Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Abstract
Calendula officinalis Linn. (Asteraceae) is used medicinally in Europe, China and India amongst several
places in the world. It is also known as “African marigold” and has been a subject of several chemical
and pharmacological studies. It is used in traditional medicine, especially for wound healing, jaundice,
blood purification, and as an antispasmodic. Chemical studies have underlined the presence of various
classes of compounds, the main being triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil,
carotenoids and amino acids. The extract of this plant as well as pure compounds isolated from it, have
been demonstrated to possess multiple pharmacological activities such as anti-HIV, cytotoxic, anti-
inflammatory, hepatoprotective, spasmolytic and spasmogenic, amongst others. In this review, we have
explored the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of C. officinalis in order to collate existing
information on this plant as well as highlight its multi-activity properties as a medicinal agent. This is as a
result of the worldwide cultivation of the plant and increasing published reports on it.
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Tracheobionta
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Subclass Asteridae Leaves with stem Flower
Order Asterales Fig 1: The leaf, stem and flower of C. officinalis
Family Asteraceae
Tribe Calenduleae
Genus Calendula
Traditional uses
Species C. officinalis
In Europe, the leaves are considered
Habitat resolvent and diaphoretic while the flowers
are used as a stimulant, antispasmodic and
The plant is native to Central and Southern emmenagogue[2]. In England, the decoction
Europe, Western Asia and the US [5]. of the flowers was used as a posset drink for
the treatment of measles and smallpox, and
Botanical description the fresh juice as a remedy for jaundice,
Flower and fruit costiveness (constipation) and suppression of
menstrual flow [8]. In India, the florets are
On the tip of each stem, there is a 5 to 7 cm used in ointments for treating wounds,
composite flower head, as shown in Fig 1, herpes, ulcers, frostbite, skin damage, scars
consisting of an epicalyx of numerous and blood purification. The leaves, in
narrow-lanceolate sepals, which are densely infusion, are used for treating varicose veins
covered on both sides with glandular hairs. externally [2,8].
The inner section of the flower head is made
Structure Activity
1 2 3
Calendulaglycoside A: R =Glc, R =Gal, R =H,
4
R =Glc;
1
Calendulaglycoside A6’-O-methyl ester: R =Glc,
2 3 4
R =Gal, R =Me, R =Glc;
1
Calendulaglycoside A6’-O-n-butyl ester: R =Glc,
2 3 4
R = Gal, R =n-Bu, R =Glc;
1 2 3
Calendulaglycoside B: R =Glc, R =Gal, R = H, Responsible for
4
R = H; antitumor, anti-
1
Calendulaglycoside B6’-O-n-butyl ester: R =Glc, inflammatory and
2 3 4
R =Gal, R =n-Bu, R =H; antioedematous
1 2 3
Triterpenoid Calendulaglycoside C: R =H, R =Gal, R =H, activities.
4
R =Glc;
1
Calendulaglycoside C6’-O-methyl ester: R = H,
2 3 4
R =Gal, R =Me, R =Glc;
1
Calendulaglycoside C6’-O-n-butyl ester: R =H,
2 3 4
R =Gal, R =n-Bu, R =Glc;
1
Calendulaglycoside F6’-O-n-butyl ester: R =H,
2 3 4
R =Gal, R =Me, R =H
Responsible for
anti-inflammatory
1 2 3
Faradiol: R =OH, R =R =H and
1 2 3
ψ-Taraxasterol: R =R =R =H antioedematous
activities.
Triterpenoid saponin
Structure Activity
1 2 3
R =Me, R =Rha, R =H;
G
Isorhamnetin3-O-2 -
1
rhamnosylrutinoside: R =Me, Responsible for
2 3
R =Rha, R =Rha; antioxidant and
Isorhamnetin3-O-rutinoside: wound healing
1 2 3
R =Me, R =H, R =Rha; activities
1
Quercetin-3-O-glucoside: R =
2 3
H, R =H, R =H; Quercetin-3-
1 2
O-rutinoside: R =H, R =H,
3
Isorhamnetin3-O-neohesperidoside R =Rha
Responsible for
antioxidant
activities
Quercetin
Responsible for
antioxidant
activities
Isorhamnetin
23. Ruszkowski D, Szakiel A, Janiszowska W. 39. Badami RC, Morris LJ. The oxygenated fatty acid of
Metabolism of [3-3H] oleanolic acid in calendula seeds oil. The Journal of the
Calendula officinalis L. roots. APP, 2003; American Oil Chemist’s Society, 1965; 42:
25(4): 311-317. 1119-1121.
