Far East Journal of Mathematical Sciences (FJMS)

© 2017 Pushpa Publishing House, Allahabad, India

http://www.pphmj.com
http://dx.doi.org/10.17654/
Volume …, Number …, 2017, Pages … ISSN: 0972-0871

HYDROMAGNETIC MIXED CONVECTION FLOW

IN AN INCLINED CAVITY

1 1,*
N. Zainuddin1, M. S. Rusiman1, A. Karimipour2, M. Ali and R. Roslan
1
Faculty of Science, Technology and Human Development
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Najafabad Branch
Islamic Azad University
Najafabad, Iran
e-mail: rozaini@uthm.edu.my

Abstract

The effect of inclination angle on the mixed convection in a lid driven

rectangular porous cavity subjected to magnetic field is investigated
numerically. The bottom and top walls are kept at hot and cold
temperature, respectively. While, the vertical walls are adiabatic. The
top wall is subjected to a constant velocity from left to right. The finite
volume method with semi-implicit for pressure linked equations
(SIMPLE) algorithm is employed to solve the dimensionless
governing equations. The numerical results are compared with the
reference solution and good agreement is attained. Effects of the
inclination angles ( γ ) , Darcy numbers (Da) and Hartmann numbers
(Ha) on the flow and heat transfer are studied. It is evident that the

Received: July 31, 2017; Accepted: September 30, 2017

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: Kindly provide.
Keywords and phrases: lid driven cavity, mixed convection, Porous medium, magnetic field.
∗
Corresponding author
2 N. Zainuddin, M. S. Rusiman, A. Karimipour, M. Ali and R. Roslan
streamlines and isotherms are changed substantially as the cavity filled
with porous medium is inclined in the presence of magnetic field.

Nomenclature

C specific heat of constant pressure

Da Darcy number
g gravitational acceleration
Gr Grashof number
H enclosure length
Ha Hartmann number
K thermal conductivity
Nu local Nusselt number

Nu average Nusselt number

p pressure
P dimensionless pressure
Pr Prandtl number

B0 magnetic field strength

Re Reynolds number
t dimensionless time
T temperature

Tc temperature of cooled bottom wall

Th temperature of hot bottom wall

u, v velocity components along the x and y directions, respectively

U, V dimensionless velocity components along the x and y

directions, respectively
 Hydromagnetic Mixed Convection Flow in an Inclined Cavity 3
x, y Cartesian coordinates

