coughs, ulcer, diabetes, headaches, anthritis, immune system deficiency.
Similarly, the Egyptians used the aloe vera to make papyrus like scrolls as well as the
treatment of tuberculosis.

Figure 3: Medicinal properties and uses of Aloe [4].

5
Role in wound healing
Aloe vera helps in wound healing in the following proposed ways [6]:
1. Keeps the wound moist
2. Increases migration of epithelial cells
3. Enhances collagen maturation
4. Reduces inflammation
Effects on immune system
Aloe vera is a well-known adaptogen that has the capability to boost body’s natural
immunity. It balances the body’s system by stimulating body’s defense and adaptive
mechanisms. It contains 90% rhodium and iridium (trace minerals) in the acemannan
which is one of the polysaccharides. It acts as a great stimulant and dramatically
increases the white blood cells or macrophages and T cells. Thus, immunomodulating
effects occur via activation of macrophage cells to generate nitric oxide, secrete
cytokines, and present cell surface markers. It helps the thymus gland to enlarge in
size by 40% and thereby increase the production of T cells [6]
Antimicrobial properties
Various constituents of Aloe vera like sulphur, salicylic acid, cinnamic acid, urea
nitrogen and phenol act as a team to prevent the growth of disease-causing
microorganisms and thus exhibit antimicrobial activity. They help to eliminate many
internal and external infections [6].
Antibacterial property
Aloe vera gel has a broad spectrum activity and is shown to be effective against both
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial effect is suggested to
enhance the wound healing process by eliminating the bacteria which are responsible
for producing inflammation. The inner-leaf gel from Aloe vera was shown to be
effective inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus and Shigella species in vitro. Studies
conducted with Aloe vera in toothpastes have suggested that Aloe vera in gel and
toothpaste forms were equally effective against many species like Candida albicans,
Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis, Prevotella
intermedia and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. Enhanced antibacterial effect against
S. mitis by Aloe vera gel was also demonstrated in some studies [9].

6
 CHAPTER TWO
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Aloe Vera is a plant have great significant contribution in both medicinal and
phytopharmacological uses .Various Scientists and Researchers are devoted towards
its application and its field of research. As we know that various natural
antimicrobials are derived from the barks, stems, leaves and flowers regarding to this,
Aloe Vera is a natural medicinal plant which highly considered to the field of
research. Due to its multidimensional properties it is multidiciplinary plant. It was
also claimed that many biological activities of this plant can be attributed to the
polysaccharides found in the leaf gel.
Yagi et al., 2003.[10] reported that Aloe Vera gel contains a glycoprotein with cell
proliferating-promoting activity, while it is noted that aloe vera improved wound
healing by increasing blood supply (angiogenesis), which increased oxygenation as a
result. Angiogenesis is the growth of new blood capillaries and a part of tissue
regeneration. A study showed that topical application of Aloe Vera gel reestablished
vascularity of burn tissue for a gunie pig, altough no specific constituens were
indentified but two years later,davand et al. reported that low molecular weight
component of freeze-dried aloe vera stimulated blood vessels formation in a chick
chorioallantioc membrane.
Baby joseph et al., 2010. [11] was presented the study and it demostrated that the
traditional and pharmacological and phytopharmocological poroperties of various
bioactive compounds present in the aloe vera. Similarly he and his co-workers also
concluded that the the plants contains many vitamins A, C, F, vitamin B , niacin ,
vitamin B2, choline and folic acid. The leaf pulp and liquid fraction of aloe vera act
against various microorganis. Meanwhile processed aloe vera gel lowred the blood
glucose level by decreasing insulin resistance and also lowered the triglyceride levels
in liver and plasma of mice.
Gao Yan et al,. (2018).[12] Illustrated that the summerization of the pharmacological
activities and clinical studies of aloe vera and various extracts, as well as its extensive

