168 (IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security,

Vol. 2, No. 10, 2010

An Innovative Simulation of IPv4 to IPv6 BD-SIIT

Transition Mechanism Methodology between IPv4
Hosts in an Integrated IPv6/IPv4 Network
J.Hanumanthappa1,D.H.Manjaiah2
1
Dept of Studies in Computer Science,University of Mysore
Manasagangotri,Mysore,India
hanums_j@yahoo.com
2
Dept of Computer Science,Mangalore University
Mangalagangotri,Mangalore,India
ylm321@yahoo.co.in

Abstract: The concept of transition from IPv4 network to IPv6 through an Integrated IPv6/IPv4 network and hence we will
network is being processed vigorously. Extensive research study is call it Bi-directional Stateless Internet Inter control
being done presently on this topict as a transition from IPv4 to messaging protocol(BD-SIIT) as the IPv6/IPv4 network
IPv6 requires a high level compatibility and clear procedure for maintains a dual stack of both IPv4 and IPv6. The necessity
easy and independent deployment of IPv6. The transition between of reexamining the problem arises as the research in these
IPv4 internet and IPv6 will be a long process as they are two areas has not very widely been explored.The rest of this paper
completely incompatible protocols and will significant amount of
is structured as follows.Section 2 discusses the proposed new
time.For the smooth interoperation of the two protocols,various
well defined transition mechanisms have been proposed so far .In
network architecture. Section 3 illustrates the Simulation
this paper a comparative study of the behavior of IPv4-only Models of BD-SIIT Translator.The Performance
network with that of BD-SIIT under various types of traffic measurement procedures Scenario is discussed in Section 4
patterns is carried out. In the proposed BD-SIIT enabled network and Section 5 shows the Implementation and evaluation of
architecture,the hosts in IPv4 initiates a connection with hosts in BD-SIIT Translation for UDP and TCP protocols.Finally the
the IPv4 network over an integrated IPv4/IPv6 network. The whole paper is concluded in Section 6.
performance metrics considered in this research paper are
Throughput,End-to-End delay(EED),and Round trip 2. Proposed Novel Network Architecture
time(Latency).The various simulations are performed using
Network Simulator 2(ns-2).
Keywords: BD-SIIT, IPv4,IPv6,Transition mechanism. In this section, we present the description of the architecture
of the simulation environment for our work.The scenario
given in the Figure-2 depicts a conversation between two
1. Introduction IPv4 based nodes over an IPv6 based network.Assumption in
Over the last decade,the IETF has been working on the the BD-SIIT is made based on the data exchange.In this
deployment of IPv6[1,2] to replace the current internet paper we proposed a new transition algorithm called BD-
protocol version (IPv4).The motivations behind IPv6 are SIIT how it works with UDP and TCP protocols.As we know
briefly discussed in the following section and are covered in that SIIT(Stateless Internet Protocol/Internet control
the literature[4,5,6,7].The Internet Protocol version(IPv6) is messaging Protocol Translation(SIIT) is an IPv6 transition
now gaining momentum as an improved network layer mechanism that allows IPv6 only hosts to talk to IPv4 only
protocol.The current version of Internet protocol,IPv4 has hosts.BD- SIIT is said to be a stateless IP/ICMP translation
been in use for almost 30 years and exhibits some innovative ,which means that the translator is able to process each
challenges in supporting emerging demands for address space conversion individually without any reference to previously
cardinality,high-density mobility,multimedia,strong security translated packets.In paper,the authors have adopted the
etc.IPv6 is an improved version of an IPv4 i.e. designed to BD-SIIT to study network performance with few types of
coexist with IPv4 and eventually provide better traffic sources:voice over IPv4(VoIPv4),FTP-over-
internetworking capabilities than IPv4.IPv6 offers the IPv6(FTPv6) and MPEG-4-over-IPv6.The performance is
potential of achieving the scalability,reachability,end-to-end evaluated considering bandwidth,throughput, percentage of
internetworking,Quality of service(QoS),and commercial- packets dropped,and mean end-to-end delay of each traffic
grade robustness for data as well as for VoIP,IP-based flow for both IPv4 and IPv6.The ns-2 simulator shows that
TV(IPTV),distribution and triple play networks.The aim of when the traffic density of IPv6 session increases,the
this IJCNS Journal paper is to examine the behavior of a bandwidth of IPv6 increases at the expense of the session.On
transition mechanism that will involve the communication the other end,the increment of the traffic density of IPv4
between the two IPv4 hosts over an IPv6 network under session does not increase its bandwidth.
various traffic conditions.This will make possible the
exchange of information between IPv4-only network hosts
 (IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security, 169
Vol. 2, No. 10, 2010