X, Y dimensionless Cartesian coordinates

Greek Letters

τ time

β coefficient of thermal expansion

α thermal diffusivity

μ dynamic viscosity

ν kinematic viscosity

σ electrical conductivity of the fluid

ρ density

θ dimensionless temperature

κ permeability of the porous medium

ψ stream function

Subscripts

c cold wall
h hot wall
s surface

1. Introduction

Hydromagnetic mixed convection in a lid-driven cavity filled with the

porous medium has received much attention in recent years due to its
importance in science and engineering applications. The existence of
magnetic field can be seen in many applications such as crystal growing,
solar energy system, material processing, food processing and many others.
4 N. Zainuddin, M. S. Rusiman, A. Karimipour, M. Ali and R. Roslan
Moreover, it is apparent that the porous medium would change the heat and
fluid flow movement inside the cavity. Most of the previous works studied
the heat and fluid flow characteristics inside square cavities. The study on
mixed convection in the rectangular cavity filled with the porous medium,
however, is limited. Moreover, the related study performed in the presence of
magnetic field has not been reported so far.
Mixed convection problems in lid-driven cavity have been extensively
studied. Alleborn et al. [1] studied the mixed convection in a rectangular lid-
driven cavity subjected to heating from the bottom wall. Mixed convection
problem in rectangular container where the fluid was driven by small lid
motion had been solved analytically by Shankar et al. [2]. Teamah [3]
simulated the double-diffusive convective flow in a rectangular enclosure by
insulating the upper and lower surfaces. Chamkha [4] and Chamkha and
Naser [5] studied the hydromagnetic double diffusive convection in a
rectangular enclosure with opposing temperature and concentration
gradients. Later, Teamah and El-Maghlany [6] extended the previous work
[3] by considering the insulated moving lid. Mahmoodi [7] studied the mixed
convection in a lid-driven rectangular cavity filled with nanofluid. Elharfi et
al. [8] investigated the mixed convection in a lid-driven shallow rectangular
cavity filled with nanofluid which was subjected to uniform heating/cooling
from the vertical sides. Very recently, Bettaibi et al. [9] studied the double-
diffusive mixed convection in a rectangular enclosure by incorporating an
insulated moving lid.
As seen, studies on natural or mixed convection in a rectangular cavity
filled with porous medium are limited. Bahloul et al. [10] investigated the
natural convection in a rectangular porous layer filled with binary fluid. The
problem was solved by the control-volume SIMPLER algorithm. The finite
difference method with uniform grid size had been used by Khelifa et al. [11]
to study the natural convection in a shallow porous cavity filled with a non-
Newtonian binary fluid. Alloui and Vasseur [12] analyzed the natural
convection in a shallow porous cavity filled with a binary fluid theoretically.
Later, a finite-volume based two-phase mixture model was used by Goodarzi
et al. [13] to study the mixed convection of nanofluid in a shallow cavity.
 Hydromagnetic Mixed Convection Flow in an Inclined Cavity 5
The effects of porous medium on the mixed convection in a square cavity
have been studied extensively. Khanafer and Chamkha [14] studied the
mixed convection in a lid-driven porous cavity by using the finite-volume
approach. Similar method had been used by Khanafer and Vafai [15].
Vishnuvardhanarao and Das [16] investigated the mixed convection in an
enclosure filled with a Darcian fluid by using the third-order upwind scheme.
Basak et al. [17] presented their finite element analysis on mixed convection
in a porous cavity. They found that the presence of porous medium would
increase the flow resistance. Thus, the fluid accelerates as the permeability of
porous medium increases.
Related works on the effect of magnetic field on convective heat transfer
are extensive. However, study addressing the role of magnetic field in mixed
convection inside a rectangular porous cavity is rather limited. Khanafer and
Chamkha [18] studied the flow in an inclined square enclosure filled with
porous medium subjected to internal heat generation. Revnic et al. [19]
investigated the effects of inclined magnetic field and heat generation
numerically while Sivasankaran et al. [20] studied the effect of sinusoidal
boundary temperatures imposed at the sidewalls on the hydromagnetic mixed
convection in a square cavity. Pekmen and Tezer-Sezgin [21] investigated
the effect of magnetic field on mixed convection in a lid-driven square cavity
filled with porous medium. Recently, Kefayati [22] analyzed the laminar
mixed convection of non-Newtonian nanofluid subjected to a vertical
magnetic field in a lid-driven square cavity.
By using the finite difference method, the hydromagnetic mixed
convection in a rectangular enclosure had been investigated by Chamkha and
Naser [5]. The working fluid was a binary gas mixture. Meanwhile,
Ramambason and Vasseur [23] investigated the natural convection of flow
subjected to magnetic field in a rectangular porous enclosure analytically.
Chang [24] studied on double diffusive natural convection in a rectangular
enclosure by considering the effect of magnetic field and heat source and
solved by three independent lattice Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook. Rahman et al.
[25] studied the magneto-hydrodynamic mixed convection in a horizontal
channel by using the Galarkin weighted residual finite element technique.
6 N. Zainuddin, M. S. Rusiman, A. Karimipour, M. Ali and R. Roslan
The effect of cavity inclination on the convective heat transfer in
rectangular cavity has been investigated by many researchers. Bian et al. [26]
studied the effect of electromagnetic field on the free convection in an
inclined rectangular porous cavity. Iwatsu et al. [27] analyzed the mixed
convection in a lid-driven cavity with a stable vertical temperature gradient.
Their work had been extended by Sharif [28] to simulate the laminar mixed
convection in two-dimensional shallow and inclined rectangular cavities.
Elsherbiny and Ragab [29] investigated numerically the laminar natural
convection in an inclined rectangular cavities with a localized heat source.
Later, Teamah et al. [30] studied the mixed convection in an inclined shallow
cavity. Karimipour et al. [31] investigated the laminar mixed convection in a
two-dimensional inclined rectangular cavity. Elsherbiny and Ismail [32]
analyzed the laminar natural convection of air in an inclined rectangular
cavities with two localized heat sources. D’Orazio et al. [34] investigated the
mixed convection in an inclined lid-driven cavity with heat flux boundary
condition. Recently, Mehmood et al. [33] investigated numerically the mixed
convection in square cavity with concentric isothermal heated square block
inside with the presence of magnetic field. They solved the top-lid driven
cavity filled with Al2O3 -water nanofluid by using Crank-Nicolson and
Galerkin methods. Gibanov et al. [36] studied numerically MHD mixed
convection in a lid-driven cavity with partially filled with a porous medium
saturated with a ferrofluid. The effect of inclination of external uniform
magnetic field had been solved by using finite difference method.
In the current work, the sidewalls of the cavity are adiabatic and
impermeable to mass transfer while the bottom wall is maintained at a high
temperature. The top wall is subjected to a low temperature and meanwhile it
moves in the + x direction to mimic the lid motion. The present work is
indeed an extension of the previous studies performed by Khanafer and
Chamkha [14] and Iwatsu et al. [27] which are related to flow in a porous
cavity. While the study about inclined rectangular cavity is extended from
Teamah et al. [30] and Sharif [28] works. In addition, the present study
intends to reveal the effect of magnetic field on the mixed convection in a
 Hydromagnetic Mixed Convection Flow in an Inclined Cavity 7
rectangular porous cavity as well. The problem will be solved numerically by
using the finite-volume based SIMPLE algorithm.

