Acknowledgement

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Abstract

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Table of Contents

Introduction
Aims .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Objectives ................................................................................................................................................. 7
Literature Review .......................................................................................................................................... 7
Basics of Traversing ................................................................................................................................... 7
Terms used in Surveying for Traversing .................................................................................................... 7
Field Procedure ............................................................................................................................................. 8
Field Reconnaissance ................................................................................................................................ 8
Choice of Stations ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Setting up of Instrument ........................................................................................................................... 8
Distance Measurement ............................................................................................................................. 9
List of Equipments..................................................................................................................................... 9
Procedures .............................................................................................................................................. 11
Results ......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Analysis & Discussions ................................................................................................................................ 14
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 15
References .................................................................................................................................................. 16

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List of Figures

Figure 1: Theodolite…………………………………….................................................................9

Figure 2: Ranging rod…………………………………….............................................................10

Figure 3: Tripod……………………………………......................................................................10

Figure 4: 30m Measuring Tape……………………………………...............................................10

Figure 5: Plumb Bob……………………………………...............................................................10

Figure 6: Ball Pein Hammer……………………………………...................................................11

Figure 7: Wooden Peg……………………………………............................................................11

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List of Figures

Table 1: List of Group Members…………………………………………………………………..6

Table 2 : List of Equipments………………………………………………………………………8

Table 3 : Booking Sheet of Results………………………………………………………………..8

Table 4 : Combined Results……………………………………………………………………….8

Table 5 : Error Calculation……………………………………………………………………….. 8

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This practical was carried out in group of eight members.

The table 1 below shows the list of members of the group.

Member Names ID

BACHOO Swarna 1711515

BANGAROO Genna Rajam 1713568

CHEEKOORY Urvashee 1714271

CHEEKHOORY Vidya Pravesh 1714777

DOOBEE Niresh Kumar 1712480

PATROO Kavi Rohan 1611607

POKEERBUX Muhammad Nabeel 1711839

SREECHAUND Naresh 1712869

Table 1: List of Group Members

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Introduction

Leveling is the art of determining relative height or elevations of different points on the earth surface. The
elevation of a point has been defined as its vertical distance above and below a given reference level
surface and usually a mean sea level. The leveling work can be carried out by using direct method or
indirect method. The main equipment needed to carry out leveling works is level and staffs. The elevation
of the point is calculated using Height of Collimation Method or by using Rise and Fall Method. The final
works of the leveling is to transform the numerical data into graphic form either in map or drawing.

Aims

Establishment of a network of horizontal control stations

Objectives

Literature Review

Basics of Traversing

Terms used in Surveying for Traversing

Bench Mark and Reference Datum

In order to calculate the heights of points a datum is required, i.e. a reference level. This is usually the
mean sea level. For this purpose, the use of Bench Marks is necessary, and these are classified as follows:
Bench Mark (BM) – a point with known height above mean sea level (or other reference datum). These
are permanent points (e.g. unchanged by weather conditions) and are provided by the Department of
Lands and Surveys.

Reduced Level

The height of any target point is referred to as Reduced Level (RL), because it is reduced to a known
datum.

Backsight (BS)

It is first staff reading taken immediately after setting up the instrument.

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Foresight (FS)

last staff reading taken before moving the instrument to another location.

Intermediate sight (IS)

All readings taken between a BS and a FS.

Change Point

Field Procedure

Field Reconnaissance

A field reconnaissance was carried out where we:

1. Identified the main features on our survey site:

i. Trees and Bushes

ii. The Library block building
iii. Benches and pathway

2. Identified the different kinds of obstacles which may affect the survey process:

i. Position of trees and bushes

ii. Uneven surfaces of the ground

3. Identified the nature of our site, i.e. gentle sloped ground.

4. Made a sketch of the plan was then made containing the identified features and obstacles.

Choice of Stations

The choice of stations was made in accordance to the Field Reconnaissance.

There would be six stations and would be named as A (first station), B, C, D, E, F (last station) and they
are intervisible .

