FRP Profiles 2018 Shahverdi

Design of FRP-Profiles and All-FRP-Structures
ETHZ Course No. 101-0167-01
Dr. Moslem Shahverdi

Research Scientist at Empa
Empa , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
Tel +41 58 765 4382, email:
References:
• Bank, L. “Composites for Construction - Structural Design with FRP Materials,” John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 2006. (Chapters 12 - 15)
• Fiberline. “Fiberline Design Manual,” www.fiberline.dk, 2003.
• Clarke, JL. (Ed.) “Structural Design of Polymer Composites - EUROCOMP Design Code and
Handbook,” E & FN Spon, 1996.
• Shahverdi, M., “Mixed-mode static and fatigue failure criteria for adhesively-bonded FRP joints”. PhD
Thesis, EPFL, Switzerland, 2013.
Design of FRP-Profiles and All-FRP-Structures, 17.10.2018 Fiber Composites, FS18 Dr. M. Shahverdi 1
Outline
 Introduction
(Pro’s and con’s of FRP / Examples)
 Materials
(Manufacturing process / Materials / Durability)
 Design Concept
(Concept / Basic assumptions / …)
 Bending Beam
(Timoshenko theory / Stresses / Deformations / Buckling …)
 Axial Members
(Serviceability and ultimate limit states)
 Connections
(Bolted joints / Glued joints)
Page 1
Introduction
Introduction: Pro’s and con’s
 Pro’s
Material CFRP GFRP Steel S500
 High specific strength:
 max
lmax  138.4 km 27.8 km 6.4 km
g
 Good in-plane mechanical properties

 High fatigue and environmental resistance
 Adjustable mechanical properties
 Lightweight-> ease of handling, small additional load…
 Quick assembly / erection
 Low maintenance
 Highly cost-effective (2-10 €/kg)
Page 2
Introduction: Pro’s and con’s
 Con’s
 Brittle
 High initial costs
 Low to moderate application temperature (-20 up to 80 °C)
 Low fire resistance (sometimes with unhealthy gases)
Introduction: Common profiles
 Structural profiles
 Most structural profiles produced in conventional profile shapes similar to
metallic materials
 Similarity in geom. and properties, however no standard geom.,
mechanical and physical properties used by all manufacturers
Structural profiles Non-structural profiles
Page 3
Introduction: Examples
 Footbridges
Pontresina bridge, Switzerland
1997
Span: 2 x 12.5 m
Weight: 3.3 tons (installation by helicopter)
http://fiberline.com/pontresina-bridge-switzerland
Fiberline Bridge in Kolding, DK

1997
The bridge was installed during 18 hours over 3
nights
Span: 40 m
Cost: 0.5 mio CHF
Only Fiberline standard profiles used
http://fiberline.com/fiberline-bridge-kolding
 Footbridges
Composite pedestrian bridge in Lleida, Spain
Span: 38 m
Width: 3.0 m
http://fiberline.com/international-award-innovative-grp-footbridge
“GRP does not conduct electricity,

which is also very important as it
means there is no magnetic
interference with the electrified
railway,” continues Mr. Sobrino.
Page 4
Introduction: Examples (ASSET Profile)
 Road bridges
West Mill Bridge, England Klipphausen Bridge, Germany
Span: 10 m Span: 6.8 m

Width: 6.8 m Width: 6.0 m
Load capacity: 46 tons Load capacity: 40 tons
http://fiberline.com/west-mill-bridge-england http://www.fiberline.com/gb/casestories/case6314.asp
Introduction: Examples (Avançon Bridge, Switzerland, 2012)
 Road bridges
Cross section of new two-lane bridge (dimensions in [mm])
Bridge details
Location: Bex, Suisse
Installed on: 12th October, 2012
Dimensions: 12m x 7m (9 tons)
Longitudinal section of new bridge (dimensions in mm) [Prof. Keller]
Page 5
 Bridgedeck (Footbridges)
Würenlos, Switzerland Loopersteg, Switzerland