Figure 1. Proposed Network Architecture of BD-SIIT Figure 2. Network Based BD-SIIT Translation
Process

2.1 IP Header Conversion

As we know that BD-SIIT is a stateless IP/ICMP 0 79 80 95 96 127
translation.The BD-SIIT translator is able to process each 80-Zero bits FFFF(16 bits) 32 bits(IPv4 Address)
conversion individually,without any reference to previously
translated packets.Although most of the IP header field Figure 3. IPv4-mapped-IPv6 address
translations are relatively very simple to handle,however one
of the issue related with BD-SIIT translator is how to map the
IP addresses between IPv4 and IPv6 packets.The BD-SIIT 2.3 The BD-SIIT architecture
translation process supports the other two additional types of In this paper we have implemented the IPv4/IPv6 BD-
IPv6 addresses. SIIT bwhich operates when hosts in the native IPv4 network
1.IPv4-mapped address (0:FFFF:v4):-This is an IPv6 address initiates connections with hosts in the native IPv6 network
simply created by including the IPv4 address of the IPv4 host and viceversa. The newly implemented BD-SIIT system
(v4) with the prefix shown. The BD-SIIT mainly uses this should depends on the following two important
type of address for the conversion of IPv4 host addresses to characteristic features.
IPv6 addresses.
2.IPv4 translated addresses (0:FFFF:0:v4):-According to
IETF specification this address is created by IPv4 address Table 1: DNS46 Database able of IPv6 and IPv4 Public
temporarily assigned to the IPv6-only host and allows for the address
mapping of the IPv4-translated address of the IPv6 host to an
IPv4 address.
3.IPv6 over IPv4 Dynamic/Automatic tunnel
addresses.These addresses are designated as IPv4- LeasedPublic- Leased
Compatible IPv6 addresses and allows the sending of IPv6 Public –IPv4
Time IPv6 Time
traffic over IPv4 networks in a transparent manner.They are IPv4-1 180s IPv6-1 180S
represented as: 156.55.23.5. IPv4-2 IPv6-2
4.IPv6 over IPv6 Addresses Automatic representation.These …. …… ……….. ……..
addresses allow for IPv4-only nodes to still work in IPv6 IPv4-N IPv6-N
networks. They are designated as IPv4-mapped-IPv6 1v4-v6 DNS(DNS46):-It’s a server which identifies two
addresses and are represented as ::FFFF.They are also public IPv4 and IPv6 addresses statistically or
represented as ::FFFF.156.55.43.3. dynamically for each IPv4/IPv6 communication system.
2.2 The IPv6 mapped address in BD-SIIT Translator The Table-1 shows the DNS46 Database of the IPv6 and
BD-SIIT resides on an IPv6 host and converts outgoing IPv6 IPv4 Public addresses.
headers into IPv4 headers, and incoming IPv4 headers into
IPv6. To perform this operation the IPv6 host must be 2.3.1 v4-v6 enabled gateway
assigned an IPv4 address either configured on the host or
obtained via a network service left unspecified in RFC It’s a part of BD-SIIT translator which performs address