2. Formulation of Problem

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the physical model.

The two-dimensional computational domain of height H and length L is

shown in Figure 1. The side walls are insulated. The bottom wall is subjected
to temperature, Th while, the top wall is subjected to temperature Tc , where
Th > Tc . The top lid is moving from left to right at a uniform speed, U s .
Meanwhile, the gravity acts in the negative y-direction. The magnetic field
B0 is also applied to the fluid in the horizontal direction. The cavity is
inclined and filled with porous medium. A Newtonian and incompressible
binary fluid is considered here. The flow is assumed to be laminar. The
equations governing the conservations of mass, momentum and energy can
be written in their dimensional forms as follows:

∂u ∂v
+ = 0, (1)
∂x ∂y

∂u ∂u 1 ∂p ⎛ ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ⎞ μu
u +v =− + ν⎜⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ + gβ(T − Tc ) sin γ − , (2)
∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ ρκ
8 N. Zainuddin, M. S. Rusiman, A. Karimipour, M. Ali and R. Roslan

∂v ∂v 1 ∂p ⎛ ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ⎞
u +v =− + ν⎜⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟⎟
∂x ∂y ρ ∂y ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠

μu σβ02v
+ gβ(T − Tc ) cos γ − − , (3)
ρκ ρ

∂T ∂T K ⎛⎜ ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ⎞⎟
u +v = + 2 ⎟, (4)
∂x ∂y ρCρ ⎜⎝ ∂x 2 ∂y ⎠

where the u and v are the velocity components in the x and y directions,
respectively. The gravitational acceleration, g is acting downward, β is the
coefficient of thermal expansion and γ is the inclination angle. ν is the
reference kinematic viscosity, κ is the permeability of the porous medium,
ρ is the fluid density, μ is fluid viscosity and p is the fluid pressure, σ is
the fluid electrical conductivity, B0 is the magnetic induction, K is the
thermal conductivity and C is the specific heat at constant pressure.
The initial and boundary conditions can be written as follows:

∂T
u = v = 0, = 0 on left and right walls x = 0, H ,
∂y

u = v = 0, T = Th on bottom wall y = 0,

u = 1, v = 0, T = Tc on top wall y = H . (5)

Here, the dimensionless variables are introduced,

x y u v
X = ,Y = ,U = ,V = ,
L L Us Us

τU s T − Tc p
t = ,θ= ,P= . (6)
L Th − Tc ρU s2

The equations (1)-(4) are transformed into their dimensionless forms by

using the dimensionless variables obtained from equation (6). The resulting
dimensionless forms of the equations (1)-(4) are as follows:
 Hydromagnetic Mixed Convection Flow in an Inclined Cavity 9
∂U ∂V
+ = 0, (7)
∂X ∂Y

∂U ∂U ∂P 1 ⎛⎜ ∂ 2U ∂ 2U ⎞
⎟
U +V =− + +
∂X ∂Y ∂X Re ⎜⎝ ∂X 2 ∂Y 2 ⎟
⎠

Gr U
+ 2
θ sin γ − , (8)
Re Da Re

∂V ∂V ∂P 1 ⎛⎜ ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ⎞⎟
U +V =− + +
∂X ∂Y ∂Y Re ⎜⎝ ∂X 2 ∂Y 2 ⎟⎠

Gr V Ha 2
+ θ cos γ − − V, (9)
Re 2 Da Re Re

∂θ ∂θ 1 ⎛⎜ ∂ 2θ ∂ 2θ ⎞⎟
U +V = + , (10)
∂X ∂Y Pr Re ⎜⎝ ∂X 2 ∂Y 2 ⎟⎠

where Re, Da, Gr, Ha and Pr are the Reynolds number, Darcy number,
Grashof number, Hartmann number and the Prandtl number, respectively.

UsL κ T −T σB02 L2
Re = , Da = 2 , Gr = gβ H 2 c L3 , Ha 2 = ,
ν L ν ν

ν μ K
Pr = , ν= , α= . (11)
α ρ ρC p

The dimensionless initial and boundary conditions are as follows:

∂T
U = V = 0, = 0 at X = 0,
∂Y

∂T
U = V = 0, = 0 at X = 2,
∂Y

U = V = 0, θ = 1 at Y = 0,

U = 1, V = 0, θ = 0 at Y = 1. (12)
10 N. Zainuddin, M. S. Rusiman, A. Karimipour, M. Ali and R. Roslan

The average Nusselt number, N u at the top wall is calculated by integrating

the local Nusselt number, Nu x along the top wall. Its dimensionless form
can be written as:

1 0
Nu = ∫ Nu dX ,
A A x
(13)

where, the local Nusselt number is defined as:

∂θ
Nu x = − . (14)
∂Y Y =1

The stream function can be calculated from its definition by:

∂ψ ∂ψ
U = , V =− . (15)
∂Y ∂X

3. Numerical Procedure

The finite volume method is used to solve the governing equations (7)-
(10) subjected to the initial and boundary conditions (12). The pressure-
velocity coupling is solved by using the SIMPLE algorithm of Patankar [35].
Meanwhile, the convective discretization is accomplished by using the
power-law scheme. The staggered grid system is used and the algorithm is
implemented in FORTRAN. The convergence criterion is calculated via

∑ j =1 ∑i =1 i , j
ζ k +1 − ζ ik, j
m n

ε= ≤ 10− 7 , (16)
∑ j =1 ∑i =1 ζik, +j1
m n

where ε is the tolerance, m and n are the number grid points in x − and y −
directions, respectively, ζ is any of the computed field variable and k is the
iteration number.
In order to check the grid independency of the numerical simulations, the
simulations are executed by using different grid resolutions: 100 × 50,
160 × 80, 200 × 100 and 260 × 130 on velocity profiles of U with the
 Hydromagnetic Mixed Convection Flow in an Inclined Cavity 11
chosen values of Ri = 0.1, γ = 30, Ha = 25, Da = 0.1 and Pr = 6.0 as
demonstrated in Figure 2. As seen, the grid resolution of 200 × 100 is
adequate in resolving the flow details.