 Buildings
Eyecatcher Building, Basel, Switzerland

1998
Height: 15 m
Storeys: 5
http://www.fiberline.com/gb/casestories/case1835.asp
Project: Maagtechnic
Page 6
 Laboratory bridge
Empa Laboratory Bridge, Switzerland
Span: 19 m
Width: 1.6 m
Load capacity: 15 tons
 Noise barrier SBB
Göschenen, Switzerland
Page 7
 Balconies
Switzerland
Heineken brewery, Switzerland
Page 8
Introduction: Application
 Applications where GFRP structures are competitive:

 Significant corrosion and chemical resistance is required
(Food and chemical processing plants, cooling towers, offshore platforms …)
 Electromagnetic transparency or electrical insulation is required.

 Light-weight is cost essential
(fast deployment …)
 Prestige and demonstration objects

(e.g. Novartis Campus Entrance Building)
Photo: Prof. Th. Keller, EPFL
Material
Page 9
Material: Pultrusion process
 Only pultruded GFRP profiles will be considered in this lecture
Pultrusion line
 Production of profiles with constant cross-section along the length

 High quality
 Continuous longitudinal fiber bundles and filament mats
Material: Components
 Pultruded profiles contain three primary components:

 Reinforcement
 Matrix
polyester
epoxy
phenol
 Supplementary
constituents
polymerisation agents
fillers
additives
Page 10
Material: Shapes of pultruded profiles
 Available Profiles on Stock:
Length up to 12 m (for transportation reasons)!
 Special cross-sections can be designed and ordered

(several kilometres are necessary → special tools have to be designed)
Material: Durability
 Various environmental and load conditions that affect durability of
(G)FRPs in terms of strength, stiffness, fiber/matrix interface integrity,
cracking:
 water/sea water
 chemical solutions
 prolonged freezing
 thermal cycling (freeze-thaw)
 elevated temperature exposure
 UV radiation
 creep and relaxation
 fatigue
 fire…
Page 11
Material: Durability
 Environmental reduction factor for different FRP systems and

exposure conditions
Exposure condition Fiber / resin type Environ. reduction

Interior exposure Carbon/epoxy 0.95
Glass/epoxy 0.75
Aramid/epoxy 0.85
Exterior exposure Carbon/epoxy 0.85
(bridges, piers Glass/epoxy 0.65
parking garages) Aramid/epoxy 0.75
Agressive environ. Carbon/epoxy 0.85
(chemical plants) Glass/epoxy 0.50
Aramid/epoxy 0.70
Material: Manufacturers
 GFRP profiles available on stock

In Europe two companies pultrude FRP-Profiles:
 Fiberline Composites, Denmark

www.fiberline.com
Fiberline Design Manual (www.fiberline.dk)

→ helpful tool to design structures
(material properties, geometries, connections, …)
 Top Glass, Italy

www.topglass.it
Page 12
Material: Manufacturers
 GFRP profiles available on stock

In North America:
 Strongwell, USA
www.strongwell.com
 Creative Pultrusions, USA

www.creativepultrusions.com
 Bedford Reinforced Plastics, USA

www.bedfordplastics.com
Design Concept
Page 13
Design Concept: Basic Assumptions
 Definitions and directions
90°  perpendicular
0°  parallel to pultrusion direction
Design Concept
 Codes
 Every manufacturer has its own profile design → No European Design
Code is available! (only EN13706, about testing and notation)
 There exists European guidelines: EUROCOMP 1996 Design Code

EUROCOMP 1996 Handbook
 Fiberline Design Manual is based on Eurocomp 1996.

