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COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMEDONAL

ACNE MEDICINES AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus AND


Escherichia coli

Genevieonna Pojon (2014616516)


Muhammad Ilyas bin Rahmat Effandi (2014662592)
Nazaratul Akmam binti Harun (2014898838)
Pinaslim binti Sarupin (2014829152)
Siti Noor Haseenah binti Salem (2014849898)
Zebora Dominic (2014887012)

DIPLOMA IN SCIENCE
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

OCTOBER 2016
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMEDONAL ACNE
MEDICINES AGAINST Stapylococcus aureus AND Escherichia coli

Genevieonna Pojon (2014616516)


Muhammad Ilyas bin Rahmat Effandi (2014662592)
Nazaratul Akmam binti Harun (2014898838)
Pinaslim binti Sarupin (2014829152)
Siti Noor Haseenah binti Salem (2014849898)
Zebora Dominic (2014887012)

Mini Project Report Submitted in


Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Diploma in Science
in the Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA

OCTOBER 2016
DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the thesis is based on our original work except for quotations

and citations which have been duly acknowledged. We also declare that it has not

been previously or concurrently submitted for any other report at Universiti Teknologi

MARA or other institutions.

Genevieonna Pojon

Muhammad Ilyas bin Rahmat Effandi

Nazaratul Akmam binti Harun

Pinaslim binti Sarupin

Siti Noor Haseenah binti Salem

Zebora Dominic

iii
This Mini Project Report entitled “Comparison of the Effectiveness of Comedonal
Acne Medicine Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli ” was submitted
by Genevieonna Pojon (2014616516), Muhammad Ilyas bin Rahmat Effandi
(2014662592), Nazaratul Akmam binti Harun (2014898838), Pinaslim binti Sarupin
(2014829152), Siti Noor Haseenah binti Salem (2014849898), and Zebora Dominic
(2014887012) in partial fulfillment for the Diploma in Science, in the Faculty of
Applied Science, and was approved by

_________________________
Dr. Lo Chor Wai
Supervisor
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA Sabah

_________________________
Ajis Lepit
Project Coordinator
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA (Sabah)

Date: __________________

iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Upon completion of this project, we would like to express our gratitude to

many parties. It is a genius pleasure to express our deep sense of thanks and gratitude

to our supervisor and philosopher, Dr. Lo Chor Wai, lecturer of Universiti Tekonologi

Mara Sabah. Her dedication and keen interest above all her overwhelming attitude to

help her students had been solely and mainly responsible for completing our work.

Her timely advice, meticulous scrutiny, scholarly advice and specific approach have

helped us to a very great extent to accomplish this project.

We also not forget to thank profusely to Pn. Anna, the laboratory assistant of

Universiti Teknologi Mara Sabah, for her kind help and co-operation throughout of

our laboratory experiment.

Genevieonna Pojon
Muhammad Ilyas bin Rahmat Effandi
Nazaratul Akmam binti Harun
Pinaslim binti Sarupin
Siti Noor Haseenah binti Salem
Zebora Dominic

v
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

DECLARATION iii
APPROVAL SHEET iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
ABSTRACT x
ABSTRAK xi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Significance of study 2
1.3 Objective of study 2

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW


2.1 Skin disease 3
2.2 Acne medicine 4
2.3 Disc diffusion method 5
2.4 Spread method 6

CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS


3.1 Sample collection of comedonal acne medicine 7
3.2 Preparation of media 7
3.3 Preparation of test bacteria
3.3.1 Preparation of LB broth (nutrient broth) 7
3.3.2 Inoculation of bacteria 8
3.4 Antibacterial medicine testing 8
3.4.1 Disc diffusion method 8
3.4.2 Determination of inhibition zone 9
3.5 List of equipments/facilities 10
3.6 List of the chemicals/media 11

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


4.1 Antimicrobial activity of comedonal acne medicine against S. aureus 13
4.2 Antimicrobial activity of comedonal acne medicine against E. coli 14

