IPP IELTS – PRE-IELTS

CYCLE 01 – LESSON 01

VOCABULARY LESSON 01
TOPIC 20: ENVIRONMENT / NATURE
A. Which are the most natural-sounding answers?
1. We walked slowly through the thick / dense forest.
2. Tom and Julie stopped for a while to admire the view / enjoy the landscape.
3. The views of the snow-peaked / snow-capped mountains and rolling green coutry /
countryside are breathtaking / surprising.
4. The resort is within easy acess of both secluded rocky / rock-covered caves and long
sanded / sandy beaches.
5. The flora and fauna / fauna and flora of this island are unique.
6. Our company aims to use environmentally friendly / harmless methods of food
production.
7. We had spectacular / spetacle views of the sunset over the sea from our hotel window.
8. The deforestation and unsustainable development / building of the area over the past
twenty years has led to irreparable injury / damage to the environment.
9. Living in the country, you feel much closer to nature / the nature.

B. Which of these expressions is not a collocation?

10. natural phenomemnon / disaster / problems / resources
11. green policies / measures / party / environment
12. preserve / protect / keep / damage the environment
13. barren / countryside / dramatic / urban landscape
14. endangered / fragile / environmental / coastal habitat

C. Match the two parts of the sentences.

15. The burning of fossil fuels leads to global … a. world.
16. Insects are an essential part of the food… b. warming.
17. We need to develop new forms of renewable … c. habitat.
18. The sight of these animals is one of the wonders of the natural… d. energy.
19. It’s important to preserve the otter’s natural… e. development.
20. The government is promoting sustainable… f. chain

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 IPP IELTS – PRE-IELTS
CYCLE 01 – LESSON 01

READING LESSON 01
Word Family Practice
Choose the correct word family member from the list below to
Choose the correct word
complete each blank.
form of the following
Modern industry has caused damage to our natural 1…...... in many
words to fill in the
ways. The air and water are filled with 2……. One result of this is acid
blanks.
rain, which has caused 3………. damage to vegetation in many
1. environment
areas. When large amounts of vegetation die off, the environment
2. pollution
loses 4………. If there are no plants to hold the soil, it starts to
3. extent
5…….. . This leads to myriad problems, including water pollution and
4. stability
habitat loss. 6……… of wildlife work hard to prevent further damage
5. erosion
to natural areas.
6. Defenses

Words
Look for the following words as you read the passage. Match each word with its correct
definition.
Words Definitions
1. aquatic A. n., the natural worlds
2. array B. v., to reach past, get bigger
3. defense C. n., a large number, a collection
4. deforestation D. n., loss of soil from action of water or wind
5. environment E. adj., living in the water
6. erosion F. adj., living on the land
7. extend G. v., to cut down
8. fell H. n., the natural area where a plant or animal lives
9. habitat I. n., a strong effect
10. impact J. n., protection
11. inhibit K. v., to prevent, slow down
12. intercept L. n., plants
13. logging M. n., the removal of all trees from a large area
14. myriad N. n., the cutting down of trees for commercial purposes
15. nutrient O. v., to disappear
16. pollution P. adj., many, numerous
17. stabilize Q. n., damage to air, water, etc.

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CYCLE 01 – LESSON 01
18. terrestrial R. v., to keep from changing, maintain
19. vanish S. v., to catch
20. vegetation T. n., food

Environmental Impacts of Logging

A
From shipping crates to paper bags, the logging industry supplies the raw materials for an array
of products. However, this is not without untold harm to the environment. The damage includes
habitat loss, pollution, and climate change, with the effects spanning the globe from the rain
forests of Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America to the northern forests of Canada
and Scandinavia. The effects of logging extend beyond just the felling of a swath of trees.
Nutrients, water, and shelter for plants, animals, and microorganisms throughout the ecosystem
are also lost; many life forms - both terrestrial and aquatic - are becoming endangered as forests
vanish.
B
Trees protect the soil beneath them; thus, tree loss can affect soil integrity. For example, the rain
forest floor, home to myriad plant life as well as insects, worms, reptiles and amphibians, and small
mammals, depends on a dense canopy of branches and leaves to keep it heathy and intact. The
canopy prevents surface runoff by intercepting heavy rainfall so that water can drip down slowly
onto the porous earth. Tree roots also stabilize the soil and help prevent erosion. In return, a
healthy soil encourages root development and microbial activity, which contribute to tree growth
and well-being. A major factor in logging-related soil dam-age comes from road building, with
trucks and other heavy equipment compressing the spongy soil, creating furrows where water
collects, and disrupting the underground water flow. Eventually, the topsoil wears away, leaving
behind an infertile layer of rocks and hard clay.
C
Logging can also damage aquatic habitats. Vegetation along rivers and stream banks helps
maintain a steady water flow by blocking the entry of soil and other residue, and tree shade inhibits
the growth of algae. Removing trees obliterates these benefits. when eroding soil flows into water-
ways, the organic matter within it consumes more oxygen, which can lead to oxygen depletion in
the water, killing fish and other aquatic wildlife.
D
Trees provide a natural defense against air pollution. They remove carbon dioxide from
atmosphere while they emit oxygen, and their leaves filter pollutants from the air. Cutting down

