A

Seminar Report
On
EFFECT OF STIFFNESS RATIO OF DAMPERS ON THE RESPONSE OF THE BUILDINGS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
Of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
In
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(Specialization in Structural Dynamics)

By
SANJU SATIHAL
(Enrolment No-18526012)

Under the guidance of

Dr. P C ASHWINKUMAR
Assistant Professor, Department of Earthquake Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE-247667
MAY 2019

17
 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
ROORKEE, INDIA

CANDIDATE DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the report entitled “EFFECT OF
STIFFNESS RATIO OF DAMPERS ON THE RESPONSE OF THE BUILDINGS” in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of Degree of Master of Technology and submitted in the Earthquake
Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, is an authentic record of my own
work carried out during the period of March 2019 to May 2019 under the supervision of Dr.
P C ASHWINKUMAR, Professor, Department of Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology, Roorkee.

Date: 07 MAY 2019

Place: Roorkee

SANJU SATIHAL
(18526012)
Department of Earthquake Engineering
IIT Roorkee

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge
Date: 07 MAY 2018
Dr. P C ASHWINKUMAR
Assistant Professor
Department of Earthquake Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Roorkee-247667

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my sincere thanks and deep sense of gratitude to my supervisor Dr. P C
ASHWINKUMAR for his valuable guidance, constant encouragement and inspiration. I am grateful for
his co-operation and kind help he rendered from time to time. I feel overwhelmed for the wonderful
learning opportunity and experience gained at IIT Roorkee. I am thankful to all the faculties of the
Earthquake Engineering Department, IIT Roorkee for their kind help.

I would also like to thank my parents and fellow classmates for their help and moral support
during the course of this work without whom this would not be possible.

Date: 07 MAY 2018

Place: Roorkee
SANJU SATIHAL
(18526012)

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ABSTRACT

Over the past decades, the ductility based conventional methods are being used for earthquake
resistant design of structures. During a major earthquake, life safety can be achieved to the required
level by these methods, but they do not ensure the required damage control which restricts the
functional use of the structure after the major earthquake. In order to overcome this drawback, in recent
times, considerable attention has been given to the innovative, non-conventional methods of
earthquake resistant design techniques such as seismic base isolation systems, passive energy
dissipation systems, active, hybrid and semi active control systems. These innovative methods are
found to be more reliable and effective means of earthquake hazard mitigation. In this paper an attempt
has been made to give the overview of these non-conventional systems which includes the concept of
seismic base isolation, types, advantages and limitations of base isolation systems, the working
principle, advantages and limitations of different passive energy dissipation devices and the basic
working principles of active, hybrid and semi active control systems.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CANDIDATE DECLARATION 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3

ABSTRACT 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS 5

TABLE OF FIGURES 6

1. INTRODUCTION 7

Objective of study 7

Scope of study 7

2.DIFFERENT LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEMS 8

2.1 Infill walls 8

2.2 Base isolation 8

2.3 Shear walls 9

2.4 Energy dissipation devices 10

2.4.1 Passive energy dissipation devices 10

2.4.2 Active energy dissipation 15
2.4.3.Hybrid control systems 16
3 WHY METALLIC DAMPERS? 16

4 DESIGN OF METALLIC DAMPERS. 18

5 CONCLUSION 22

6 REFERENCES 23

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TABLE OF FIGURES

FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE

NO. NO.

2.1 Change in the lateral load transfer mechanism owing to inclusion of 2

masonry infill wall
2.2 Response of buildings without and with base isolators under earthquake 3
forces
2.3 Reinforced concrete shear wall in buildings 4

2.4.1.1 Schematic representation of viscous fluid dampers 5

2.4.1.2 Visco elastic damper 6

2.4.1.3 a) Friction damper b) Rotational friction damper 7

2.4.1.4(a) ADAS (X shaped) damper 7

2.4.1.4(b) Unbonded brace metallic dampers 8

2.4.1.5 working principle of tuned mass dampers 8

2.4.2 schematic representation of active control system 9

2.4.3 schematic representation of a Hybrid control system 10

3.1 (a) Number of blades used in dampers, (b) variation of inter-story drift 12
along the height (c) variation of storey shear along height
5.1 The relationship between force and relative displacement of ADAS 14