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 17

REFERENCES 18

APPENDICES 20

CURRICULUM VITAE 22

vi
LIST OF TABLES

Table Caption Page

4.1 Inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus 13

4.2 Inhibition zone of Escherichia coli 14

vii
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Caption Page

2.1 Skin disease example 3

2.2 Disc diffusion method 5

3.1 Spread method technique 6

3.2 Disc diffusion 9

3.3 Expected result 9

4.1 Inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus 13

4.2 Inhibition zone of Escherichia coli 14

4.3 Mackonkey agar 16

viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

UiTM : Universiti Teknologi MARA

ix
ABSTRACT

COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMEDONAL ACNE


MEDICINES AGAINST Stapylococcus aureus AND Escherichia coli

Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are the most common bacteria that can be
found at our skin and environment. Our study was conducted to compare the
effectiveness of three comedonal acne medicines against Staphylococcus aureus and
Escherichia coli. The comedonal acne medicines were tested for antimicrobial activity
by using the disc diffusion method. The result of the disc diffusion method showed
that 3 types of comedonal acne medicines which are Medicine A, Medicine B and
Medicine C can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus but it cannot inhibit the
growth of Escherichia coli. Among those, antimicrobial activity showed that
Medicine A produced strong inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus. Lastly,
our data indicated that Medicine A had the strongest inhibitory effect on
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria.

x
ABSTRAK

PERBANDINGAN KEBERKESANAN UBAT JERAWAT TERHADAP


BAKTERIA Staphylococcus aureus DAN Escherichia coli

Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli adalah bakteria yang biasanya didapati di

kulit dan persekitaran kita. Kajian kami telah dijalankan untuk membandingkan

keberkesanan tiga ubat jerawat terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli.

Ubat jerawat telah diuji untuk aktiviti antimikrob dengan menggunakan kaedah cakera

resapan. Hasil kaedah cakera penyebaran menunjukkan 3 jenis ubat jerawat A, B dan

C boleh menghalang pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus tetapi ia tidak boleh

menghalang pertumbuhan Escherichia coli. Antara mereka, aktiviti antimikrobial

menunjukkan bahawa ubat jerawat A menghasilkan zon perencatan kuat terhadap

Staphylococcus aureus. Akhir sekali, data kami menunjukkan bahawa ubat jerawat A

mempunyai kesan yang paling kuat pada Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli

bakteria.

xi
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Comedonal acne is a mild acne that involves blackheads or whiteheads and usually

found below the oily skin. Comedonal acne medicines are easily to be found

nowadays in many skincare centre of developing countries to cure acne or even

pimples. There are many types of medicine with different ingredients were sold

everywhere but most people do not sure what ingredients have the greater effect on

treating the comedonal acne. The medicine used in this study was a pimple medicine

that has the same major ingredient which is the tea tree oil but the three of it was

being mixed with other different ingredients. The present study was to investigate the

antibacterial activities of the three different types of comedonal acne medicines

against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Staphylococcus aureus is a

gram-positive bacteria that is frequently found on the skin (Ananya, 2012).

Escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacteria that commonly found in the lower

intestine of warm blooded organisms (Marler, 2016).

1
1.2 Significance of the study

The significance of this project is to encourage students to expand their knowledge on

microbiological techniques. Furthermore, this project also can increase the knowledge

of students on how the mechanism of gram negative and gram positive work between

the antibacterial sources of comedonal acne medicine. Lastly, the result from this

project will be helpful and useful baseline information to other students as reference

for their future research. Nowadays, there are many people suffering skin disease that

been caused by bacteria. Skin disease such as atopic dermatitis have become huge

concern to people as most of the victim that affected by this disease are babies. Our

project is very beneficial ti find which ingredient of each medicines that can help

inhibit bacteria that have potential to cause skin disease especially Staphylococcus

aureus

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.3.1 To investigate the antibacterial activity of comedonal acne medicine against

Escherichia coli gram negative bacteria.

1.3.2 To investigate the antibacterial activity of comedonal acne medicine against

Staphylococcus aureus gram positive bacteria.

1.3.3 To compare the antibacterial activity of different comedonal acne medicines

against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

2
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Skin disease

Acne vulgaris is the most common skin disease that affects areas containing

the largest oil glands, including the face, back, and trunk (Leydon, 1997).

Propionibacterium acnes is the one that cause acne which is a type of chronic

inflammatory that happen from altered keratinisation, inflammation, androgen-

induced increased sebum production and bacterial colonization of hair follicles on

the face, neck, chest, and back (Williams et al,2012).