7
application of food chemistry, and will also discuss the future prospects of biomedical
applications of this herb.
Antimicrobial assay: The antibacterial and antifungal properties of the extracts were
assessed by using modified antimicrobial assay utilising microtitre plate described by
Drummond and Waigh et al., Briefly, using aseptic techniques a single colony of
microbe was transferresd into a 100ml bottle of peptone water broth, capped, and
placed in incubator overnight at 35c. After 12-18h of incubation, using aseptic
prepation and the aid of a centrifuge, a clean samp;e of microbe was prepared. To
sterile microtitre plates, 100micro litre of peptone water broth is first added to all
wells, followed by 100 micro liter of microbial culture was further added. The
resulting mixtures were then left to incubate for 24h at ambient temprature. After
incubation, 40 micro litre INT(iodonitrotetrazolium) was added and left it for 20
minutes. The microplates were then assessed visually to determine the minimum
inhibitory concentration (MIC). Controls used for bacteria are Gentamicin,
Chloramphenicol, and Streptomycin while controls used for fungi are Ampicilin and
Amphoterich.

8
 CHAPTER THREE

3. MATRIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Plant materials and extraction

Commercial Aloe vera gel (food grade) was collected from various site, especially
form AVISA (Aloe vera international socieded anonim, fuerteventura, canary island,
spain). Fresh gel was obtained under aseptic conditions using the mucilaginous part of
the leaf and immediately shipped to the laboratory under cold condition.and protected
form light until the analytical procedure took place. The leaves generally used for
extractions measured between 40 and 60 cm in length and mainly extracted from 3
years old plant specimen. Whole leaves were cleaned by water especially distilled
water with 0.5% chlorine. The spikes and margine were removed before slicing the
leaf. The cortex was carefully seperated from the parenchyma using a scapel-shaped
knife. Filets were washed thoroughly with distilled water to remove the exudate from
surfaces. Filets were stored fo no longer than 1h at -18c prior to lyophilization.

3.2 Methodology (seperation of bio active ingredents from aloe vera leaves)
High peformance liquid chromatography or high liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a
technique that is used to separate a mixture of compounds to indentify or purify the
individual components of a mixture. It allows you to use a very much smaller particle
size for the column packing materials which give a much greater surface area for
interraction between stationary phase and molecules following phase. This allows
much better seperation of the components of the mixture. Other major improvement
over column chromatography concerns the detection methods which can used these
methods are highly automated and extremly sensitive. Low and high pressure liquid
chromatography based seperation techniques are most widely used for fraction,
purification and size determination. Ion exchange chromatography is a separation
technique based on the charge molecules. It is used for the seperation of charge
molecules from the neutral one. Gas chromatographhy (GC) is another widely
employed technique. The mobile phase is gas, instead of liquid as in LPLC or HPLC.
It is suitable for the separation of volatile compounds. For example, acetyl or methyl
groups on a polysaccharide can be measured by this method following saponification.
9
Other commonly used analytical methods include specific rotation, infra red (IR) and
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Improved chromatographic
methods for determination of bio active compounds from Aloe vera Leaves.

3.3 Equipment and Instruments

The equipment’s such as agar plates, contact lens, sterilized cork borer, cleaner (ISO
35, Bocht, Offenburg, Germany), oven (model: OV25OC-England), burner and
autoclaves (Todd-Hewitt broth (Merck, Germany)) were used during anti-microbial
activity of Aloe Vera. Soxhlet" apparatus (model: 774419, England) were used for
“extraction purpose. UVVis (model: sp65, UK) was also used for absorbance
measurement during anti-oxidant investigation of AVES. Besides these, other
preliminary equipment’s like analytical balance, rotary evaporator, shaker and
centrifuge were used during entire laboratory works.

3.4 Chemicals and Reagents

Solvents such as methanol, ethanol and acetone were required for extraction purpose.
FeCl2, C2H6N4O4, K3[Fe(CN)6](Merck, Darmstadt, Germany

ethylenediamminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), PO4 -3 buffers (pH 7), and Cl3CCOOH

(Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were used for anti-oxidant test of Aloe Vera extracts.
For anti-microbial activity of Aloe Vera plant, Muller Hilton agar was used.