5.2 shear force distribution of structures with ADAS during earthquake 15

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1. INTRODUCTION
During a major earthquake, a huge amount of energy will be induced into the structure. The
level of damage to the structural system depends on the way in which the structure dissipates the input
seismic energy. In conventional method of earthquake resistant design, the energy dissipation is
achieved by material ductility. This method ensures life safety but does not ensure required damage
control and hence the functionality of the structure after the earthquake becomes questionable. The
required structural performance can be achieved by introducing non-conventional methods of
earthquake hazard mitigation techniques like base isolation, passive energy dissipation devices, active,
hybrid and semi active control systems.
In passive energy dissipation systems, a major portion of input seismic energy is dissipated by
means of mechanical devices which may works on different principles like friction, shear
deformations, metallic yielding, and fluid orificing etc. Thus the forces induced in the primary structure
will be considerably reduced which consequently decreases the ductility demand of the structure.
In active control systems, an algorithm based control unit along with actuators and sensors is
used to reduce the response of the structure. In hybrid energy dissipation devices are embedded with
active control systems to get desired structural control.

Objective of study

The main objective of this study is to enhance knowledge and proficiency in earthquake
resistant design and seismic retrofitting of existing reinforced concrete structures and to get familiar
with modeling and analyzing buildings against earthquake loads by using computer software. The
objectives of this study are:
(I) To investigate response of building under the earthquake force
(II) To retrofit the deficient RC building and study the behavior of metallic damper in RC structure
(III) To explore the effect of stiffness ratio(SR) and location of damper to reach at the optimum value
of SR for given RC building.

Scope of study

The present study deals with analysis of seismically deficient building and further retrofitted
using passive energy dissipating device (metallic damper). The comparative study of the retrofitted
building using shear link element and then arriving at particular value of stiffness ratio is prime scope

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of the study. In addition, comparative study on the response of brace retrofitted building and PED
device retrofitted building was done which shows the variation of initial stiffness. The optimum value
of SR obtained by analyzing the result will suggest the design stiffness of dampers.

2.DIFFERENT LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEMS

2.1Infill walls

Significant experimental and analytical research effort has been expended till date in
understanding the behavior of masonry infilled frames [CEB, 1996]. Infills interfere with the lateral
deformations of the RC frame; separation of frame and infill takes place along one diagonal and a
compression strut forms along the other. Thus, infills add lateral stiffness to the building. The structural
load transfer mechanism is changed from frame action to predominant truss action (Figure 2.1); the
frame columns now experience increased axial forces but with reduced bending moments and shear
forces.

a) Frame action in bare frame b) Predominant truss action in infilled wall

Figure 2.1: Change in the lateral load transfer mechanism owing to inclusion of masonry infill walls.

2.2Base isolation

In this approach, the structure is not fixed to the ground firmly. The superstructure and
substructure are separated by means of elastic medium which acts as a barrier to the earthquake forces
otherwise being transmitted to superstructure causing damage or failure of structure. The large amount
of energy being transmitted by earth to the structure during earthquake is being overcome by the
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displacement of the elastic medium, thus ensuring the structural safety and integrity. Base isolation is
an external type of system, works in passive way and inculcates a method of seismic response control
by adjusting stiffness and damping. Elastic medium is made up of natural or synthetic rubber which
has very high vertical stiffness in order to carry the vertical loads of structure and very high lateral
flexibility in order to undergo displacement under the action of earthquake forces.

Figure 2.2 Response of buildings without and with base isolators under earthquake forces.

2.3 Shear walls

Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings often have vertical plate-like RC walls called Shear Walls
in addition to slabs, beams and columns. These walls generally start at foundation level and are
continuous throughout the building height. Their thickness can be as low as 150mm, or as high as
400mm in high rise buildings. Shear walls are usually provided along both length and width of
buildings. Shear walls are like vertically-oriented wide beams that carry earthquake loads downwards
to the foundation.

Most RC buildings with shear walls also have columns; these columns primarily carry gravity
loads (i.e., those due to self-weight and contents of building). Shear walls provide large strength and
stiffness to buildings in the direction of their orientation, which significantly reduces lateral sway of
the building and thereby reduces damage to structure and its contents. Since shear walls carry large
horizontal earthquake forces, the overturning effects on them are large. Thus, design of their

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foundations requires special attention. Shear walls should be provided along preferably both length
and width. However, if they are provided along only one direction, a proper grid of beams and columns
in the vertical plane (called a moment-resistant frame) must be provided along the other direction to
resist strong earthquake effects.