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CYCLE 01 – LESSON 01
trees keeps pollutants airborne, where they can mix with water vapor and from acid rain. Water
quality in nearby streams and rivers also deteriorates as tree loss contributes to increased
sedimentation.
E
In a healthy forest ecosystem, trees draw moisture from the soil and release it into the atmosphere
while they provide shade to lessen evaporation. Thus, deforestation impacts rainfall patterns,
leading to flooding as well as drought and forest fires. Deforestation is responsible for about one-
fifth or carbon dioxide emissions worldwide, making it a major contributor to climate change - in
particular, global warning. In the Amazon basin alone, deforestation is responsible for millions
of tons of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere annually. Some logging companies
burn large tracts of forest just to facilitate access to one area - a practice that discharges even more
carbon dioxide.
F
Forests, especially the tropical rain forests, are a vital natural resource with extensive biodiversity
and irreplaceable wildlife habitats. More responsible logging practices would help ensure that
they are protected for future generations.

Answer the questions about Environmental Impacts of Logging.

Questions 1-4
The reading passage contains six paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraphs discuss the following information? Write the correct letter, A-F
________ 1. The impact of logging on the weather
________2. How trees inhibit soil erosion
________3. How deforestation contributes to air pollution
________4. The impact of erosion on fish

Questions 5-8
Complete the summary using words from the list below.
The logging industry 5……….. trees to get the wood that is used to make many products.
This practice has 6………. effects on the environment. The natural 7……… of many terrestrial
and aquatic animals are dam-aged. Trees protect the environment in many ways. They are an
effective 8…....... against both air pollution and soil erosion.
aquatic defense habitats myriad
arrays fells intercepts vegetation

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 IPP IELTS – PRE-IELTS
CYCLE 01 – LESSON 01

SPEAKING LESSON 01
1. Work in pairs. Read The Great Green Survey. What can you do to protect the enviroment?
Write two more questions.

THE GREAT GREEN SURVEY

1. Do you recycle? Why/why not?
2. Do you usually walk or take the car?
3. Do you grow your own food?
4. Do you think nuclear energy is a good or a bad idea?
5. ………………………………………………..
6. ………………………………………………..

2. The teachers asks the students to go around the class to ask and answers the questions.
Who is the ‘greenest’ person in your class?

3. Work in pairs. Read two comments about country life and city life. Which is closer to your
opinion?
Comment 01: I can’t stand the countryside or wild places. There are too many flies and animals
that either want to eat you or your food. Even worse: there are no cinemas, no supermarkets, and
you can’t get a good coffee!
Comment 02: I get out of the city whenever I can. I love the peace and quiet of the countryside,
and the people are much nicer there. I love the wild: animals, trees, mountains, forests – these are
the best things in life.

GRAMMAR LESSON 01
GRAMMAR POINT 14: COMPARATIVES / SUPERLATIVES
1. Read sentences 1)-4) and complete the rule.
1. People are living longer and healthier lives than before.
2. It gets more difficult to find clean water.
3. There are more people on the earth.
4. There is less space than before.
Rule:
Use comparatives to compare two things, people or situations.

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CYCLE 01 – LESSON 01
With short adjectives, add ……………….. or ……………………. to the end of the adjective (+
than).
With long adjectives use ………………….. + adjective.
We also use ……………../………………… + noun to compare things.

2. Read sentences a)-c) and complete the rule.

a) It has the highest number of plant species in the world.
b) The most important cities might be under water.
c) The least important problem is …
Rule:
Use the + superlative to say which is the biggest, the best, etc. in a group.
With short adjectives: use the and add …………. to the end of the adjective.
With longer adjectives use the + …………./least + adjective.

