92-317

Applied Thermodynamics
Summer 2018
Tutorial 2
Version 2

1. An ideal Otto cycle with air as working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. The minimum
and the maximum temperatures of the cycle are 22C and 1067C. Accounting for the
variation of the specific heats with temperature find:
a) the amount of heat transferred to the working fluid during the heat addition process
b) the thermal efficiency
c) the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle operation between the same temperature
limits.
P
Solution: 1067C
3
(a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression. Using Table A17
u1  210.49kJ/kg qin
4
T1  295K 
 qout
v r  647.9
1
2
1 22C
v2
v r  v r  647.9  80.98 
1 1
vr   u2  486.6kJ/kg v
2
v1 2
r 8
2

v
Process 2-3: v = constant heat addition.
u3  1058.94kJ/kg
T3  1340K 

v r  10.247
3

qin  u3  u2  1058.94  486.6  572.34kJ/kg

(b) Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
v4
vr  v r  rv r  810.247   81.97 
 u 4  481.01.kJ/kg
4
v3 3 3

Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.

qout  u4  u1  481.01  210.07  270.52kJ / kg
qout 270.52
 th  1   1  53.0%
qin 572.34
(c) The thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating between the same temperature limits is
T 300
 th,C  1  L  1   77.6%
TH 1340

2. An ideal Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18 and a cutoff ratio of 1.3. Determine:

a) the maximum temperature of air in the cycle if the state of the air at the beginning of
the isentropic compression is 90kPa and 17C.

b) the rate of heat addition to the cycle if the net output power is 250kW.

Use constant cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K, cv = 0.718 kJ/kg·K, at room temperature.

Solution:

We begin by using the process types to fix the temperatures of the states.
k 1 qin
v  P 2 3
 (290 K)18
1.4 1
T2  T1  1   T1r k 1
 921.5 K
v2 
4
v  qout
T3  T2  3   T2 rc  (921.5 K)(1.3)  1198K 1
v2 
v

v
Combining the first law as applied to the various processes with the process equations gives
1 rck  1 1 1.31.4  1
 th  1   1  1.41  0.667
r k 1 k (rc  1) 18 1.4(1.3  1)
According to the definition of the thermal efficiency,
W 250 kW
Qin  net   374.6 kW
 th 0.667

3. A 4 cylinder 4-stroke 2.0L Diesel engine that operates on ideal Diesel cycle has a compression
ratio of 22 and cutoff ratio of 1.5. Air is at 70C and 97kPa at the beginning of the compression
process. Using the cold air standard assumptions(constant heat capacities cp and cv)
determine how much power the engine will deliver at 2300rpm. Use that cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K, cv
= 0.718 kJ/kg·K, at room temperature and R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K, and k = 1.4.

Solution: P
Qin
2 3
Process 1-2: isentropic compression.

4
Qout
1

v
 k 1
V 
T2  T1  1   343 K 220.4  1181 K
V 2 
Process 2-3: P = constant heat addition.
P3v 3 P2v 2 v
 T3  3 T2  1.5T2  1.51181 K   1771.5K

T3 T2 v2
Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
k 1 k 1 k 1
V   1.5V 2 
0.4
 1.5   1.5 
T4  T3  3   T3    T3    1771.5 K    605 K
V4   V4   r   22 
P1V1 (97 kPa )(0.0020 m 3 )
m   0.001971 kg
RT1 (0.287 kPa  m 3 /kg  K )(343 K )
Qin  mh3  h2   mc p T3  T2 
 (0.001971 kg)(1.005 kJ/kg  K )(1771.5  1181)K  1.17 kJ
Qout  mu4  u1   mcv T4  T1 
 0.001971 kg 0.718 kJ/kg  K 605  343K  0.371 kJ
Wnet, out  Qin  Qout  1.17  0.371  0,799kJ/cycl
Wnet, out  nWnet, out  2300/2/60 rev/s 0.799kJ/cycl  15.0 kW
Discussion Note that for 4-stroke engines, 1 thermodynamic cycle is equivalent to 2 mechanical
cycles (and thus 2 revolutions).