Figure 2.3: Reinforced concrete shear wall in buildings.

2.4Energy dissipation devices

2.4.1 Passive energy dissipation devices

These systems compose of materials and devices, which enhances damping, stiffness and
strength, and can be used for both rehabilitation of structures and new construction. These systems are
characterized by their energy dissipating capacity in the structural systems in which they are installed.
These types of devices are always ready to perform to their capacity and their capacity do not depends
on the excitation force.
There are different types of PED systems and they are being used worldwide for lateral load
resisting.
These PDE’s are classified into 3 main categories;
a) Rate-dependent devices
b) Rate-independent devices; and

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 c) Others
In case of rate-dependent devices their mechanical response is depending upon the relative
velocity between the ends of the devices.
e.g. viscous fluid dampers, viscoelastic dampers and viscoelastic solid dampers.

In case of rate-independent devices their mechanical response is depending upon the relative
displacement between the ends of the devices.
e.g. Friction dampers and metallic dampers.

2.4.1.1 Viscous fluid dampers

These dampers works on the principle of fluid orificing in which energy is dissipated through
the movement of a piston in a highly viscous fluid. A viscous fluid damper consists of a piston
containing number of small orifices, within a damper housing filled with a compound of silicone or
similar type of oil as shown in Figure 2.4.1.1. When vibrations are induced in the structure due to an
earthquake the piston moves, which causes the viscous fluid to move from one side to the other through
small orifices, thereby dissipates a large amount of energy and safeguards the structure. In many of the
practical applications, viscous dampers are used in combination with the seismic base isolation
systems.

Figure 2.4.1.1 Schematic representation of viscous fluid dampers.

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2.4.1.2 Viscoelastic dampers
Visco elastic dampers are usually made up of visco elastic materials like copolymers or glassy
substances like Bitumen Rubber Compounds, thermoplastic rubber etc. These materials have good
adhesive strength, can undergo large shear deformations and can take the form of a thin sheet. These
types of materials are sensitive to temperature, strain and other environmental factors. Visco elastic
dampers consist of thin steel plates and visco elastic material sheets which are laminated alternatively
as shown in Figure 2.4.1.2 Visco elastic dampers work on the principle of large shear deformations.
When a vibration is induced in a structure due to an earthquake, relative motion occurs between the
outer plates and Centre plate, due to which a shear deformation occurs in the visco elastic materials
and hence the energy is dissipated.

Figure 2.4.1.2 Visco elastic damper

2.4.1.3 Friction dampers

The energy dissipation in a friction damper is similar to the dissipation of kinetic energy of a
moving vehicle by the use of friction between tire and the road. Friction dampers generally possess
large, rectangular and nearly stable hysteresis loops thereby indicating high energy dissipation
capacity.
Friction dampers consist of series of steel plates which are specially treated to develop reliable
friction. These plates are clamped together with high strength steel bolts and allowed to slip at a
predetermined load. These friction dampers are designed not to slip during wind storms and moderate
earthquakes. During a major earthquake they slip at a predetermined load and dissipate a large portion
of energy allowing the building to remain elastic or delays the yielding. Hence the damage to the
primary structure is significantly reduced.

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 In case of rotational friction dampers, the bolt connects three steel plates and between these
plates there are two circular friction pad discs (as shown in Figure 2.4.1.3(b)), which ensure stable
friction force and reduce noise of the movement. During a major earthquake when the horizontal force
exceeds the frictional forces, sliding starts and the central plates rotates relatively to the friction pad
discs and thereby dissipates major portion of seismic energy.

Figure 2.4.1.3 a) Friction damper b) Rotational friction damper

2.4.1.4 Metallic dampers

This is also one of the effective ways of energy dissipation which works on the principle of
dissipation of energy by inelastic deformations of metals. In most of the metallic yield dampers, mild
steel plates of triangular or X shape are used so that uniform yielding throughout the material can be
achieved. These X shaped dampers are known as ADAS (added damping added stiffness) dampers.
When vibrations are induced in the structure due to an earthquake, the provided metallic yield damper
yields first, dissipating a major portion of seismic energy and hence reduces the energy input into the
structure and safeguards it.