Setting up of Instrument

Levelling of the Theodolite with the Tripod

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  The tripod is placed on the ground and the three legs are spread to a suitable height, according to
the reader.
 The legs are adjusted and well pressed on the ground, if it is on the soft ground. The base should
be nearly horizontal with the naked eye.
 Then, the Theodolite is placed on the base and is correctly gripped to it in such a way that it will
not fall or move.
 Next, the bubble in the Theodolite is adjusted such that the latter is brought in the middle of the
circle. This will ensure that he level is perfectly horizontal. This is done using the 3 foot screws
on the base of the Theodolite.
 The Theodolite is rotated through 180° and is checked again. Chain arrows are placed at a
distance from the apparatus. The Theodolite is pointed at the target on the chain arrow. The
reading is taken at the middle cross hair.

Distance Measurement

The distance required is the distance between stations.

The distance is measured from the centre of the peg on which the Theodolite with the tripod is leveled to
a named station where a ranging rod is placed.

The distance is measured is the Horizontal Distance.

Methodology

List of Equipments

The table below shows different equipment used during the Levelling Practical.

Equipments Picture Purpose

It is used to focus on the chain
arrow and allow to and read on
the vernier from a definite
1 Theodolite
distance accurately. It also has
the ability to measure
horizontal angles.

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 It contains graduated readings.

2 Ranging rod It is used to measure the height

about a certain point.

It is used to hold a dumpy level

stable on its legs. It can be

3 Tripod adjusted to different desired

height.

It is used to measure horizontal

4 30m Measuring Tape distances between the staff and

the dumpy level.

It is used to check the vertically

and situate the centre of the
5 Plumb Bob
tripod approximately to the
centre of a marking.

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 Ball pein hammer is used to

6 Ball Pein Hammer drive the wooden pegs into the

ground.

It is used to represent the

7 Wooden Peg
stations.

Procedures

Distance measurement

1. The horizontal distance between station A and B is measured using the measuring tape.
2. As the measuring tape available is only of 30 m, the distances between three intervals to avoid
sagging of the measuring tape and are added to get the actual distance between AB.

Angle measurement

3. The Theodolite is set up at a convenient position above the peg at station A

4. A chain arrow is placed at station B and F.
5. The lower clamp is kept fixed and upper clamp is loosened.
6. The telescope is turned face left and clockwise to set vernier B to 0°.
7. The upper clamp is tightened and using the upper tangent screw the vernier B is exactly set to 0°.
8. The upper clamp is tightly fixed, lower one is loosened and telescope is directed towards F and
bisects the chain arrow at F.
9. This horizontal angle is read on the vernier scale and is recorded as Face Left in the data sheet.

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 10. The Theodolite is turned face right at station F and is turned towards station B and this angle is
recorded as Face Right.
11. Step 5 to 11 is repeated for the remaining stations.
12. All the readings are recorded in a clear and tabular form as shown below and checks are carried
out each time in order to minimize errors.

Note: The role of the different taskes, i.e. Distances measurement, Setting up of Apparatus, reading
the Theodolite was interchanged during the survey to give opportunity to everyone.

Results

The reading are shown booked in table 1.1. These are normally recorded in a level book containing all the
relevant columns. Each line of the level book corresponds to a Station reading and this is confirmed by
the entries in the Remarks column. The calculation proceeds in the following manner, in which the angle
between two stations is related to the observations.

Stations Face Left Face Right Angle FL Angle FR Mean Angle

Station A

AB 0 180°00’00’’

AF 215°02’48’’ 35°02’48’’ 215°02’48’’ 215°02’48’’

AB 90°00’00’’ 270°00’00’’

AF 305°02’30’’ 125°02’30’’ 215°02’30’’ 215°02’30’’ 215°02’39’’

Station B

BA 0 180°00’06’’

BC 59°19’06’’ 239°19’24’’ 59°19’06’’ 59°19’18’’

BA 90°00’00’’ 270°00’00’’

BC 149°19’42’’ 329°19’42’’ 59°19’42’’ 59°19’42’’ 59°19’27’’

Station C

CD 0 180°00’00’’