2765.When the IPv6 host wants to communicate with an mapping between an IPv4 and an IPv6 addresses as well as
IPv4 host,based on DNS resolution to an IPv4 address,the header conversions process between the IPv4 and IPv6
BD-SIIT algorithm recognizes IPv6 address as an IPv4 packet headers. Therefore the v4-v6 DNS(DNS46)server in
mapped-address as shown in Fig.4.The one of the our proposed system (BD-SIIT) has information regarding
mechanism to translate the resolved IPv4 address into an work station(host names) and their IP addresses which are
IPv4 mapped address available in both network regions.Table-1 clearly states that
the Database table which stores two groups of IPv4 and IPv6
public addresses and their leased times which is used to
 170 (IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security,
Vol. 2, No. 10, 2010
identify the specific period of time for which each situated at [Note:-Consider Host X as a Client and Host Y as a Server. If
the v4-v6 enabled gateway shows the actual IP addresses of the client A sent a HTTP get command to retrieve a web page
the two communication hosts(IPv4 and IPv6 hosts) with from the server Y.].
their corresponding public addresses (IPv4 and IPv6) with 1.As a response for the received command from a client X,
the two derived mapping values like G and F.The Table-2 server Y creates packet(s) then forwards them via a network
and Table-3 shows the IPv4 and IPv6 DNS on DNS46 and to the client X using the public IPv6 zone
v4-v6 enabled gateway. address(ABC2::4321) as a destination address.
1. When v4-v6 enabled router receives a packet which has
Table 2: IPv4 and IPv6 DNS on DNS46 been sent by Server Y then it verifies its
Sl.No IPv4 IPv6 DNS Address
Address Address mapping
2. Table-1 and Table-3 depending on the addressing mapping
value value like 37 in our scenario it refers to 220.12.145.10 as a
1 212.17.1.5 ---- B 4
2` 223.15.1.3. 1C::DACF Y 37
sender address in Table-2 and 223.15.1.3 as a destination
address in Table-2 instead of instead of 1C::DACF and
Table 3: V4-V6 enabled Gateway ABC2::4321 IPv6 rely.
IPv4 IPv6 P_IPv P_IPv TT M_Value M_
3. After that the v4-v6 enabled router creates a new IPv4
4 6 L 1 Val packet, based on the accepted IPv6 packet then forward it
ue2
245.87.09.6 2D::BDE IPv4-1 IPv6 120 G1 F1
is to the destination (Client X).When the client X receives
8 F s the IPv4 packet, its starts to process successfully without
any problem.
2.4 The BD-SIIT A Novel Transition Address-mapping
algorithm for the forward operation Case-1:v4-to-v4 and v6-to-v6 direct connection by using a
Based on the presence of IPv4-mapped-IPv6 address the router
destination IP addresses of the BD-SIIT algorithm performs
the header translation as described in Algorithm-1 and
Algorithm-2 to obtain an IPv4 packet for transmission via
data link and Physical layers. The Fig-4 shows the protocol
stack view of BD-SIIT.