Figure 2.4.1.4 (a) ADAS (X shaped) damper

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 An unbounded brace or tension/compression yielding brace shown in Figure 2.4.1.4(b) is
another type of damping device which works on the same metallic yielding principle. It consists of a
core plate encased in a concrete or mortar filled steel tube. The core plate provide a stable energy
dissipation by yielding under reversed axial loading, while the surrounding concrete filled steel tube
resists compression buckling.

Figure 2.4.1.4(b)Unbonded brace metallic dampers.

2.4.1.5.Tuned mass dampers

Tuned mass damper is a device mounted to a specific location in a structure, so as to reduce
the amplitude of vibration to an acceptable level whenever a strong lateral force such as an earthquake
or high winds hit. Consequently, discomfort, damage, or outright structural failure caused by vibration
in the structure will be prevented. These kind of dampers are typically used in case of skyscrapers.

Figure 2.4.1.5 working principle of tuned mass dampers.

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2.4.2 Active energy dissipation
In an active control system the resistant forces are not fixed and are dependent on the external
excitation. This system is a combination of computer science data processing, sensing technology,
structural dynamics and wind and earthquake engineering. An active control system consists of sensors
located about the structures to measure both external excitations and structural response, controller
unit and actuators. During seismic excitations, the sensors measure the accelerations at the structural
base and send it to the computer control unit. The computer control unit processes the measured
information and using the control algorithm given to the control unit, it computes the required control
forces and sends it to the actuators. The actuators are usually powered by external sources and they
produce the required control forces. At the same time, the structural response to the external excitations
is also measured by the sensors and is processed by the control unit. The control unit computes the
control forces such that only the least structural response is possible. These types of systems are
applicable for multi hazard mitigations, like it can be used for both wind and seismic excitations. The
response control is most effective in this system. But it requires a continuous power source, fail in
which may lead to disaster. The schematic representation of active control system is as shown in Fig-
2.4.2.

Figure 2.4.2: schematic representation of active control system

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2.4.3.Hybrid control systems
It is a combination of active control and passive dissipation systems. The power required to
operate this type of system is comparatively much less than that of an active control system. In this
type of system a portion of the energy is dissipated by passive energy dissipation devices and hence
load on the active control system is reduced and consequently required power is also less. A side
benefit of hybrid system is that, in case of a power failure, the passive components of the control still
offer some degree of protection, unlike a fully active control system.

Figure 2.4.3: schematic representation of a Hybrid control system

3 WHY METALLIC DAMPERS?

Basu and Reddy (2016) carried out an analytical study to show the behavior of metallic damper
that is capable of dissipating energy irrespective of the direction of ground motion excitation.
Hourglass added damping added stiffness damper (HADAS) design is similar to that of ADAS except
it includes an extra modification in yield load. HADAS damper shows superior performance than
ADAS and TADAS damper, as they are capable in resisting one directional earthquake ground motion.
Furthermore, it also shows better results for column shear demand and drift. HADAS also proved to
be cost effective option when compared to ADAS and aluminum in HADA system shows better
corrosion resistant properties than mild steel in ADAS. Although the major setback in using HADAS
is that it hinders the functional requirement, as it requires four adjacent bays for its installation
.HADAS system is less prone to failure through neck formation.

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 Bayat and Abdollahzadeb (2011) carried out study to compare the response of structure having
ADAS as energy dissipating device. Concentrically braced frame with and without ADAS damper in
five, ten, fifteen storey three bays building is analyzed. PERFORM 3D software was adopted to carry
out nonlinear analysis for three different earthquake ground motion (Northridge, Imperial Valley and
Tabas). Higher ratio of plastic energy to input energy shows better performance of ADAS device in
contrast with that of CBF. Maximum total input energy is utilized in exploring the response of
structure. Furthermore, the ratio of hysteretic to input energy for an ADAS device is more than that
for CBF.
Bagheri et al., (2011) performed an analytical study to find the optimum SR (stiffness ratio)
value that is bracing stiffness to ADAS device stiffness. The basis of study is to achieve best possible
uniformity in deformation along the height. Adopting a single value of SR will lead to non-uniform
distribution of deformation of different storeys. In addition, it does not ensure that all the devices will
be utilized to its full capacity.
Teruna et al., (2015) carried out experimental study to get the performance of metallic damper
using different geometrical shapes of flexure plate made of mild steel. Comparative study was
performed to evaluate the hysteretic behavior. Convex shaped plate showed superior energy dissipating
characteristics and ductility factor as compared to types of plate. Deformation vs load curve segmented
into Bauschinger, skeleton and elastic unloading zone. Concerned parameter to define behavior of
damper such as elastic stiffness, yield strength and stiffness ratio after yield obtained from skeleton
curve. Furthermore the skeleton curve drawn using experimental result was taken as basis for
development of approximate trilinear hysteretic model.
Khosravian and Hosseini (2012) carried out study on plane shear building of 10 storey using
metallic damper (TADAS) as passive energy dissipating device using genetic algorithm. Selection of
damper parameter and optimum number was explored using genetic algorithm. Non-uniform stiffness
of damper considered along the height by adopting different number of damper blades in each storey.
Response reduction of building using different blades at given location justified through reduced value
of base shear by 27% and inter-story variation narrowed down to uniform value along the height of
building can be depicted in figure below.