Figure 2. Velocity profiles for various mesh sizes.

Figure 3. Comparison for local Nusselt number at the hot surface with Sharif
[28] and Teamah et al. [30] results at Re = 408.21 and Pr = 6.

The numerical results are subsequently compared with those of Sharif

[28] and Teamah et al. [30] for Re = 408.21 and Pr = 6. Figure 3 plots the
local Nusselt number along the hot moving lid. The agreements are
promising. Also, the horizontal and vertical velocity profiles are compared
with those of Iwatsu et al. [27] and Khanafer and Chamkha [14] for
Re = 100 and Re = 400. The results are reported in Table 1.
12 N. Zainuddin, M. S. Rusiman, A. Karimipour, M. Ali and R. Roslan
4. Results and Discussion

In this present study, the effect of inclination angle on hydromagnetic

mixed convection in a lid-driven rectangular enclosure filled with the porous
medium is numerically investigated using finite volume method. The non-
dimensional variables used in the current work are Hartmann number Ha,
Darcy number Da, Prandtl number Pr and Richardson number Ri =
Gr Re2 . The working fluid is water with Pr = 6.0. The Reynolds number is
kept constant at Re = 1000 and the aspect ratio A is 2. Four different
inclination angle are chosen as γ = 00 , 300 , 600 and 90 0 by inclining the
horizontal rectangle cavity counter clockwise. The effects of various
Ha = 0, 25, 30, Ri = 0.1, 1, 10 and Da = 10 −3 , 10 −2 , 10 −2 on the
streamlines and isotherms will be presented and discussed. In addition, the
numerical results for velocity and temperature profile for some various
parameters will be presented and discussed. While, the Nusselt number along
the hot and cold surface will be illustrated and discussed.
The streamlines and isotherms in the cavity are shown in Figures 4-6 for
Ha = 0, 25 and 50, respectively. Figure 5 illustrates the flow and thermal
field inside the cavity with rotating counter clockwise as γ = 00 , 30, 60 and
90 at Ha = 0, Ri = 0.1, and Pr = 6.0. It is observed that there are two
circulation zones where the size of the primary zone is larger than that of the
secondary zone located at the right of the cavity. The maximum value of
streamline increases as γ increases which indicates that the flow field is

fastest at γ = 900. There is a separation line between the circulation zones.

Seemingly, the separation line moves upward as γ increases until the size of
the primary recirculation zone almost has similar size with secondary
circulation zone. This occurs due to the impact of cavity inclination which
would change the buoyancy force. The thermal boundary layer is clearly seen
formed in the cavity especially at γ = 00 , and there are a lot of them formed
near the upper lid, center of the circulation zone and near at the bottom wall.
 Hydromagnetic Mixed Convection Flow in an Inclined Cavity 13
As γ increases, the secondary circulation of isotherm lines formed in the
cavity. Meanwhile, the thermal boundary layer less visible, and it is observed
only at the middle right of the cavity.

Table 1. Comparisons of the maximum and minimum values of the

horizontal and vertical velocities at the mid-sections of the cavity between
the present solution and previous works

Re = 100

Iwatsu et al. [27] Khanafer and Chamkha [14] Present

U min -0.2122 -0.2037 -0.2049

U max 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

Vmin -0.2506 -0.2448 -0.2328

Vmax 0.1765 0.1699 0.1673

Re = 400

U min -0.3197 -0.3099 -0.3023

U max 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

Vmin -0.4459 -0.4363 -0.4219

Vmax 0.2955 0.2866 0.2802

14 N. Zainuddin, M. S. Rusiman, A. Karimipour, M. Ali and R. Roslan

Figure 4. Streamline (a) and isotherm (b) for different γ at Pr = 6.0,

Ri = 0.1, Ha = 0 and Re = 1000.
 Hydromagnetic Mixed Convection Flow in an Inclined Cavity 15