Staphylococcus aureus also can cause severe disease to the skin like atopic

dermatitis, research done by Bunikowski and Rita (1999) showed that

Staphylococcus aureus caused atopic dermatitis by showing a striking tendency to

colonization and infection on the skin of their patients (Bunikowski and Rita, et

al., 1999).

Figure 2.1: Skin disease example


3
2.2 Acne medicine

Not every type of acne medicines works the same for every person; there are 3

different acne medicines which have different contents.

First product is medicine A, some of the ingredients is Glycerin a moisturizer

and emollients that can smooth the skin and suppler (Overgaard, Olsen L., and G.

B. Jemec, 1993). Medicine A also contain, Melaleuca alternifoliaalso known as

tea tree oil (TTO) has wide spectrum antimicrobial activity that can decrease the

viability of Staphylococcus aureus. TTO has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory

and also have significance role in treating cutaneous infection which is another

skin disease (Carson, Christine F., Brian J. Mee, and Thomas V. Riley., 2002).

Second product is Medicine B, consists Triclosan as antibacterial agent that

have effectual activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Lancet, 1993).Third

product is Medicine C, have Menthol that can inhibit some expressions in

Staphylococcus aureus. But in these both medicine B and medicine C also contain

tea tree oil (TTO) In Qius’ and Jiazhangs’ results shows that methol might be

useful to managing Staphylococcus aureus infection when it mix with beta-lactam

antibiotic (Qiu, Jiazhang, et al. 2011).

4
2.3 Disc diffusion method

Disc diffusion method for antimicrobial testing was carried out according to

the standard method by Bauer et al. (1971) to judge the presence of antibacterial

activities. A bacteria culture was used to lawn Muller Hinton agar plates evenly

using a sterile swab. The plates were dried for 15 minutes and then used for the

sensitivity test. The disc which had been impregnated with a series antibacterial

was placed on the Mueller-Hinton agar surface. Each test plate comprises of four

discs. One of the discs is positive control, which is standard commercial antibiotic

disc and three treated disc. Besides the control each plate had three treated disc

placed about equidistance to each other. The plate was then incubated at 37°C for

24 hours depending on the species of bacteria used in the test. After the

incubation, the plates were examined for inhibition zone. The inhibition zones

were then measured using calipers and recorded. The test was repeated three times

to ensure reliability.

Figure 2.2: Disc diffusion method

5
2.4 Spread method

Spread plates a technique that spread microbes on the media plate. Microbes

can be dilute or in solution. Then microbes will be transfer to petri dish with

specific media for specific microbes that can grow. Uniformly spread the solution

onto the petri dish by using bent-glass rod. Before using bent-glass rod it must be

sterilize with alcohol and contact few times with red flames of Bunsen burner to

dry it (Boundless, 2016).

Figure 3.1: Spread method technique

6
CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Sample collection of comedonal acne medicine

Buy 3 different of comedonal medicine products (Medicine A, Medicine B and

Medicine C) at pharmacy store around Sepanggar, Sabah. Three samples are kept at

room temperature and unopened until the experiment.

3.2 Preparation of media (Nutrient Agar and MacConkey’s Agar)

Suspend 7g of nutrient agar powder in 250 mL of distilled water. Autoclave the

dissolve mixture at 121oc for 15 minutes, once the agar has been autoclaved, allow it

to cool but not solidify in fume hood. Pour nutrient agar into petri dish and let the agar

solidify. Place the lid of each petri dish and store the plates in refrigerator until use.

Do the same method for MacConkey’s agar with.

3.3 Preparation of test bacteria

3.3.1 Preparation of LB broth (Nutrient broth)

Suspend 0.4g of sterile LB broth in 50mL distilled water using 250mL conical flask.

Autoclave the dissolve mixture at 121oC for 15 minute, once the broth has been

autoclaved, allow it to cool down at room temperature. Transfer (5mL) broth into two

separate test tubes (make sure the test tubes are closed before it being used to prevent

contamination). The rest of broth that not used are transferred into sterile container

and keep it in refrigerator and make sure the container is closed tightly to prevent

contamination to the broth.