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 Figure 3.1 (a) Number of blades used in dampers (b) variation of inter-story drift along the height
(c) variation of storey shear along height

All the above experimental results concludes the following,

(i) The tests at the University of California at Berkeley showed that ADAS elements can safely
be designed for displacement range up to above 10∆y (Aiken et al. 1993); where, ∆y is the
yield displacement of devices.
(ii) Added Damping and Stiffness (ADAS) elements that are designed to dissipate energy
through flexural yielding deformation of mild-steel plates
(iii) The performance of these structures in the near filed region is better than the other structural
systems. The ADAS devices significantly increase the resistance of the structure
components to the dynamic loads and they are effective in reducing the seismic response
of the structures.
(iv) By yielding a large volume of steel, the ADAS device can dissipate substantial energy
during an earthquake. The ADAS devices can be easily replaced after an earthquake, if
necessary.
(v) The ADAS devices lower 80 percent of the column shear forces using this procedure when
the whole system is subjected to different Earthquake ground movements.

4 DESIRED PERFORMANCE OF METALLIC DAMPERS

A comprehensive methodology is proposed for design of metallic dampers in seismic retrofit

of earthquake-damaged frame structures. It is assumed that the metallic dampers remain elastic and
only provide stiffness during frequent earthquake (i.e., earthquake with a 63% probability of

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exceedance in 50-year service period), while in precautionary earthquake (i.e., earthquake with a 10%
probability of exceedance in 50-year service period), the metallic dampers yield before the main frame
and dissipate most of the seismic energy to either prevent or minimize structural damages. Therefore
by converting multi-story frame to an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom system, the added stiffness
provided by metallic dampers is designed to control elastic story drifts within code-based demand
under frequent earthquake, and the added damping with the combination of added stiffness influences
is obtained to control structural stress within performance-based target under precautionary
earthquake. With the equivalent added damping ratio, the expected damping forces provided by
metallic dampers can be calculated to carry out the configuration and design of metallic dampers along
with supporting braces.

5. CHARACTERSTICS OF ADAS DEVICE

Tsai et al illustrates that the ADAS devices exhibit nonlinear behaviour under noticeable
ground motions. We can simulate the seismic behaviour of ADAS devices with a bilinear behaviour
between shear force and relative displacement is concluded.

Thus, the ADAS devices bearable forces are given as;

𝐹𝑅 = 𝐾 ′ 𝛿𝑦 + 𝑎𝐾 ′ (𝛿𝑅 − 𝛿𝑦 )…..(1)

a = an unknown coefficient to be determined from the experimental data

𝐾 ′ = elastic stiffness of the ADAS devices

𝛿𝑅 = maximum relative displacement

𝛿𝑦 = yield displacement of the ADAS devices

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 .

Figure 5.1 The relationship between force and relative displacement of ADAS

The ADAS devices by possessing the stable hysteretic loops resulting from the yielding of steel
plates provide reliable energy dissipation.
The ductility ratio µ is defined as;
𝛿𝑅
𝜇= ……(2)
𝛿𝑦

Let N represent the number of plates are going to provide in the damper, as all the plates being
in parallel to each other , their stiffness can be written as
K=N𝐾 ′
By putting the value of 𝜇 in equation (1), we get
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐾𝑁𝛿𝑦 (1 + 𝑎 𝜇 − 𝑎)…...(3)
The stiffness of a steel plate, K can be determined in accordance with the geometric shape of
the steel plates; for example
𝐸𝐵𝑇 3
For triangular plates, 𝐾= …..(4)
6𝐻 3