CB 86°00’24’’ 266°00’24’’ 86°00’24’’ 86°00’24’’

CD 90°00’00’’ 270°00’18’’

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 CB 176°00’00’’ 356°02’48’’ 86°00’00’’ 85°59’42’’ 86°00’7.5’’

Station D

DE 0 179°59’54’’

DC 183°41’12’’ 3°41’06’’ 183°41’12’’ 183°41’12’’

DE 270°00’00’’ 90°00’18’’

DC 93°41’36’’ 273°41’36’’ 183°41’36’’ 183°41’18’’ 183°41’19.5’’

Station E

EF 0 180°00’00’’

ED 89°08’36’’ 269°08’36’’ 89°08’36’’ 89°08’36’’

EF 180°00’00’’ 0°00’00’’

ED 269°07’54’’ 89°07’54’’ 89°07’54’’ 89°07’54’’ 89°08’15’’

Station F

FA 0 180°00’30’’

FE 86°48’54’’ 266°49’12’’ 86°48’54’’ 86°48’42’’

FA 270°00’00’’ 90°00’24’’

FE 356°48’36’’ 176°48’36’’ 86°48’36’’ 86°48’12’’ 86°48’54’’

Total angle 720°00’24’’

Misclosure 24’’

Total angle = (2n ± 4) * 90°

= (2(6) - 4) * 90°

= 720°00’00’’

Combined Results

Line Mean Included Angle Length(m)

AB (𝜃A) 215°02’39’’ 35.62

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 BC(𝜃B) 59°19’27’’ 57.66

CD(𝜃C) 86°00’7.5’’ 27.79

DE(𝜃D) 183°41’19.5’’ 35.27

EF(𝜃E) 89°08’15’’ 40.01

FA(𝜃F) 86°48’54’’ 33.64

Analysis & Discussions

1) From the first station at A to B there is a face left reading. A face left of 2.225 m has been
recorded and FS of
0.823 m at A. The resulting height difference is given by (2.225m – 0.823m) = +1.402 m. The
positive sign indicates the rise and is entered at point A.
2) The procedure is repeated and the height difference from A to B is given by (2.006m -0.790m) =
+ 1.216 m. This is entered at point B.
3) When calculating the rises or falls in the FS or IS column must be subtracted from the line
immediately above, either in the same column or one column to the left. The FS is subtracted
from the IS or BS in the line above and the BS on the same line as the FS is the used to continue
the calculation with the next IS or FS in the line below.
4) When the table is complete, a check on the arithmetic involved is possible and must always be
applied. This check is

∑ (BS ) - ∑ ( FS ) = ∑ ( RISES ) - ∑ ( FALLS ) = LAST RL – FIRST RL

5) In table 1.1, the difference between the adjusted RL of the first BM and adjusted RL of the final
BM is 0.00. The result show that the levelling is accurate and pricise. It is mean that we do not
have to make an adjustment.

6) The allowable misclosure for any traversing sequence is

allowable misclosure = ±20√n s

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 where n is the number of angles in the traverse. If the actual value is greater than the allowable
value, the traversing should be repeated. However, if the actual value is less than the allowable
value, the misclosure should be distributed equally between the angles.

Error Calculation

Number of angles 6

Permissible Misclosure ± 49 s ( ± 20√6 )

Actual Misclosure + 24 s

Correction - 24 s

Angular correction -4 s

Conclusion

We manage to carry out angles observation from station A to station F.

All the readings data were booked in a data sheet. Arithmetical check was applied to verify the accuracy

of calculation. The arithmetical check found that all the values were equal to 720º00’24’’, meant that the

accuracy of calculation were differential from 24 s as the total internal angles sum to 720º00’0’’ .

The allowable misclosure is used to check the precision of leveling data, ±20√n s where n is the

number of angles in the traverse. The allowable misclosure is found to be ± 49 s in our practical

which is we have 6 angle observations. The actual value is less than the allowable value,

which is that actual value is + 24 s and the allowable misclosure is ± 49 s . It proved that our work

is accepted.

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References ( Havard Style )

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