PRACTICE
1. Complete the questions. Use the comparative or superlative form of the adjective in
brackets.
1. What is ……………….. building in your town? (beautiful)
2. Is your country ………………. it used to be? (warm)
3. Where is …………….. place you have been to? (nice)
4. Do you think living by the coast is ………….. living in the city? Why/why not? (healthy)
5. What’s ………………. away from home you’ve been? (far)
6. Is your country ……………. other countries near it? (big)
7. Are people who live in the country ………………. people who live in the city? Why/why
not? (friendly)
8. What is ………………. place you have been to? (polluted)
2. Work in pairs and take turns. Ask and answer the questions.

GRAMMAR POINT 14: ADVERB COMPARATIVES &

SUPERLATIVES
Adverb Comparatives:
You should do your homework more carefully.
You need to drive (faster / more fastly).
I came home early but Steven arrived earlier than I did.
He plays better in front of the fans than he does in practice.

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CYCLE 01 – LESSON 01
Adverb Superlatives:
His ankles hurt badly, but his knees hurt (the) worst.
It rains (the) most often at the beginning of the year.

ADVERB COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES

–er and –est Adverbs ending in –ly
Hard, harder, hardest Happily, more happily, most happily
Soon, sooner, soonest Swiftly, more swiftly, most swiftly
Fast, faster, fastest Ably, more ably, most ably
Late, later, latest Truly, more truly, most truly
Loud, louder, loudest Greedily, more greedily, most greedily
Clean, cleaner, cleanest Efficiently, more efficiently, most efficiently
Low, lower, lowest Certainly, more certainly, most certainly
High, higher, highest

• as ... as (but not so … as) in positive sentences and questions

Can you send me the information as soon as possible?
There’s plenty of food. You can have as much as you want.
• twice as … as, three times as … as etc.
Petrol is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago.
Their house is about three times as big as ours.
• the same as
Sarah hasn’t changed. She still looks the same as she did 5 years ago.
• than me or than I am?
You’re taller than me. = You’re taller than I am.
I can’t run as fast as him. = I can’t run as fast as he can.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 01
I. Write a new sentence with the same meaning.
1. Jack is younger than he looks. Jack isn’t as old as he looks.
2. I didn’t spend as much money as you. You spent more money than me.
3. The station was nearer than I thought. The station wasn’t .
4. The meal didn’t cost as much as I expected. The meal cost .
5. I go out less than I used to. I don’t .

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CYCLE 01 – LESSON 01
6. Karen’s hair isn’t as long as it used to be. Karen used to .
7. I know them better than you do. You don’t .
8. There are fewer people at this meeting than at the last one. There aren’t _____ .

II. Complete the sentences using as ... as + the following.

bad comfortable fast hard long often quietly soon well

1. I’m sorry I’m late. I got here as fast as I could.

2. It was a difficult question. I answered it _______________ I could.
3. ‘How long can I stay with you?’ ‘You can stay _______________ you like.’
4. I need the information quickly, so let me know _______________ possible.
5. I like to keep fit, so I go swimming _______________ I can.
6. I didn’t want to wake anybody, so I came in _______________ I could.

In the following sentences use just as ... as.

7. I’m going to sleep on the floor. It’s _______________ the bed.
8. You always say how tiring your job is, but I work _______________ you.
9. At first I thought he was nice, but really he’s _______________ everybody else.

III. Adverb Comparatives & Superlatives

1. I speak English (fluent) now than last year.
2. She greeted me (polite) of all.
3. She smiled (happy) than before.
4. This girl dances (graceful) of all.
5. Could you write (clear)?
6. Planes can fly (high) than birds.
7. He had an accident last year. Now, he drives (careful) than before.
8. Jim can run (fast) than John.
9. Our team played (bad) of all.
10. He worked (hard) than ever before.
11. Out of all my siblings, I visit my parents (often).
12. David did (bad) than he thought he would do on his test.
13. Out of all the students, Frank studied (little) but got the best grade.
14. My sisters laughed (loud) out of the whole audience.
15. George drives (reckless) than his brother.