 Design concept (according to Eurocodes and Swisscodes)
 Partial safety factors
 Measured material parameters
 Rules for bolted connections
Page 14
Design Concept
R
Rd   k
m
Design Concept
 Partial safety factor  m   m,1  m,2  m,3  m,4
Coefficient Description Max. m Min. m Fiberline
 m,1 Derivation of mat. properties 2.25 1.15 1.15
 m,2 Degree of postcuring 1.6 1.1 1.1
 m,3 Production process 2.0 1.0 1.0
 m,4 Operating temperature
Operating  m,4
temperature °C
Short-term load Long-term load
-20 ... +60 1.0 2.5

80 1.25 3.13
Page 15
Design Concept
 Serviceability limit states

Ed ≤ Cd
Ed … the crucial action effect due to the load cases considered in

the investigated dimensioning situation. Typically maximal
deflection response of the structure.
Cd … corresponding serviceability limit. SIA 261

 Material Properties, stength values (Fiberline Profiles)
Page 16
 Material Properties, stiffness values (Fiberline Profiles)
 Typical data sheet of a profile (Fiberline I-Profile)
Page 17
Bending Beam
Bending Beam: Design of …
 Calculate bending moments Md and shear forces Qd acting on the profile,

using the appropriate load factors (SIA 260 / 261)
 Ultimate limit state

Md,y,max  Md,z,max  f b,0
 Bending:  max   
Wy  Wz   m
 
Qd,y,max f
 Shear:  max  
Ak,y m
Ak … relevant shear area
Page 18
Bending Beam: Design of …
 Serviceability limit state

 Deflection limit: wmax  1
L 
 … typically selected between 200 and 400

given by SIA 261 or the building owner
wmax … calculated including shear deformations
 Vibrations
Light-weighted and ‘soft’ structures are susceptible to vibrations (traffic, wind,
the movement of people …)!!
Bending Beam: Timoshenko Theory
 Pultruded profiles have a low shear modulus → shear deformation

must be taken into account!
 Several bending theories have been published for beams:

 Euler-Bernoulli theory (1702)
 Timoshenko theory (1968)
 Higher order beam theory
 A simply supported beam with a symmetric cross-section is discussed
Page 19
Bending Beam: Timoshenko Theory
Cross-sections plane Cross-sections plane but Cross-sections do NOT

and perpendicular NOT perpendicular remain plane
1 degree of freedom 2 degrees of freedom 3+ degrees of freedom
w w and ψ w, ψ and …
Bending Beam: Euler vs. Timoshenko Theory
Kinematic relationships
ux   y  w( x),x ux   y  ( x)
u y  w( x) u y  w( x)
 x  ux   y  w( x),xx  x  ux   y  ( x),x

x x
u u
2 xy  ux  y  0 2 xy  ux  y   ( x)  w( x),x
y x y x
Hook’s law
 x  E0°  x and  xy  G  2 xy
M z    y  x  dydz  w,xx E0°  Iz M z    y  x  dydz  ,x E0°Iz

QS QS
Qy      dydz   w,x    GA
QS
Page 20
Equilibrium
In a first approximation, the Equilibrium on an infinitesimal

deflections are calculated by direct beam element:
integration of: q( x)  Q,x    w,xx  ,x   GA
w,xx  M ( x) M ,x Q  ,xx E0°Iz   w,x    GA  0
E0°  Iz
Coupled second order differential equation
Solution for the simply supported beam (distributed load)
M ( x) 
1 1
qLx  qx 2 , w(0)  0 and w( L)  0 w(0)  0 and w( L)  0
2 2 M (0)  0   , x (0)  0 and M ( L)  0   , x ( L)  0
1 1 1 2
w, xx   qLx  qx 
E 0°  I z  2 2  Functions:
  L3  2 Lx 2  x3  w( x)  A1 x 4  A2 x3  A3 x 2  A4 x  A5
qx
w( x) 
24  E 0°  I z  ( x)  B1 x3  B2 x 2  B3 x  B4
Put in  , E I   w,      GA  0 and
xx 0° z x
solve for the coefficients →