7
3.3.2 Inoculation of bacteria

Take a loop full of colonies from a bacteria plate of Escherichia coli and inoculate

into LB broth. Do the same as the above for Staphylococcus aureus. Incubate the LB

broth for one day (24 hour) in the incubator at 37oc (make sure the media bottle closed

to prevent contamination).

3.4 Antibacterial medicine testing

3.4.1 Disc diffusion method

Pipette 100L LB broth containing Escherichia coli onto MacConkey’s Agar, by

using micropipette and spread evenly the LB broth using the glass spreader. Pipette

100L LB broth containing Staphylococcus aureus onto Nutrient Agar using

micropipette and spread evenly the LB broth using the glass spreader. The sterile

paper discs which have impregnated with test material acne medicine are placed on

the agar. Each test plate comprises of 2 disc plate (each disc divided into 4 parts

labelled) which is one disc for test bacteria S. aureus and the other on for E. coli. The

standard antibiotic disc is Medicine B, MEDICINE C and Medicine A for both S.

aureus and E. coli. Besides the controls, each plate had 3 treated disc placed about

equidistance to each other as shown in figure 1. The plates are incubated at 37 degree

Celsius for 24 hours. (Place the plates in the incubator upside down to prevent

condensation falling into the culture and the lid of the plates should be taped with

parafilm to avoid the risk of pathogens being spread.) After the incubation, the plates

are examined for inhibition zone.

8
Control Medicine B

Agar containing
test bacteria

Medicine C
Medicine A

Figure 3.2: Disc diffusion

3.4.2 Determination of inhibition zone

Measure the diameter of inhibition zone in (mm) by using ruler. Confirm the

inhibition of zone.

Figure 3.3: Expected result

9
3.5 List of equipments/facilities:

3.5.1 Autoclave

3.5.2 Incubator

3.5.3 Agar plate

3.5.4 Forceps

3.5.5 Fume hood

3.5.6 Inoculating loop

3.5.7 100L micropipette

3.5.8 Glass spreader

3.5.9 Bunsen burner

3.5.10 Parafilm

3.5.11 Bloating paper

3.5.12 500mL conical flask

3.5.13 Small media bottle

3.6 List of chemicals/media:

3.6.1 70% v/v alcohol

3.6.2 Agar (MacConkey agar ,Nutrient agar)

3.6.3 LB broth (nutrient broth)

3.6.4 Bacteria sample ( Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus)

3.6.5 Medicine sample ( medicine A, medicine B and medicine C)

10
CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The present study was to carry out the investigation of antibacterial activities of

pimple medicines against the gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram negative

Escherichia coli. Using the proper techniques of disc diffusion method, the presence

of clear inhibition zone was detected on the different agar plates of S.aureus and

E.coli. Disc diffusion method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out

according to the standard method by Bauer et al. (1966) to assess the presence of

antibacterial activities (Zaidan et al,.2005)

During the disc diffusion method, we must be sure that the three different types of

pimple medicine were applied evenly on the disc made from filter paper being cut and

shaped using paper puncher by using a swab that had been sterilized. The three

medicines also applied on the same agar plate which had been divided into four

regions where one of the regions was filled with the control disc (empty disc). The

disc must be placed about equidistance to each other and incubated at 37oC for 24

hours. This experiment was tested four times on S.aureus and E.coli to ensure the

reliability.

In this study, the three types of pimple medicine had the antibacterial activities against

the S.aureus and E.coli. This is because the three medicines that had been tested

contain the same ingredient which is the tea tree oil. Tea tree oil was known for its

potential antiseptic properties, it had been shown to be active against a variety of

bacteria, fungi, viruses, and mites (Larson et al,.2012). Besides, tea tree oil also had

11
been reported to induce contact sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis reactions

(Larson et al,.2012). From this previous study, all of the three medicine show effect

on S.aureus and E.coli but the different ingredients that mixed with the tea tree oil in

each of the pimple medicine gave different result where it can be seen on how big and

clear the inhibition zone on the agar plates of S.aureus and E.coli.