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CYCLE 01 – LESSON 01
16. He lives (far) out of all of us.
17. He lives (far) than the rest of us.
18. He arrived __________ than expected. (early)
19. We walked ___________ than the rest of the people. (slowly)
20. They called us ___________ in the afternoon. (late)
21. My mother and my sister talked ___________ than the other guests. (loudly)
22. He hit his arm ___________ than before. (hard)
23. The Spanish athlete ran ___________ than the other runners. (fast)
24. Jim threw the ball ___________ than Peter. (far)
25. We answered all the questions __________ than the other students. (well)
26. Our new teacher explains the exercises __________ than our old teacher. (badly)
27. The new mechanic checked the car __________ than the old mechanic. (thoroughly).

SPEAKING ACTIVITY: Talk in pairs and try to compare between you and your friend.
Example: I can write faster than you do. / I go to class more often than you.

WRITING LESSON 01
TWO-QUESTION ESSAYS – CAUSES & EFFECTS
WRITING TOPIC: What are the causes and consequences of deforestation?
IN-CLASS WRITING: Write one paragraph about the causes.
Paragraph Structure:
• Topic Sentence: There are several factors leading to increasing deforestation
worldwide. = Human economic activities are the main causes of deforestation
worldwide.
• Supporting Sentences: One reason is that …. Another cause of deforestation is that ….
• Idea brainstorming: make more land available for housing and industrial zones ➔ the
case in developing countries ➔ governments to fail to enforce environmental laws /
carefully plan urban expansion; harvest timber ➔ produce necessary products ➔ illegal
logging ➔ exacerbated situation

HOMEWORK TOPIC: Write one paragraph about the consequences.

Paragraph Structure:
• Topic Sentence: Massive deforestation could result in serious implications for the
environment and animal species.
• Supporting Sentences: One consequence is … / Another problem is …
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CYCLE 01 – LESSON 01
• Idea brainstorming: ongoing climate change ➔ the reduction in the number of trees / the
increasing amount of exhaust fumes / less greenhouse gases to be absorbed but to be
released into the atmosphere; the disappearance of natural habitats ➔ the loss of wildlife
species / species extinction ➔ consequences for the locals who depend on the animals and
plants in the forests

READING MATERIALS
Causes of deforestation
There are many causes of deforestation. The WWF reports that half of the trees illegally
removed from forests are used as fuel.
• To make more land available for housing and urbanization
• To harvest timber to create commercial items such as paper, furniture and homes
• To create ingredients that are highly prized consumer items, such as the oil from palm trees
• To create room for cattle ranching
Common methods of deforestation are burning trees and clear cutting. These tactics leave the
land completely barren and are controversial practices.
Clear cutting is when large swaths of land are cut down all at once. Burning can be done quickly,
in vast swaths of land, or more slowly with the slash-and-burn technique. Slash and burn
agriculture entails cutting down a patch of trees, burning them and growing crops on the land. The
ash from the burned trees provides some nourishment for the plants and the land is weed-free from
the burning. When the soil becomes less nourishing and weeds begin to reappear over years of use,
the farmers move on to a new patch of land and begin the process again.
One of the leading causes of rainforest destruction is logging. Many types of wood used for
furniture, flooring, and construction are harvested from tropical forests in Africa, Asia, and South
America. By buying certain wood products, people in places like the United States and Europe are
directly contributing to the destruction of rainforests.
While logging can be carried out in a manner that reduces damage to the environment, most
logging in the rainforest is very destructive. Large trees are cut down and dragged through the
forest, while access roads open up remote forest areas to agriculture by poor farmers. In Africa
logging workers often rely on “bushmeat” for protein. They hunt wildlife like gorillas, deer, and
chimpanzees for food. Research has found that the number of species found in logged rainforest
is much lower than the number found in untouched or “primary” rainforest. Many rainforest
animals cannot survive in the changed environment.
Local people often rely on harvesting wood from rainforests for firewood and building materials.
In the past such practices were not particularly damaging to the ecosystem because there were

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CYCLE 01 – LESSON 01
relatively few people. Today, however, in areas with large human populations the sheer number
of people collecting wood from a rainforest can be extremely damaging. In the 1990s, for example,
the forests around the refugee camps in Central Africa (Rwanda and Congo) were virtually stripped
of all trees in some areas.