3.5 Reducing Power of Aloe Vera

Each 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40mL of AVES was mixed with 3mL of PO4 -3 buffers (pH
7.4) and 1 g K3[Fe(CN)6], The mixture was incubated at 50°C for 20 min. 3mL of
Cl3CCOOH was added to the mixture and was centrifuged for 10 min. 3mL of the
upper layer solution was tested. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences taken and mixed with distilled water and FeCl3. Finally the absorbance was
measured at 700 nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and compared with standards
value. The radical scavenging activity of extract was expressed in terms of percentage
of inhibition by adapting the following formula

10
 Antioxidant activity (%) 

Where, A1 is the absorbance of control or normal complex and A1 is the absorbance

of sample extract.

3.6 Chelating activity of Aloe extract

In order to observe the chelating activity of AVES with Fe the following conditions
were considered. 1) Fe complexes formation in the presence of standards (EDTA), 2)
Fe complexes formation in the presence of Aloe Vera extract, 3) Fe complexes
formation in the absence of both standard and Aloe extract. Each absorbance of the
above condition was measured at 562 nm and the values were compared. 5, 10, 20, 30
and 40mL/Kg of AVES were added to 2 µg/Kg FeCl2 solutions. The reaction was
facilitated by adding 5mmol/L of 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydazine. The mixture was
shaken and left standing at room temperature for 10 min. The absorbance was
measured (562 nm) and the % inhibition of 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydazine-Fe2+ complex
formation was calculated as:
Antioxidant activity (%) 

3.7 Antibacterial Activity

The antibacterial activity test of the Aloe Vera plant extracts against E. coli and
bacillus was carried out by the agar-well diffusion method. The 20mL of sterilized
Muller Hinton Agar was poured into sterile Petri dish and solidified. On it, 100µL of
E. coli and Bacillus were swabbed on the respective plates. The seeded agar was
punched out with a sterile cork borer at equally spaced wells on the medium to make
holes. The extracts (methanol, ethanol, acetone and their combination) were filled in
the wells and incubated for 72hours at 370ºC. The diameter of inhibitory zones
measured in mm.
Similarly, the methanolic extract of Aloe barbadensis was assyed for five strains of
gram (+) ve bacterial strains viz, Bacillus ceresis ATCC1457, Bacillus subtilis
DFR13, Enterococcus faecalis (lab culture), Listeria monocytogenes ATCC13932
Stapylococcus aurues and gram –ve bacterial strains viz, Aeromonas hydrophils

11
MTCC646 Escherichia coli. Antibacterial activity was determined by the agar- well
diffusion method.
The Aloe extract was potent against three strains of Mycobacterium (M. fortium, M.
smeg-matis and M. kansasii). and a strong anti-mycobacterial activity against M.
tuberculosis as well as antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. typhi.
Streptoccocus pyogenes and Sterptoccocus faecalis are two microorganism that have
been inhibited by Aloe vera gel. Glucomannan and acemannan have been proved to
accelerate wound healing, activating macrophages, stimulating immune system as
well as antibacterial and antiviral effects.
Aloe vera gel was bactericidal against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and acemannan
prevented it from adhering to human lung epithelial cells in amonolayer culture, a
processed aloe vera gel prepation inhibited the growth of fungus Candida albicans, The
antibacterial activity test of the aloe vera plant extacts against E.coli and bacillus was
carried out by the agar well diffusion method. The 20ml of sterilized Muller Hinton Agar
was poured into sterile petri and solidifiede . On the 100 micro litre of E.coli and Bacillus
were swabbed on the respective plates. The sedded agar was punched out with sterile corl
borer at equally spaced wells on the medium to make holes. The extract methanol,
ethanol, acetone and their combination were filled in the wells and incubated for 72h
at37ºc. The diameter of inhibitory zones measured in mm.

12
 CHAPTER FOUR
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Antioxidant Activities of Aloe Vera

In this study, the antioxidant activities of AVES were tested with metal ion chelating
and reducing power.

4.2 Metal Chelating Activity of Aloe Vera: Transition metal ions such as copper
and iron are important in the production of ROS by donating and accepting single
electrons during redox reactions, cycling from reduced to oxidized forms and back as
shown below (Bashir et al., 2011).