IPv6 IPv4
applications applications

Sockets API
TCP/UDP v4 TCP/UDP v6
IPv4 IPv6
L2 Figure 5. v6-to-v4 BD-SIIT connection via BD-SIT
L1 translator
Figure 4. Protocol stack view of BD-SIIT

Algorithm-1:-IPv4->IPv6: How BD-SIIT works with UDP

1.When Host X belongs to X-zone initiates a request (Query
message) to DNS46 in order to get the IP-address of Host Y
which belongs to IPv6 zone.
2.When the DNS46 receives a query message as a request
then it checks its Table-2 to identify whether Host Y has an
IPv6 address which is unknown for the Host X.The DNS46
knows that the whole IPv6 zone has a public IPv4 address
(like NAT method) i.e. 195.18.231.17 address in the Figure 6. v4-to-v6 BD-SIIT connection via BD-SIIT
destination address field of IPv4 header then forwards it via translator
a network.
3. Performance measurement procedures
3. Simultaneously the DNS46 sends another The majority of the tests were done for a sufficiently long
message to v4-v6 enabled router in order to period of time and resulted in the exchange of 50,000 packets
update Table-3. to 1,000,000 packets, depending on the size of the packets
Algorithm-2:-IPv6->IPv4: How BD-SIIT works with TCP sent and their corresponding test.We have conducted an
The following steps signify how BD-SIIT works with TCP in empirical measurement test based on the following
the feedback operation from IPv6-IPv4. parameters: Throughput,End-to-End
delay(EED),RTT,(Latency)All these performance metrics are
simulated using NS-2 Simulator.
 (IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security, 171
Vol. 2, No. 10, 2010
3.1 Throughput 4. Implementation and Evaluation
The rate at which bulk data transfer can be transmitted from We compute the mean end-to-end delay(EED),Throughput,
one node to another over a sufficiently long period of and RTT for IPv4 only network as well as for IPv6 network
time,and the performance is measured in Mbits/s.We with BD-SIIT enabled.The end to delay(EED),RTT and
calculated the throughput performance metric in order to Throughput has been calculated for varying packet sizes for
identify the rate of received and processed data at the the same network architecture.The mean end-to-end delay is
intermediate device(router or gateway)during the simulation calculated by taking into consideration of the time at which
period. The mean throughput for a sequence of packets of a packet starts at the source node and the time at which the
specific sizes are calculated by using equations 1 and 2. packet reaches the destination node and also the number of
packets received as given in the equations (3) and (4).This
(1)
information is extracted from the trace file obtained for the
Where Thrj = (2) corresponding tcl script used for the simulation with the
help of a Perl script.
Where Thrj is the value of the throughput when the packet j
Case-2:v4-tov6 and v6-to-v4 connections via the BD-SIIT
is received at intermediate device like BD-SIIT
translator.
Gateway,v4/v6 Router and N is the number of received
packets at intermediate device,Pr is the no of packets received
4.1 Proposed Network architecture for BD-SIIT in IPv6
at intermediate device and Pg is the number of packets
generated by source host.
To realize the DSTM,ns-2.26 with MobiWan patch pack is
used to create IPv6 based scenario.The utility of this ns-2
3.2 End-to-End Delay(EED) mobiWan patch pack is that it provides some implemented
We calculate the mean end-to-end delay for IPv4-only
protocols through which IPv6 based network simulations
networks as well as for the IPv6 networks with BD-SIIT
can be performed.The proposed DSTM scenario consists of
enabled.The end to end delay has been calculated for varying
IPv4 source node which sends its node id to a DSTM
packet sizes for the same network architecture.The mean end
server.The IPv4 to IPv6 DSTM network architecture
to end delay is calculated by taking into consideration of the
consists of two DSTM servers the DSTM TSP and TEP and
time at which a packet starts at the source and the time at
IPv4 hosts.
which the packet reaches the destination and also the number
of packets received as mentioned in (1).This information is
4.2 The Simulation Scenario of BD-SIIT
also extracted from the trace file obtained for the
The proposed transition mechanism, BD-SIIT is evaluated
corresponding tcl script used for the simulation with the help
through simulation using the Network Simulator ns-2.In
of a Perl script.
this figure the topology for the BD-SIIT transition
Hjd= (3) mechanism is shown.This topology is designed for the
Hi=end-to-end delay of packet ‘i’=Tdi-Tsi (4) simulation in ns-2.26 with MobiWan patch pack.This
Tsi =Time of packet ‘i’ sent at Source. topology consists of two IPv4 hosts like to communicate
Tdi =Time of packet ‘i‘ received at Destination. with each other over other two IPv6 networks.To realize the
Nr=Number of Packets received at Destination. BD-SIIT,ns-2.26 with MobiWan patch pack has been used
in an IPv6 based scenario.The utility of the MobiWan patch
3.3 Round Trip Time(RTT) is that it provides some implemented protocols through
RTT is also known as Latency:- It’s the amount of time taken which IPv6 based network simulations can be performed
by a packet to travel from one source node to another
destination node and back to the original source node, and
the performance metric is also measured in microseconds per
RTT.
The round trip time (RTT) is one of the performance metric
that is computed in our simulation for the BD-SIIT.The mean
RTT for the sequence of packets with a specific size is
computed as follows.
RTTi (5)
Where i is a packet number and N is the number of packets
sent. It is worth noted that the packet size is directly
proportional to round trip time (RTT)(Refer.Fig.9). Figure 7. BD-SIIT and DSTM Mean EED

RTTi =Tri -Tsi (6)

