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2017

PHYSICS
PROJECT

LAKSHAY BANSWAL
XII-C
10/25/2017
AC GENERATOR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many


people have bestowed upon me their blessings and the heart
pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the
people who have been concerned with project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this
project with success. Then I would like to thank my physics
teacher Ms. Gauri Sen and Lab assistant Ms. Nidhi, whose
valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this
project and make it full proof success his suggestions and his
instructions has served as the major contributor towards the
completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have
helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the completion of the
project. Last but not the least I would like to thank my
classmates who have helped me a lot.
Contents

 Acknowledgment
 Introduction
 Theory
 Construction
 Working
 Uses
 Expressions Derivation
 Efficiency
 Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that
converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. A generator
forces electric charge (usually carried by electrons) to flow through an
external electrical circuit. The source of mechanical energy may be a
reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine
or waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a
hand crank, compressed air, or any other source of mechanical energy.

The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is


done by an electric motor, and motors and generators have many
similarities. Many motors can be mechanically driven to generate
electricity and frequently make acceptable generators.

Before the connection between magnetism and electricity was

discovered, electrostatic generators were used. They operated

on electrostatic principles. Such generators generated very

high voltage and low current. They operated by using

moving electrically charged belts, plates, and disks that carried charge

to a high potential electrode.


THEORY
1. The strong magnetic field is produced by a current flow
through the field coil of the rotor.
2. The field coil in the rotor receives excitation through the
use of slip rings and brushes.
3. Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the slip rings
to provide the continuous connection between the field coil
and the external excitation circuit
4. The armature is contained within the windings of the stator
and is connected to the output.
5. Each time the rotor makes one complete revolution, one
complete cycle of AC is developed.
6. A generator has many turns of wire wound into the slots of
the rotor.
7. The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an AC generator
is dependent on the field strength and speed of the rotor.
8. Most generators are operated at a constant speed;
therefore, the generated voltage depends on field excitation,
or strength.
CONSTRUCTION
It is made by PQRS armature coil mounted on
axle between two magnetic poles. Coil’s two ends
are connected with slip rings R1 and R2.
B1 and B2 are two carbon brush which slips over
rings continuously, through these current goes
out and in the circuit axle is rotated by external
source.
WORKING
According to the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, whenever a conductor
moves in a magnetic field EMF gets induced across the conductor. If the close path
is provided to the conductor, induced emf causes current to flow in the circuit.
Now, see the above figure. Let the conductor coil ABCD is placed in a magnetic
field. The direction of magnetic flux will be form N pole to S pole. The coil is
connected to slip rings, and the load is connected through brushes resting on the
slip rings.
Now, consider the case 1 from above figure. The coil is rotating clockwise, in this
case the direction of induced current can be given by Fleming's right hand rule,
and it will be along A-B-C-D.
As the coil is rotating clockwise, after half of the time period, the position of the
coil will be as in second case of above figure. In this case, the direction of the
induced current according to Fleming's right hand rule will be along D-C-B-A. It
shows that, the direction of the current changes after half of the time period
that means we get an alternating current.
USES
1. AC generators in sizes from three to 2,000 kilowatts and
powered by engines operating on hydrocarbon fuels are used for
portable generators for construction projects, as standby units
to protect buildings from power outages, as the sole source of
power at remote locations, and to limit power usage in utility
systems that charge extra for use above a given quantity
2. Larger AC generators are used for the same purposes as the
smaller ones but also have other applications as in oil and gas
extraction, mining machinery, rail and marine transportation.
Often these generators are packaged with an engine or turbine to
be used as motor-generator set. These applications require from
200 kilowatts to 18 megawatts. They can supply a significant
proportion of a buildings electrical power when used to replace
much of the utility power in a computer or telecommunications
facility
3. Alternators: They are used in modern automobiles to charge the
battery and to power the electrical system when its engine is
running.
Expression for Instantaneous
E.M.F Produced
Let position of the coil at any time t. It's make angle q an angle with
vertical. If w is uniform angular speed of the coil.

Then q = wt

B be the strength of magnetic field n be the number of turns in the


coil and A area of the coil then magnetic flux with the coil in this
position is given by :

f = nBA Cos q = nBA Cos wt.

differentiate w.r.t. time.

= nBA (-Sin wt) w

= -nBA w Sin wt

e= = -(-nBA w Sin wt)

maximum value of e.m.f. say e0

e = e0 Sin wt.
EFFICIENCY

Efficiency of an AC generator is the ratio of the useful power output


to the total power input. Because any mechanical process experiences
some losses, no AC generators can be 100 percent efficient. Efficiency
of an AC generator can be calculated using Equation.
Efficiency = (Output power/Input power) x 100
Bibliography
Following books and websites were a source
for my project.
 NCERT Textbook Class 12
 S.L Arora
 www.Wikipedia.com
 www.issuu.com

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