Effects of massive deforestation

Climate change: Destroying the forests mean CO2 will remain in the atmosphere. The
deforestation of trees not only lessens the amount of carbon stored, it also releases carbon dioxide
into the air. This is because when trees die, they release the stored carbon.
Loss of species: Seventy percent of the world’s plants and animals live in forests and are losing
their habitats to deforestation, according to National Geographic. The loss of habitat can lead to
species extinction. It also has negative consequences for medicinal research and local populations
who rely on the animals and plants in the forests for hunting and medicine.
Soil erosion: Tree roots anchor the soil. Without trees, the soil is free to wash or blow away, which
can lead to vegetation growth problems. The WWF states that scientists estimate that a third of the
world’s arable land has been lost to deforestation since 1960. After a clear cutting, cash crops like
coffee, soy and palm oil are planted. Planting these types of trees can cause further soil erosion
because their roots cannot hold onto the soil.

WRITING SAMPLE
(body par 01) Human economic activities are the main causes of deforestation
worldwide. (idea 01) One reason is that forests are removed to make more land available for
housing and industrial zones in major cities to accommodate the fast rate of urbanization and flocks
of rural-urban migrants. This is the case in many developing countries where governments boost
urbanization yet fail to enforce environmental laws and carefully plan urban expansion to deter
massive deforestation. (idea 02) Another cause is that many companies and individuals also cut
down trees in forests to harvest timber, which is used in the production of necessary goods such
as paper, furniture, and houses. The situation is even exacerbated due to illegally logging activities
which are hard to control and stop.
(body par 02) Massive deforestation could result in serious implications for the
environment and animal species. (idea 01) One consequence is ongoing climate change around
the world which derives from the reduction in the number of trees and the increasing amount of
exhaust fumes that are not absorbed and released directly into the atmosphere. (idea 02) Another
problem is the loss of wildlife species due to the disappearance of their natural habitats. This might

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CYCLE 01 – LESSON 01
also have adverse impacts on medicinal research and the locals whose livelihood depends on
animals and plants in the forests for hunting and medicine.

HOMEWORK LESSON 01
Comparatives and superlatives
1. Underline the correct alternative.
Bad? It was the 1worse / worst experience of my life! The hotel was much 2more/most expensive
than we imagined. It was also 3bigger / biggest than it looked in the photos – not a boutique hotel
at all. The staff never seemed to smile – they were 4unfriendlier / the most unfriendly people
I’ve ever met. They were also the 5noisiest / noiser! Every night there was soemthing going on.
The journeys between towns were 6difficult / more difficult than they said. The one good thing
was that the weather was 7hot / hotter than I expected. Next year will be the 8best / better!
Nothing could be as bad as this!

2. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.

1. Stressful / more / holidays / than / are / home / at / staying
___________________________________________________________________
2. Looking / the / wonderful / most / for / is / everyone / experience
___________________________________________________________________
3. difficult / is / it / more / people / than / imagine
___________________________________________________________________
4. less / is / there / space / hotel rooms / in
___________________________________________________________________
5. creates / opportunities / this / more / arguments / for
___________________________________________________________________
6. ’staycations’ / be / can / best / option / the
___________________________________________________________________

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CYCLE 01 – LESSON 01

LESSON 01 – LESSON KEY

VOCABULARY LESSON 01

VOCABULARY LESSON 01

READING LESSON 01

GRAMMAR LESSON 01
I. Write a new sentence with the same meaning.
3. The station wasn't as far as I thought.
4. The meal cost less than I expected. /... was cheaper than I expected… /... wasn't as
expensive as I expected.
5. I don't go out as much as I used to. /... as often as I used to.
6. She used to have longer hair.
7. You don't know them as well as me. or ... as I do.
8. There weren't as many people at this meeting as at the last one.

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CYCLE 01 – LESSON 01
II. Complete the sentences using as ... as + the following.
2. as well as 6. as quietly as
3. as long as 7. just as comfortable as
4. as soon as 8. just as well-qualified as
5. as often as 9. just as bad as

III. Adjectives or adverbs.

1. more fluently 10. harder
2. most politely 11. the most often
3. more happily 12. worse
4. most gracefully 13. the least
5. more clearly 14. the loudest
6. higher 15. more recklessly
7. more carefully 16. the farthest
8. faster 17. farther
9. worst

HOMEWORK LESSON 01 - ANSWER KEY

1. Underline the correct alternative.
1. worst
2. more 6. more difficult than
3. bigger than 7. hotter than
4. the most unfriendly 8. better
5. the noisiest

2. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.

1. Holidays are more stressful than staying at home.
2. Everyone is looking for the most wonderful experience.
3. It is more difficult than people imagine.
4. There is less space in hotel rooms.
5. This creates more opportunities for arguments.
6. ‘Staycatons’ can be the best option.

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