24 A1  E 0 I z
B1  4 A1 , B3  2 A3 
  GA
6A  E I
B2  3 A2 , B4   2 0 z  A4
  GA
Use the boundary conditions and

the second differential eq. to
calculate A1 – A5:
qx  L  x  qx  L  x   L  Lx  x 
2 2
w( x)  
2    GA 24  E 0 I z
Deflection at midspan
w L   5 qL w L   5 qL  q  L
4 4 2
 2  384  E I z  2  384  E I z 8  GA
0 0
Page 21
 General expression for the total beam deflection as a sum of the deflection
due to bending and shear:
f1 ( x) f 2 ( x)
w( x)  
E0 I z   GA
Beam f1 ( wmax ) f 2 ( wmax ) x( wmax )

Simply supported
5  qL4 qL2 L
Uniformly distr. load (q) 384 8 2
PL3 PL L
Concentrated load (P)
48 4 2
Cantilever beam
qL4 qL2 L
Uniformly distr. load (q) 8 2
PL3
Concentrated load (P) PL L
3
 Example: influence of the shear deformation

Profile: 300 x 150 mm I-beam
Load: uniformly distributed
General rule of thumb for slender

Beams:
for GFRP beams with span/depth > 25

shear deformation can be ignored
Page 22
Bending Beam: Example
 Choose an appropriate Profile for the following specifications
L = 3.0 m
qd,uls = 13 kN/m
qd,ser = 10 kN/m
wmax/L = 1/300 → wmax=0.01 m
1. Deflections and loading
5 qd ,ser L4 qd ,ser  L2 qd ,uls L2 h qd ,uls L 1

wmax    max    max  
384 E0I z 8 GA 8 2 Iz 2 Ak,y
2. Find a profile with sufficient bending stiffness (SLS).

Shear deformations are neglected in a first step:
5 qd ,ser L4
E0I z   1.054 106 Nm2
384 wmax
→ from specification table: choose I 240x120x12 → E I z  1.369 106 Nm2

0
3. Check the bending and shear stresses (ULS)

qd ,uls L2 h
 max    35.8 MPa  f b,0,d 185 MPa (short term)
8 2 Iz
qd ,uls L 1 (short term)
 max    7.1 MPa  f ,d  20 MPa
2 Ak,y
Do not forget to check also the long term!

Page 23
4. Check deflection (including shear deformation)
5  qd , ser L4 qd , ser  L2
wmax    9.3 10 3 m  wmax  0.01 m
384  E0 I z 8    GA
(7.7 mm) (1.6 mm) (κ=0.42)
5  qd , ser L4 qd , ser  L2
wmax    9.1 10 3 m
384  E0 I z 8  GAweb
Simplification: use area oft the web (conventionally manufactured

5. Remarks: GFRP I and -profiles)
 The design of GFRP-profiles is mostly driven by serviceability criteria.

 Start the design iteration procedure using the maximal deflection criterion.
Bending Beam: Stability problems
 Lateral-torsional buckling
 Flange (compressive) displace laterally to the
transverse load direction.
 Torsional stiffness is too low (especially for

open section profiles)
 Theoretical calculations or design measures.

→ see e.g. L.P. Kollár 2003,
Mechanics of composite structures.
 Example:
Compressive flanges are kept in

place by connection to the bridge
deck.
Page 24
Bending Beam: Stability problems
 Local buckling of walls due to in-plane compression
 Flange (compressive) displaces in the

direction of the transverse load.
 Low bending stiffness perpendicular to the

pultrusion direction.
 Weak fiber mats.
 Local buckling of walls due to in-plane shear

 Web crushing and web buckling in transverse direction
Axial Members
Page 25
Axial Members: Tension
 Ultimate limit state under axial tension Nd

Nd  f t,0 A can be either gross or net area
A m
 Serviceability limit state
 x  N L A = gross area
E0°  A
 Remark: The critical aspect of axial members in tension are neither the serviceability
nor the ultimate limit state. Critical is the load transfer to the GFRP profile!
Axial Members: Compression
 Ultimate limit state under axial compression Nd
Nd  Fc
1 Fc
NEuler
A f
FC   c,0° … maximal compressive load
m
 2  E0  I … Euler load

NEuler 
 m,E  Lk2
Lk … Buckling length for columns
 m,E … coefficient for Young’s modulus = 1.3
Page 26
Axial Members: Compression
 The influence of shear deformation should be considered, but in the most

cases, the influence will be small (less than 5%).
 Local buckling should be considered for short columns.