Besides, this study showed that the medicine A had the strong effect on S.aureus

because it has the ingredient that the both medicine B and medicine C do not have in

it which was the olive oil. Olive oil contains three major antioxidants which are

vitamin E, polyphenol, and phytosterols that help to prevents free radical damage to

the skin. Apart from that, olive oil also penetrates deeply into the skin while providing

a cleansing effect and help to enhances exfoliation (Edward, 2015)

12
4.1 Antimicrobial activity of comedonal acne medicine against Staphylococcus
aureus

Figure 4.1: Inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus

Table 4.1: Inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus

Test Control Medicine A Medicine B Medicine C

1 - 25 mm 16 mm 16 mm

2 - 28 mm 14 mm 14 mm

3 - 37 mm 12 mm 10 mm

4 - 14 mm 9 mm 13 mm

Average - ±26 mm ±13 mm ±13 mm

Antimicrobial activities for inhibition zone of S. aureus using the three medicines

showed that medicine A had greatest inhibition zone towards S. aureus with the

average of ±26 mm, this was followed by both medicine B and medicine C with the

same average inhibition zone of ±13mm. It can be concluded that medicine A

13
contained more effective ingredients than those present on all the three medicines and

it was confirmed that medicine A contained olive oil.

4.2: Antimicrobial activity of comedonal acne medicine against Escherichia coli

Figure 4.2: Inhibition Zone Escherichia coli

Table 4.2 : Inhibition zone of Escherichia coli

Test Control Medicine A Medicine B Medicine C

1 - -

2 - - - -

3 - - - -

4 - - - -

Average - - - -

Antimicrobial activities for inhibition zone of E. coli using the three medicines was

tested to find about whether acne medicines are effective in inhibiting E. coli or it did
14
not give out any effect at all (negative result). The result obtained showed that all

three medicines (medicine A, medicine B, and medicine C) give overall negative

result towards the test being carried on. This was probably because of the nature of E.

coli that was usually found in the intestinal tract and not on the skin surfaces. So, all

the acne medicines being tested do not affect the growth of E. coli. To conclude, the

three acne medicines do not affect the antimicrobial activities of E. coli as the result

obtained from the test was negative result.

Furthermore, in this study, there were many errors taking places including the

different concentration of medicines being applied on the discs, no comparison of

result with the fixed standard, and wrong selection of agar media (MacConkey agar)

causing unclear result of inhibition zone. The first error was the different

concentration of medicines being applied on the disc. This error occurred as no

amount measurement was done to the medicines before applying it on each disc.

Then, the second error done in this study was no comparison of result with the fixed

standard. The result obtained should be compared with the standard before stating the

result to make sure the result did not out from the expected results. Lastly, the error

made in this study was the wrong selection of agar media as the result of the

inhibition zone obtained was not clear. The initial agar media chosen for E. coli was

MacConkey agar but after performing the test, the result was unfavourable as the

result of inhibition zone obtained was unclear and the measurement of inhibition zone

was not able to be done as the inhibition zone was unclear. So, the MacConkey agar

was replaced with Nutrient agar which was more suitable for clear result of inhibition

zone. In short, some error made was overcome by changing the material used and

some error was overcome by doing more readings and comparing the expected result.

15
Medicine B
Control

MacConkey agar
(Maroon colour)

Medicine C
Medicine A

Figure 4.3 : MacConkey agar

16
CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

To conclude, the comedonal acne medicine that showed the greatest effect towards

Staphylococcus aureus was medicine A(spot away pimple gel).This was shown by the

final result obtained after performing the disk diffusion method. Medicine A (spot

away pimple cream) show the highest average for inhibition zone for Staphylococcus

aureus (±26mm), followed by Medicine B (anti-acne gel) and Medicine C (pimple

gel) with the same inhibition zone (±13mm). In short, Medicine A has greater effect

for Staphylococcus aureus. This is because Medicine A contains olive oil that has

excellent spreading and skin absorption. It also prevents moisture loss and restores

skin suppleness which might be advantages among the other two acne medicines. This

is also due to medicine A contain malic acid that able to penetrate the skin more

deeply than the other two products, due to its chemical composition, and consequently

can greatly help in improving skin smoothness. As for Escherichia coli, it shows the

negative result. This is because Escherichia coli is a bacteria that found that

commonly found in the lower intestine of warm blooded organisms. We have

investigate the antibacterial activity of comedonal acne medicine against Escherichia

coli gram -negative bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus by measured the inhibition

zone. The antibacterial activity of comedonal acne medicine against Escherichia coli

and Staphylococcus aureus was compared.