Where RTTi is the Round trip time of packet “i”, TSi is the
created time of a packet “i” at source host, Tri is the received
time of packet “i” at the destination host at the end of its
trip.
 172
Figure 8. BD-SIIT and DSTM Mean Throughput
Figure 9. Mean RTT of different packets in BD-SIIT
5. Conclusions
The aim of this paper is to examine the behavior of a
transition mechanism that will involve the communication
between the two IPv4 hosts over an IPv6 network.And
hence we will call the BD-SIIT transition mechanism as
the Integrated IPv6/IPv4 network. The necessity of
reexamining the problem arises as the research in this
area has not widely been explored. This research
is just an attempt to show the current scenario of the
impact of transition mechanisms over a network.This
work also concludes that in spite of imposing extra delay
to the network, the DSTM is significant as a transition
mechanism due to two reasons.Firstly a transition
mechanism is required for the smooth,interoperation of
both the protocols and secondly the DSTM has shown to
have several features of tunneling and dual stack
approach which can be taken as an intermediate of these
two transition mechanisms. In this way DSTM supports
better reliability and low data loss by combining the
specific characteristic features of the two transition
mechanisms.
References
[1] G.C.Kessler,IPv6:“The Next Generation Internet
Protocol,“The handbook on Local Area Network.
[2] Jovial Govil,Jivesh Govil,Navkeerat Kaur,Harkeerat
Kaur,”An examination of IPv4 and IPv6
Networks: Constraints and Various Transition
mechanisms”, IEEE Region 3 Huntsville
Section (IEEE Southeast Con 2008),April3-
6,2008,Huntsville,Alabama,USA.,pp.178-185.
[3] Jivika Govil,Jivesh Govil,“On the Investigation of
Transactional and Interoperability Issues between
IPv4
And IPv6”in Proceedings of the IEEE
(IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security,
Vol. 2, No. 10, 2010
electro/Information Technology(EIT07) May
2007,Chicago, USA.vol-2,pp.604-608.
[4] S.Deering and R.Hinden “Internet Protocol Version
6(IPv6) Specification”,RFC 2460,December 1998.
[5] John.J .Amoss and Daniel Minoli,” Handbook of IPv4
to IPv6 Transition: Methodologies for
institutional and corporate Networks”,Auerbach
Publications.
[6] S.G.Glisic Advanced Wireless Networks 4G
Technologies John Wiley and Sons Ltd,The
Atrium,Southern Gate,Chichester,West Sussex
PO198SQ,England, 2006.
[7] Juha wiljakka, Jonne Soninnen,Managing IPv4–to–
IPv6 Transition Process in Cellular Networks and
introducing new Peer-to-Peer Services.
[8] Ioan R,Sherali.Z.2003,”Evaluating IPv4 to IPv6
Transition mechanism”,West Lafayette,USA,vol-
1,pp.1091–1098.
[9] Andrew.S.Tanenbaum,“Computer Networks”,Third
Edition,Prentice Hall Inc.,1996, pp.686,413-436,437-
449.
Author’s Profile
Hanumanthappa.J. received his Bachelor of
Engineering degree in Computer Science
and Engineering from University
B.D.T.College of Engineering,Davanagere
Karnataka(S),India(C),from the Kuvempu
University,at Shankarghatta,Shimoga in 1998
and his Master of Technology in CS& Engineering from the NITK
Surathkal,Karnataka(S),India(C) in 2003 and Currently he is
pursuing his PhD in Computer Science and Engineering from
Mangalore University under the supervision of Dr.Manjaiah .D.H
on entitled “Investigations into the Design, Performance and
Evaluation of a Novel IPv4/IPv6 Transition Scenarios in 4G
advanced wireless networks”. Presently he is working as an
Asst.Professor at DoS in Computer Science,Manasagangotri and
Mysore. He has authored more than 40 research papers in
international conferences and reputed journals.
Dr. Manjaiah.D.H is currently Reader and
Chairman of BoS in both UG/PG in the
Computer Science at Dept.of. Computer
Science,Mangalore University and Mangalore.
He is also the BoE Member of all Universities
of Karnataka and other reputed universities in
India.He received Ph.D degree from University of
Mangalore,M.Tech.From NITK,Surathkal and B.E.,from Mysore
University. Dr.Manjaiah.D.H has an extensive academic,Industry
and Research experience.He has worked at many technical bodies
like IAENG,WASET,ISOC,CSI,ISTE and ACS.He has authored
more than-65 research papers in international conferences and
reputed journals.He is the recipient of the several talks for his area
of interest in many public occasions.He is an expert committee
member of an AICTE and various technical bodies.He had written
Kannada text book,with an entitled,“COMPUTER
PARICHAYA”,for the benefits of all teaching and Students
Community of Karnataka.Dr.Manjaiah D.H’s areas interest are
Computer Networking & Sensor Networks,Mobile
Communication,Operations Research,E-commerce,Internet
Technology and Web Programming.