Fe2+ (reduced iron) (Fe3+ oxidized iron)

Cu+ ((reduced copper) Cu2+ (oxidized copper)

4.3 Redox reaction of Cu and Fe metals.

In the presence of transition metal ions, H2O2 is continuously produced in vivo and
easily breaks down to produce the OR ∙radical as indicated below.
H2O2+ Fe2+ 2OH + Fe3+
4.4 Generation of free radicals from hydrogen peroxide by ferrous ion
Many antioxidants, including vitamin C and some flavonoids can provide the electron
source for the redox recycling of transition metal ions which reduce the formation of
ROS. This antioxidant like AVES is a molecule which reduces the extent of oxidative
destruction of biomolecules. It breaks the chain by donating an electron to the free
radical present in the system. It also forms a new radical bond more stable than the
initial one or it removes ROS initiators by forming strong bond with reagents.

As shown in Figure 4, the formation of the Fe3+complex is not complete in the

presence of AVES which demonstrated its capacity in chelating with iron. Both the
extracts and standard (EDTA) were interfered with the formation of ferrous complex
with the reagent 2, 4- dinitrophenylhydazine. This suggest that they have chelating
activity and capture the ferrous ion before 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydazine. AVES form

13
bonds with a metal to reduce the redox potential thereby stabilizing the oxidized form
of the metal ion. Thus, the AVES have a well-known capacity for iron binding which
related with its iron binding capacity.

Fig. 4: metal chelating activity of AVES.

Fig. 5: The reducing power of AVES

4.5 Reducing Power of Aloe Vera

In the reducing power assay, the presence of reductants like AVES in the sample would
result in the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ by donating an electron. In this study, the

14
reducing ability of AVES was observed in the formation of Perl’s blue when Fe3+
reduced to Fe2+ by donating electrons/H atom to the acceptor like free radicals to
form stable bonds as shown below.
Fe3+ + 2OH H2O2 +Fe2+ H2O + O2
The reducing power of Aloe Vera extracts. In this assay, the yellow color of the test
solution changes to Perl’s blue when reduction of the Fe3+ complex to the ferrous

complex. The amount of Fe2+ complex formation was monitored by measuring the

formation of Perl’s blue at 700 nm in UV-Vis spectroscopy. The absorbance of Fe2+

complex decreased linearly in a dose dependent manner. This is due to the reaction
between antioxidant molecules and radicals, which results in the scavenging of the
radical by hydrogen donation. The variation of the reducing power (the absorbance at
700 nm) as a function of AVES concentration was plotted in Fig.4b, in which the
reducing power increased with the concentration. The inhibition efficiency of AVES
increased from 21.5% up to 75.56% on increasing of its concentration from 5 mg/Kg
to 40 mg/Kg.
A better understanding of the effect of free radicals in human health will lead to a
better understanding of the way how to control excessive free radicals with natural
antioxidants. Thus, this research might be weighted and emphasized the effect of ROS
on human health, and encourage the use of AVES for free radical scavenger.

15
 CHAPTER FIVE
5. CONCLUSION

The plant Aloe Vera has both medicinal and phytopharmacological uses such as anti-
oxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, antidiabetic, wound healing etc. It is aslo found that
this plant is also used in different civilization period as for different purpose such as
home remedies, skin moisturizing and anti-ageing, digestive tract health, resulting the
plant is boon to mankind. Aloe Vera also uses for the prevention and treatment of
several diseases. Since it is easily available with low price, no side effects, and eco-
friendly with environment.

16
 6.Suggestion for further work

In recent study, Aloe vera is multidisciplinary species in various

phytopharmacological and medicinal uses. Inspite of that, many researchers are still
unsatisfy for latest update of application and its uses. In order to this they were also
devoted for further investigation to fullfil another acheivement in the field of
phytopharmacological and medicinal. The quest for research never end until it will
reach in static phase. So, it is better to use biomedical and other chemical field.
Similarly, Aloe vera is a verstile natural boon plant, if it is properly used in our
country Nepal may be this one is better options for all the researcher’s or even
scientists in the area of natural product this must be helpful for the production of other
inventine product.

17
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