17
REFERENCES

Boundless(26 May.2016)“Aseptic Technique, Dilution, Streaking, and Spread Plates”


Source: Boundless. “Aseptic Technique, Dilution, Streaking, and Spread
Plates.” Boundless Microbiology. Boundless. Retrieved 29 Jun.

Bunikowski and Rita, et al.(1999) "Prevalence and role of serum IgE antibodies to the
Staphylococcus aureus–derived superantigens SEA and SEB in children with
atopic dermatitis." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 103(1)

Carson, C.I., Brian J. M, and Thomas V. R(2002) "Mechanism of action Of


Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil on Staphylococcus aureus determined by
time-kill, lysis, leakage, and salt tolerance assays and electron microscopy."
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 46(6) 1914-1920.

Drew, W. Lawrence, et al(1972) "Reliability of the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion


method for detecting methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus."
Applied microbiology 24(2) 240-247.

Edward. (2015). Benefits of Olive Oil for Skin. Accessed 5 September 2016 from
www.globahealingcenter.com/natural-health/benefits-of-olive-oil-for-skin/

John L. Ingraham, Catherine A. Ingraham.(2003). Introduction to Microbiology. 2nd


Edition. Books/Cole

Kim, Seong-Jin and Young-Ho Won(1998) ‘The effect of glycolic acid on cultured
human skin fibreblasts: cell proliferative effect and increased collagen
synthesis’.The journal of dermatology 25(2) 85-89

Larson David Jacob and Sharon E. (2012). Tea tree oil. Volume 23 :48–49.

18
Mandal, A MD. Staphylococcus aureus. Accessed 15 August 2016 from
www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Staphylococcus-Aureus.aspx

Marler Clark. (2016). E. Coli food poisoning. Accessed 15 August 2016 from
www.about-ecoli.com/

Overgaard, Olsen L., and G. B. Jemec(1993) "The influence of water, glycerin,


paraffin oil and ethanol on skin mechanics." Acta dermato-venereologica
73(6) 404-406.

Qiu, Jiazhang, et al(2011) "Menthol diminishes Staphylococcus aureus virulence


associated extracellular proteins expression." Applied microbiology and
biotechnology 90(2) 705-712.

Rao, A.S.(2006). Introduction to Microbiology. Prentice Hall of India Private


Limited.

Sean R. Gallagher, Emily A. wiley. (2010). Essential Laboratory Technique.


John Wiley and Son Inc.

Verollo-Rowell, Verman M,Kristine M. Dillague, and Bertha S. Syah


Tjundawan(2008) ‘Novel antibacterial and emollient effects of and virgin
olive oils in adult a topic dermatitis.’ Dermatitis 19(6)308-315.

Williams, Hywel C., Robert P. Dellavalle, and Sarah Garner(2012) "Acne vulgaris.
The Lancet 379(9813)

Zaidan, M.R.S, Noor Rain, Badrul, A.R and Adlin A. (2005). In vitro screening of
five local medicinal plants for antibacterial activity using disc diffusion
method. Vol 22(2): 165–170

19
APPENDICES

(a) (b) (c)

Appendice (a): Nutrient broth

Appendice (b): MacConkey agar

Appendice (c): Nutrient agar

Appendice (d): sterilize equipments

20
Appendice (e): The experiment was conduct in the laminar floor

21
CURRICULUM VITAE

A. Personal

Ful name: Nazaratul Akmam Binti Harun

Student No.: 2014898838

Birth date: 9 February 1995

Citizenship: Bumiputera

Place of birth: Hospital Besar Mentakab Pahang

Gender: Female

Address: No 232, lot 3, Taman Jumbo petagas. 88200, Kota Kinabalu Sabah

Telephone no.:0112 5087625

E-mail address: naza.mamm95@gmail.com

B. Academic qualifications

School/ Universities Certification Year

SMK Sanzac Kota Kinabalu  Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia 2012

(PASS)

 Peperiksaan Menengah 2010

Rendah (PASS)

SK Kepayan  Ujian Peperiksaan 2007

Menengah Rendah (PASS)