 For more information on the various buckling modes and effects
→ see L.P. Kollár 2003, Mechanics of composite structures
Global buckling Local buckling
Connections
Page 27
Joints in FRP composite structures
Eyecatcher Building: a mobile lightweight five-story GFRP building, Switzerland, 1998
Three GFRP frames composed of

adhesively-bonded built-up sections as
the main load-bearing structure
Adhesively-bonded sections built up

from pultruded profiles Bolted joints
i
Joints in FRP composite structures
FRP bridge deck panels

[Thesis Dr. Gürtler, CCLab 2004]
Overview of the experimental set-up Failure of adhesive bond

ii
Page 28
Connections: Introduction
Connections: Introduction
(from Eurocomp Design Code 1996)
Page 29
Connections: Bolted joints
 Bolts = Stress concentration in the profile and the bolt.

 It is necessary to ensure that the bolts and the profile
can withstand this concentrated local stress compression.
 It is necessary to ensure that the region surrounding

a group of bolts will not be torn out of the profile.
 Basic failure modes

in bolted shear
connections:
Prof. Keller, EPFL

bolt shear failure
Connections: Bolted joints
 The design procedure is comparable to the one for steel connections, but
since there exist no standard GFRP material → each manufacturer has its
own design rules for bolted joints.
 IMPORTANT REMARKS:
 The direction of pultrusion and the direction of the force is RELEVANT!!!
(anisotropic material)
 Use stainless or galvanised steel

 Do not cut threads in the composite material!
 Use screws with shafts
Page 30
Connections: Bolted joints (Fiberline recommendations)
 Calculation of load bearing capacity of bolts

 Shear in longitudinal direction (0°)
 Shear in transverse direction (90°)
 Tensile force
 Minimum distances

 Joint capacity tables, available for shear and tension
Shear in longitudinal direction 0° Shear in transverse direction 90°
PB,d  d t 150 MPa PB,d  d t 70 MPa

 m (1.3)  m (1.3)
Page 31
 Bolted connection in shear: e.g. shear in longitudinal direction
gm·PBolt ≤ d·t·720 MPa gm·PBolt ≤ d·t·240 MPa gm·PBolt ≤ d·t·240 MPa

gm·PBolt ≤ d·t·240 MPa gm·PBolt ≤ d·t·150 MPa
 Bolted connections in tension

 Static conditions
As  f
 Bolt: Tearing of bolt in threaded cross-section Pd   yk
m
 Laminate: Shear fracture at rim of washer Pd  2 d  t  f

m
 Geometry and strength:
d ... Diameter of the bolt
As ... Stress area of the bolt
t ... Thickness of laminate
2d ... Diameter of washer
fyk … Tensile strength of bolt
f … Shear strength of laminate
Page 32
Connections: Bonded joints
 Using an adhesive agent for joining profiles can have advantages:

 Easy to use / easy to make aesthetic joints
 Typically more rigid than bolted joints
 Glued joints subjected to dynamic loads are good
 But be careful …
 Adhesive agents have properties that depend on time, temperature, humidity …
 Failure in glued joints takes place suddenly (brittle behaviour)
 The load-bearing capacity is not proportional to the area which is glued
 The design of bonded joints may be based on:

 Analytical models for plate-to-plate connections (see Eurocomp 1996 Design Code)
 Design guidelines supplemented by testing
 Finite element analysis
 A bonded joint has the following three primary failure modes:

 adhesive failure
 cohesive failure of adhesive
 cohesive failure of adherend
 The design of any bonded joint shall satisfy the following conditions:
 allowable shear stress in the adhesive is not exceeded.
 allowable tensile (peel) stress in the adhesive is not exceeded.
 allowable through-thickness tensile stress of the adhesive is not exceeded.
 allowable in-plane shear stress of the adherend should not be exceeded.
 The calculation of the stresses has to be done very carefully! Often
calculations are supplemented by testing.
Page 33
 Different types of bonded joint configurations
 Research on bonded joints for structural

applications
Connections: Bonded joints, fracture modes
Displacement control,
1 mm/min, 5 Hz
Ambient conditions
M. Shahverdi, A.P. Vassilopoulos, and T. Keller. Mixed-mode quasi-

static failure criteria for adhesively-bonded pultruded GFRP joints.
Compos Part A-Appl S, 2014, 59: 45–66.
Page 34
Connections: Bonded joints, fracture modes
Mixed-mode bending (MMB-Mode I/II) MMB (mixed-Mode I/II)
c L=170
Lever Pg cg
Center of gravity
P
Applied load
Fulcrum
=
Saddle a =50
0 5.7
Specimen
Loading roller 13.4
Pre-crack
Base 2L=340 7.7
DCB (Mode I)
+
ENF (Mode II)
Mode I fracture
Double cantilever beam (DCB-Mode I)

Displacement control,
1 mm/min
Visual observation
Ambient conditions
Fiber bridging Teflon(pre-crack)
Step 1
Crack tip
300 160
Bridging length Load
Crack length
Step 2 250 140
Crack tip
Crack length (mm)
200 120
Load (N)
150 100
Fully active fiber bridging
Step 3 100 80
Crack tip
Fiber breakage
50 60
Bridging length 0 40
0 5 10 15 20 25
Displacement (mm)
Schematic of fiber bridging phenomenon Output from experiment
Page 35
Strain energy release rate calculation
300 160
Load
Crack length
250 140
Crack length (mm)

200 120
Load (N)
P 2 dC 150 100
G
2 B da
C  ka n 100 80
nP 
G
2 Ba
50 60
Experimental compliance method (ECM)
0 40
0 5 10 15 20 25
Displacement (mm)
Output from experiment
Shahverdi, M., “Mixed-mode static and fatigue failure criteria for adhesively-bonded FRP joints”. PhD Thesis, EPFL, Switzerland, 2013.
Connections: Bonded joints, mixed-mode quasi-static failure criterion

700
Exp.
600 Polynomial
Power law
500 Piecewise linear
400
GI (J/m )
2
300
200
100
0
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
2
GII (J/m )
M. Shahverdi, A.P. Vassilopoulos, and T. Keller. Mixed-mode quasi-static failure criteria for adhesively-bonded pultruded GFRP joints.
Compos Part A-Appl S, 2014, 59: 45–66.
Page 36
Connections: Bonded joints, mixed-mode fatigue failure criterion
Fatigue crack growth (FCG) curve
Regime Regime Regime

1
da/dN (mm/cycle)
2 3
Gth Gc
2
G (J/m )
Shahverdi, M., “Mixed-mode static and fatigue failure criteria for adhesively-bonded FRP joints”. PhD Thesis, EPFL, Switzerland, 2013
  G Q1 
1   th  
 G  
m 
da
 D G  
dN   G Q2 
1    
  Gc  
 
M. Shahverdi, A. P. Vassilopoulos, T. Keller, A total fatigue life model for the prediction of the R-ratio effects on fatigue crack growth of
adhesively-bonded pultruded GFRP DCB joints. Compos Part A-Appl S, 2012; 43(10):1783–1790.
Page 37
Shahverdi, M., “Mixed-mode static and fatigue failure criteria for adhesively-bonded FRP joints”. PhD Thesis, EPFL, Switzerland, 2013

Experiment
3.70
2.20
9.00
1200 Prediction
Model
8
1.0
The developed failure criteria can be

67
0.
900
3 used to establish a progressive damage
0.4
GI (J/m )
model under variable mode-mixity fatigue

2
600
0.25 loading for structural joints compose of
da
the same adherends and adhesive in

S 10
/d
ta
1
N=
G I/G II=0.1
t ic
300
10
-2
10 which a similar failure mode occurs.