2𝐸𝐵𝑇 3
For X-shaped plates, 𝐾= …..(5)
3𝐻 3

E = elastic modulus of steel

B = base width

T = thickness

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H = height of the steel plates

5.1 Seismic forces and the effects of ADAS device design

The bracing members are considered rigid in stiffness during design of a structure with
damping devices. The reactive forces due to seismic impact on the building mainly include column
shear forces and ADAS-absorbed forces. The ADAS devices are designed to be able to absorb impact
to keep the column shear forces less than the designed column shear forces at any time. Generally,
ADAS devices are designed after the Concentric Braced Frames has been designed to meet the seismic
building requirements. Let FT be the maximum story shear forces of structures without ADAS devices
on each story during earthquakes, FD be the designed column shear forces and FR represent the
resistant forces of ADAS dampers that are aimed to be designed. If FT > FD , the goal of using the
dampers is to absorb FT – FD so that FC will not exceed FC during the earthquake. The above implies;

Figure 5.2 shear force distribution of structures with ADAS during earthquake
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝑇 − 𝐹𝐷 …….(6)

we use the designed ductility ratio µd instead of the resulting ductility ratio µ when N plates are
used. Eqs. (3) and (6) lead to Eq. (7) to the number of steel plates for the ADAS devices to achieve the
above goal:
𝐹𝑇 −𝐹𝐷
𝑁 = 𝐾𝑁𝛿 …..(7)
𝑦 (1+𝑎 𝜇𝑑 −𝑎)

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 6 CONCLUSION

a) These non-conventional methods found to be more reliable and effective earthquake resistant design
techniques, with a good reduction in response of the structures when compared to conventional
methods.
b) By adopting the above systems(damper system), the dependence on the ductility of the system can
be significantly reduced.
c) In case of severe earthquakes, significant damage control can be achieved by adopting non-
conventional methods when compared to conventional ductility based earthquake resistant design.
This facilitates the functional use of the structure even after a major earthquake, which is a must in
case of hospitals, communication centers etc.
d) The cost of these non-conventional systems is higher than that of conventional systems. However,
by considering the long term effects and performance, the non-conventional systems may found to be
economical and effective.
e) As these non-conventional systems are still evolving technologies, proper modeling, analysis and
design are required before implementing in large scale. Proper installation, care and maintenance are
to be ensured for efficient performance of these systems, fail in which may lead to big disasters.

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 7 REFERENCES

Adithya G. S, Shankarling S. Mandewali, Narendra.H (2008) “Seismic Energy Dissipation” ISO

9001:2008 Certified Journal.
Basu D, Reddy P.R.M (2016) “A New Metallic Damper for Seismic Resilience: Analytical Feasibility
Study”
Bagheria S et al ( 2011)“Height wise Distribution of Stiffness Ratio for Optimum Seismic Design of
Steel Frames with Metallic-Yielding Dampers”.
Bayat G and Abdollahzadeh.M (2011) “On the effect of the near field records on the steel braced
frames equipped with energy dissipating devices”.
FEMA 273, NEHRP Guidelines and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. Technical
Report FEMA 273 (Guidelines), Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., 1997.
Hirugade S and Muley P.V (2017)”Seismic Response Control of a Building Using Metallic Dampers”
Murthy C.V.R (2005), Earthquake Tips – Learning Earthquake design and construction, National
Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Kanpur.
Nims, D.K., Richter, P.J., Bachman, R.E.: The use of the energy dissipating restraint for seismic hazard
mitigation. Earthq. spectra 9(3), 467–489 (1993)
Pankaj A and Manish S (2006), Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, PHI Delhi
P.N. Dubey et al (2007), Performance of base isolated RCC framed buildings under actual earthquake,
International Workshop on Earthquake Hazards and Mitigation, Guwahati, India.
Soong, T.T., Dargush, G.F.: Passive Energy Dissipation Systems in Structural Engineering. Wiley,
Chichester (1997).
Teruna D,Majid T (2015) “Experimental Study of Hysteretic Steel Damper for Energy Dissipation
Capacity”
Tsai et al (1993) “Design of Steel Triangular Plate Energy Absorbers for Seismic‐Resistant
Construction”.
Vajreshwari Umachagi et al (2013), Applications of dampers for vibration control of structures: An
overview, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology.

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