C. Related experiences

1. Karnival kimia Malaysia (2016)

2. SUKANUN (2015)

22
A. Personal

Ful name: Siti nor Haseenah Binti Salem

Student No.: 2014849498

Birth date: 9 June 1994

Citizenship: Bumiputera

Place of birth: Hospital Beaufort

Gender: Female

Address: P.O Box 411, 87720 Membakut Sabah

Telephone no.:014 8650430

E-mail address: haseenah_ena@gmail.com

B. Academic qualifications

School/ Universities Certification Year

SMK Membakut  Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran 2013

Malaysia (PASS)

SM ST. Patrick Membakut  Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia 2011

(PASS)

 Penilaian Menengah 2009

Rendah (PASS)

SJK Pei Yin  Ujian Penilaian Sekolah 2006

Rendah (PASS)

C. Related experiences

23
A. Personal

Ful name: Zebora Dominic

Student No.: 2014887012

Birth date: 22 May 1995

Citizenship: Bumiputera

Place of birth: Hospital Kota Belud

Gender: Female

Address: Kg. Kiau Teburi, P/s 485 89308 Ranau Sabah

Telephone no.:019 8104613

E-mail address: zd.zeboraa@gmail.com

B. Academic qualifications

School/ Universities Certification Year

SMK Bundu Tuhan Ranau  Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia 2012

(PASS)

 Penilaian Menengah 2010

Rendah (PASS)

SK Kiau Kota Belud  Ujian Penilaian Sekolah 2007

Rendah (PASS)

C. Related experiences

1. Karnival kimia Malaysia (2016)

2. SUKANUN (2015)

24
A. Personal

Full name: Genevieonna Pojon

Student No.: 2014616516

Birth date: 10 March 1994

Citizenship: Bumiputera

Place of birth: Hospital Daerah Tambunan, Sabah

Gender: Female

Address: Kampung Bintangor, 89206 Tuaran, Sabah

Telephone no : 0168056208

E-mail address: genevieyeong@gmail.com

B. Academic qualifications

School/ Universities Certification Year

SMK Sungai Damit  Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia 2011

Tamparuli, Sabah (PASS)

 Penilaian Menengah 2009

Rendah (PASS)

SK Bundung Tuaran, Sabah  Ujian Penilaian Sekolah 2006

Rendah (PASS)

C. Related experiences

1. Persembahan Gamelan Malam Gema Budaya (2014)

2. SUKANUN (2015)

3. Karnival Kimia Malaysia (2016)

25
A. Personal

Full name: Muhammad Ilyas bin Rahmat Effandi

Student No.: 2014662592

Birth date: 24 December 1996

Citizenship: Bumiputera

Place of birth: Hospital Duchess of Kent, Sandakan , Sabah

Gender: Male

Address: Taman Indah Jaya, Batu 4, Lot AC1727 Blok 168, Lorong 7,

Sandakan, Sabah. 90000

Telephone no: 0165092294

E-mail address: aliasyas168@gmail.com

B. Academic qualifications

School/ Universities Certification Year

SM St Mary Sandakan  Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia 2013

(PASS)

 Penilaian Menengah 2011

Rendah (PASS)

SK St Mary Bandar Sandakan  Ujian Penilaian Sekolah 2008

Rendah (PASS)

C. Related experiences

1. Karnival Kimia Malaysia (2016)

2. Kem Kepimpinan (2015)

26
A. Personal

Full name: Pinaslim binti Sarupin

Student No.: 2014829152

Birth date: 24 October 1995

Citizenship: Bumiputera

Place of birth: Hospital Kota Belud, Sabah

Gender: Female

Address: Kampung Lahanas Jalan Kem Paradaise 89150 Kota Belud, Sabah

Telephone no : 013 5445293

E-mail address: Pinasliminas@gmail.com

B. Academic qualifications

School/ Universities Certification Year

SMK Usukan Kota Belud  Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia 2012

sabah (PASS)

 Penilaian Menengah 2010

Rendah (PASS)

SK Tengkurus Kota Belud  Ujian Penilaian Sekolah 2007

Sabah Rendah (PASS)

C. Related experiences

1. Karnival Kimia Malaysia (2016)

2. SUKANUN (2015)

3. Persembahan malam gema budaya (2014)

27

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