-1
10
-4
-3
10 -5
-7
10
0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200
2
GII (J/m )
M. Shahverdi, A.P. Vassilopoulos, and T. Keller. Mixed-mode fatigue failure criteria for adhesively-bonded pultruded GFRP joints. Compos
Part A-Appl S, 2013, 54: 46–55.
Page 38
Connections: Other joints
 Brackets for assembly (Fiberline)
 Custom pultruded connections
GFRP: Some final remarks
 Perpendicular to the direction of pultrusion, the material is WEAK and SOFT!

→ avoid such loadings if possible
 In order to use pultruded GFRP-profiles economically, the design must be done

in a clever way!
e.g.: for bridges, the railings should be used as part of the load-bearing structure
 GFRP structures are very light → vibration problems may occur
 Where large stiffness is needed (where static height and deflections must
remain very small) → GFRP does not always lead to lighter structures than with
steel.
Page 39
Thank you for attention
any question?
Page 40

FRP Profiles 2018 Shahverdi

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

FRP Profiles 2018 Shahverdi

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Design of FRP-Profiles and All-FRP-Structures

ETHZ Course No. 101-0167-01

Dr. Moslem Shahverdi

Introduction: Pro’s and con’s

 Good in-plane mechanical properties

Introduction: Common profiles

Structural profiles Non-structural profiles

Fiberline Bridge in Kolding, DK

“GRP does not conduct electricity,

West Mill Bridge, England Klipphausen Bridge, Germany

Span: 10 m Span: 6.8 m

Introduction: Examples (Avançon Bridge, Switzerland, 2012)

Cross section of new two-lane bridge (dimensions in [mm])

Würenlos, Switzerland Loopersteg, Switzerland

Eyecatcher Building, Basel, Switzerland

 Noise barrier SBB

Heineken brewery, Switzerland

 Applications where GFRP structures are competitive:

 Electromagnetic transparency or electrical insulation is required.

 Prestige and demonstration objects

Photo: Prof. Th. Keller, EPFL

 Production of profiles with constant cross-section along the length

 Pultruded profiles contain three primary components:

Length up to 12 m (for transportation reasons)!

 Special cross-sections can be designed and ordered

 Environmental reduction factor for different FRP systems and

Exposure condition Fiber / resin type Environ. reduction

 GFRP profiles available on stock

 Fiberline Composites, Denmark

Fiberline Design Manual (www.fiberline.dk)

 Top Glass, Italy

 GFRP profiles available on stock

 Creative Pultrusions, USA

 Bedford Reinforced Plastics, USA

 Definitions and directions

 There exists European guidelines: EUROCOMP 1996 Design Code

 Fiberline Design Manual is based on Eurocomp 1996.

 Partial safety factor  m   m,1  m,2  m,3  m,4

Coefficient Description Max. m Min. m Fiberline

 m,1 Derivation of mat. properties 2.25 1.15 1.15

 m,2 Degree of postcuring 1.6 1.1 1.1

 m,3 Production process 2.0 1.0 1.0

 m,4 Operating temperature

-20 ... +60 1.0 2.5

 Serviceability limit states

Ed … the crucial action effect due to the load cases considered in

Cd … corresponding serviceability limit. SIA 261

Design Concept: Basic Assumptions

 Material Properties, stiffness values (Fiberline Profiles)

Design Concept: Basic Assumptions

 Typical data sheet of a profile (Fiberline I-Profile)

Bending Beam: Design of …

 Calculate bending moments Md and shear forces Qd acting on the profile,

 Ultimate limit state

Ak … relevant shear area

 Serviceability limit state

 … typically selected between 200 and 400

wmax … calculated including shear deformations

Bending Beam: Timoshenko Theory

 Pultruded profiles have a low shear modulus → shear deformation

 Several bending theories have been published for beams:

Cross-sections plane Cross-sections plane but Cross-sections do NOT

1 degree of freedom 2 degrees of freedom 3+ degrees of freedom

Bending Beam: Euler vs. Timoshenko Theory