Environmental Meteorology

--- Ichiro Tamagawa (River Basin Reserch Center)

Meteorology is the science of atmosphere. The topics include global warming,
heavy precipitation, dynamics, radiation, the interaction between atmosphere
and land/ocean, the temperature at your home town, rainbow, and so on.
Let's discuss several topics and deepen our understandings. The selection of
topics depends on the students.
This lecture includes the presentation by the students and the discussion
based on it.

The aim of this lecture is to deepen our understandings on the atmosphere

and relating phenomena. The phenomena of global scale, regional scale and
micro scale, and also the physics in them are the targets.

1. Introduction (Earth, Meteorology, Physical bases)

2 - 8. Presentation and discussion
This lecture is given by
玉川一郎 (Ichiro Tamagawa)
Prof. River Basin Research Center, Gifu Univ. , Dr. (Sci)
Room: Ｆ203
e-mail: tama@green.gifu-u.ac.jp
Major: Meteorology, Hydrology
Observation, Turbulent transport, land surface
Teach: Meteorology, Mathematics, Computer
Network and server administrator

English is used in the lecture.

Please be patient to my poor English.
About the lecturere

Observations I joined

From Google Map

Meteorological Satellite’s image
(Himawari 8, JMA)
Earth

• Mean distance from Sun: 149.6×106km

• Period of revolution
365.256 363 004 日（sidereal year 恒星年）
365.242 190 402 日（solar year 太陽年）
• Period of rotation
1恒星日(sidereal day) : 23h 56m 4s
1太陽日 solar day : 24h
• Equatorial radius: 6380km
• 0.0033528 (Only 0.3%)
• Density 5.5×103kg/m3
 Composition
Gas Volume(A)

Form
Name in ppmv(B) in %
ula

Nitrogen N2 780,840 78.084

Oxygen O2 209,460 20.946

Argon Ar 9,340 0.9340
Carbon dioxi
CO2 397 0.0397
de

Neon Ne 18.18 0.001818

Helium He 5.24 0.000524

Methane CH4 1.79 0.000179

Not included in above dry atmosphere:

Water 0.001%–
H2 O 10–50,000(D)
vapor(C) 5%(D)

notes:
(A) volume fraction is equal to mole fraction for

ideal gas only,

also see volume (thermodynamics)
(B) ppmv: parts per million by volume
(C) Water vapor is about 0.25% by mass over full

atmosphere
(D) Water vapor strongly varies locally[4] Mean atmospheric water vapor
Composition of Earth's atmosphere by volume. The lower pie
represents the trace gases that together compose about 0.038% of the
atmosphere (0.043% with CO2 at 2014 concentration). The numbers
are from a variety of years (mainly 1987, with CO2 and methane from
2009) and do not represent any single source.
From Wikipedia
Principal layers

• Exosphere: 700 to 10,000 km

• Thermosphere: 80 to 700 km
• Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km
• Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km
• Troposphere: 0 to 12 km

From Wikipedia
気温の高度分布

基礎気象学より From Wikipedia

Temperature distribution and
zonal wind distribution

Troposphere

Troposphere
From “Atmospheric Science, an
introductory survey” by J.M. Wallace
& P.V. Hobbs 1977
Sun and Earth
Vernal equinox

Winter solstice
The plane of the ecliptic

Summer solstice
Autumnal equinox

Arctic circle

Tropic of Cancer
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
Antarctic circle

基礎気象学より
 Direct solar radiation

• Solar altitude (太陽高度)

← Important for solar radiation intensity
天
Solar altitude (太陽高度) at culmination (～ noon) 頂
＝90度－latitude(緯度)＋Declination of the Sun 角 日射
岐阜大の場合： Zenith angle
Summer 夏：
90－35.5＋23.4＝77.9度 高度 α
Solar altitude
Winter 冬：
90－35.5＋（－23.4）＝30.9度 地表面

冬の日射量：夏の53％
IHAH = IDAD,
AD = AH sinα
→ IH = ID sinα
From “Atmospheric Science, an introductory
survey” by J.M. Wallace & P.V. Hobbs 1977
From “An Introduction to Atmosperic Radiation”
by K. N. Liou 2002

Planck’s law
From “Atmospheric Science, an introductory
survey” by J.M. Wallace & P.V. Hobbs 1977
Earth Energy Budget

Infrared radiation
contributes so
much.

from Wikipedia
GPCP Monthly Images (All months)
(http://precip.gsfc.nasa.gov/rain_pages/global_choice.html)
Convective cloud

Cumuliform cloudscape over Swifts Creek, Australia, from Wikipedia

 湿潤対流 moist convection
line of
“moist adiabatic lapse rate”
空気塊は、持ち上げられると
気圧が下がることにより、膨張し
その仕事の分だけ温度が低下する。

水蒸気が飽和していると、
その温度低下により凝結（昇華）し、
凝結熱（＋凝固熱）を放出するので
温度低下が小さくなる。

周囲の大気の温度の鉛直分布
（＝状態曲線）との兼ね合いで line of
対流が自発的に起こるかどうか “adiabatic lapse rate”
決まる。
Level of Free Convection

Lifting Condensation Level ローカル気象学 （浅井冨雄）

大気境界層 Atmospheric Boundary Layer
potential temperature
distribution

potential temp. :
the temperature that a air
parcel will have after
compressed to the 1000hPa
without heat exchange.

一般気象学より
日中の境界層 Daytime Atmospheric
Boundary Layer （混合層 Mixing layer）

煙 より
夜間の境界層 Nocturnal Boundary Layer
（安定層 Stable layer）

煙 より
 The Basic Equation for Motion
Newton’s law
F  ma
Mass of fluid ? -> Force per mass (specific force)
(unit: acceleration)

F
a F 1 F

m m V

Ex.
F 1 F 1
F    p
g m V 
m
gravity Pressure gradient Others
One more important force acting to
atmosphere

Coriolis effect
コリオリの力
• 回転台上での実験（気象研究所、海洋学会）

一般気象学 6.2 に対応

In this lecture, I hope to have discussion with
your presentation.
• Everyone should make presentation relating to environment and/or
meteorology.
• Physics
• Coriolis force, thermodynamics, water vapor, heat, turbulence….
• weather forecast by solving equations with observed data (simulation)
• also climate simulation
• Phenomena
• Low, Heavy Rain, Snow, Typhoon, Tornado, Micro burst,
• Jet stream, Land and see breeze, Mountain wave,
• Global warming, Heat Island, Hot or Cold condition, Climate in house …

Chemistry or other topics are also welcome.

• Let’s have discussion with your presentation.