Figure 5. Streamline (a) and isotherm (b) for different γ at Pr = 6.0,

Ri = 0.1, Ha = 25 and Re = 1000.
16 N. Zainuddin, M. S. Rusiman, A. Karimipour, M. Ali and R. Roslan

Figure 6. Streamline (a) and isotherm (b) for different γ at Pr = 6.0,

Ri = 0.1, Ha = 50 and Re = 1000.
 Hydromagnetic Mixed Convection Flow in an Inclined Cavity 17
The similar case as Figure 4 for Ha = 25 has been illustrated in Figure
5. As illustrated in the Figure 5(a), the single circulation zone formed and
covers most of the cavity region when γ = 0. As γ increases, two
circulation zones are formed and the maximum value of streamline increases.
Meanwhile, Figure 5(b) shows that the maximum value of isotherm
increases. The effects of inclination are shown in Figures 4-6. As observed,
the maximum value of streamlines and isotherms increase as γ increases,
and it shows that the fluid flow strength increases. In addition, as γ
increases, the movement and the sizes of circulation zones changes. The
separation line between primary and secondary circulation zones moves
upward in the cavity.
The effects of magnetic field on streamlines and isotherms at different
inclination angles are shown in Figures 4-6 for Ha = 0, 25 and 50,
respectively. As Ha increases, the maximum values of streamline and
isotherm decrease, indicating that the strength of flow circulation inside
cavity decreases or become slow. As example in the Figures 4, 5 and 6(a) at
γ = 300 , the maximum value of streamlines decreases from 0.0088, 0.0078
and 0.0057 while for isotherm increases from 0.3852, 0.5693 and 0.7130,
respectively. When Ha becomes large, the circulation isotherms decrease and
become nearly parallel to the horizontal wall (similar to the direction of the
external magnetic field). It indicates that the conduction is dominating the
heat transfer process. The present results show that the existence of magnetic
field will decrease the fluid velocity and flow intensity due to the inhibition
effect on heat transfer.
Figures 7(a) and (b) show the effects of Ri by considering Ri = 0.1, 1
and 10 on streamline and isotherm, respectively, at Pr = 6.0, γ = 600 ,
Ha = 50 and Re = 1000. It is observed the increase of Ri would increase
the maximum value of streamline which indicates that the strength of
circulation flow increases. At Ri = 0.1, the secondary circulation zone forms
at the top of the cavity dissipates as Ri increases. The primary circulation
zone covers the whole cavity when Ri = 10, and the flow seems to get more
18 N. Zainuddin, M. S. Rusiman, A. Karimipour, M. Ali and R. Roslan
strength. Also, it is found that the thickness of boundary layer increases as Ri
increases. Seemingly, the streamlines and isotherms are dominated by natural
convection at high Ri. At Ri = 10, the flow near the top wall tends to move
to the left. Meanwhile, the flow is moving to the right near the bottom wall.
Since the cavity is inclined at γ = 600 , there has a significant effect on the
fluid flow fields.

Figure 7. Streamline (a) and isotherm (b) for different Ri at Pr = 6.0,

γ = 60, Ha = 50 and Re = 1000.
 Hydromagnetic Mixed Convection Flow in an Inclined Cavity 19

Figure 8. Streamline (a) and isotherm (b) for different Da at Pr = 6.0,

γ = 90, Ha = 50 and Re = 1000.

The effect of Da on streamlines and isotherms are reported in Figure 8.

As Da increases, the maximum value of streamlines increase. In addition, the
secondary circulation zone near at the bottom wall becomes larger and
moved toward to the top wall of the cavity. The result shows that the fluid
20 N. Zainuddin, M. S. Rusiman, A. Karimipour, M. Ali and R. Roslan
velocity increases with respect to Da due to the increase of permeability of
porous medium. Otherwise, the fluid flow was prevented from flowing in the
bulk of cavity. While, the isotherms presented in Figure 8(b) are almost
parallel to the horizontal walls, indicating that a quasi conduction regime is
formed. The boundary layer thickness increase as Da increases, indicating
that convection is dominating the heat transfer process.

Figure 9. Nusselt number, N u on hot and cold surface, (a) and (b),
respectively, with different inclination angle, γ at Pr = 6.0, Ha = 50,
Da = 0.1 and Re = 1000.

Figure 10. Velocity profiles, U (a) and temperature profile, θ (b) with
different inclination angle, γ at Pr = 6.0, Ha = 50, Da = 0.1 and
Re = 1000.

The effects of inclination on local Nusselt numbers over the hot and cold
walls for Ri = 0.1 are illustrated in Figures 9(a) and (b), respectively. The
increase of Nu is clearly seen in Figure 9(a). However, when γ is within

600 and 90 0 (in which the cavity shape is approaching a vertical enclosure),
there is no significant change in Nu. Meanwhile, the change on Nu at a cold
 Hydromagnetic Mixed Convection Flow in an Inclined Cavity 21
wall is mild as shown in Figure 9(b). The value of Nu over cold lid start with
high value compared to over a hot wall due to the drag force created by the
movement of the upper lid. Lastly, the effects of γ, Ha and Da on velocity
and temperature profiles at the mid-section of cavity are shown in Figures
10-12, respectively. From Figure 10(a), it is observed the velocity increases
significantly as γ increases due to the increase of flow movement inside the
cavity at Ha = 50 and Da = 0.1. However, as shown in Figure 10(b) the
temperature increases up to γ = 30 0 , decreases as γ = 600 and reaches a

plateau when γ = 90 0. Meanwhile, the temperature close to the right wall

increases. Figure 11 shows the effect of Ha on the flow when Da = 0.1 and
γ = 900. As shown in Figure 11(a), velocity decreases as Ha increases where
this phenomenon has been mentioned previously about the effect of Ha on
the streamline and isotherm. Also, the temperature increases as Ha increases.
The changes in temperature are more significant at the center of the cavity
and decreases near the bottom and upper walls. The effect of Da on velocity
and temperature are shown in Figure 12(a) and (b), respectively. Clearly, the
velocity and temperature increase as Da increases.

Figure 11. Velocity profiles, U (a) and temperature profile, θ (b) with
different Hartmann number at Pr = 6.0, Re = 1000, Da = 0.1, γ = 90 and
Gr = 100.
22 N. Zainuddin, M. S. Rusiman, A. Karimipour, M. Ali and R. Roslan

Figure 12. Velocity profiles, U (a) and temperature profile, θ (b) with
different Darcy number at Pr = 6.0, Re = 1000, Ha = 50, γ = 90 and
Gr = 100.

5. Conclusion

The mixed convection process of flow subjected to magnetic force in a

lid-driven inclined rectangular cavity filled with porous medium is
investigated numerically by using finite volume method. The numerical
results have been validated with the benchmark solutions. The heat transfer
characteristics, temperature and velocity profiles, local and average Nusselt
numbers have been presented graphically and discussed. It has been found
that the parameters such as inclination angle, magnetic field and Darcy
number affect the streamline and isotherm patterns in the flow. The tilted
cavity significantly changes the flow movement, thereby increasing the flow
circulation strength inside the cavity. Also the increase of magnetic
parameter and Darcy number tend to strengthen the flow circulation due to
the augmentations in fluid velocity, flow intensity and porosity. Thus, the
fluid temperature increases. Furthermore, the local Nusselt numbers along
the top wall bottom walls increase as the cavity inclined.

Acknowledgments

The author would like to acknowledge the financial support received

from the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia grant FRGS 1498.
 Hydromagnetic Mixed Convection Flow in an Inclined Cavity 23
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