24. Wojciechowski Z, Jelonkiewicz-Konador A, 40. Willuhn G, Westhaus RG. Loliolide (Calendin) from
Tomaszewski M, Jankowski J, Kasprzyk Z. Calendula officinalis. Planta Med, 1987; 53:
The structure of glucosides of oleanolic acid 304-304.
isolated from the roots of calendula officinalis 41. Fleisonner AM. Plant extracts: To accelerate
flowers. Phytochemistry, 1971; 10: 1121-24. healing and reduce inflammation. Cosmet
25. Vidal-Ollivier E, Balansard G. Revised structures of Toilet, 1985; 45: 100-113.
triterpenoid saponins from the flowers of 42. Komoe H, Hayashi N. Paraffins of the petals of
Calendula officinalis. J Nat Prod, 1989; 52(5): Calendula officinalis. Phytochemistry, 1971;
1156-1159. 10: 1944-1944.
26. Naved T, Ansari SH, Mukhtar HM, Ali M. New 43. Della LR. Topical anti-inflammatory activity of
triterpenic esters of oleanene-series from the Calendula officinalis extracts. Planta Med,
flowers of Calendula officinalis Linn. Org Chem 1990; 56: 658-658.
Incl Med Chem, 2005; 44: 1088-1091. 44. Della LR, Della LR, Tubaro A, Sosa S, Becker H,
27. Kurkin VA and Sharova OV. Flavonoids from Saar S, Isaac O. The role of triterpenoids in
calendula officinalis flowers. Khim Prir Soed, topical anti-inflammatory activity of Calendula
2007; 2: 179-180. officinalis flowers. Planta Med, 1994; 60: 516-
28. Vidal-Ollivier E. Flavonol glycosides from Calendula 520.
officinalis flowers. Planta Med, 1989; 55: 73- 45. Zitterl-Eglseer K. Anti-oedematous activities of the
73. main triterpenoidal esters of marigold
29. Kerkach AI, Komissarenko NF and Chernobai VT. (Calendula officinalis L.) J Ethnopharmacol,
Coumarines of the inflorescences of Calendula 1997; 57: 139-144.
officinalis and Helichrysum arenarium. Khim 46. Casley-Smith JR. The effects of ‘Unguentum
Prir Soed, 1986; 6: 777-777. lyphaticum’ on acute experimental
30. Janiszowska W, Michalski W, Kasprzyk Z. lymphedema and other high-protein edema.
Polyprenyl quinones and α-tocopherol in Lymphology, 1983; 16: 150-156.
calendula officinalis. Phytochemistry, 1976; 15: 47. Kalvatene Z, Walder R, Gabzaro D. Anti-HIV activity
125-127. of extracts from Calendula officinalis flowers.
31. Okoh OO, Sadimenko AA, Afolayan AJ. The effects Biomed & Pharmacother, 1997; 51: 176-180.
of age on the yield and composition of the 48. Iauk L, Lo-Bue AM, Milazzo I, Rapisarda A,
essential oils of Calendula officinalis. J Appl Blandino G. Antibacterial Activity of Medicinal
Sci; 2007; 7(23): 3806-3810. Plant Extracts Against Periodontopathic
32. Bako E, Deli J, Toth G. HPLC study on the Bacteria. Phytother Res, 2003; 17: 599-604.
carotenoid composition of Calendula products. 49. Gazim ZC, Rezende CM, Fraga SR, Svidzinski TE,
J Biochem Biophys Methods, 2002; 53: 241- Cortez DG. Antifungal activity of the essential
250. oil from calendula officinalis l. (asteraceae)
33. Goodwin TW. Studies in carotenogenesis: the growing in brazil. Braz. J. Microbiol 2008; 39:
carotenoids of the flower petals of calendula 61-63.
officinalis. Biochem J, 1954; 58: 90-94. 50. Medina EJ, Lora AG, Paco L, Algarra I, Collado A,
34. Abajova RL, Aslanov SM, Mamedova ME. Amino Garrido F. A new extract of the plant
acids of calendula officinalis. Chemistry of Calendula officinalis produces a dual in vitro
Natural Compounds, 1994; 30(15): 641-641. effect: cytotoxic antitumor activity and
35. Varlijen J. Structural analysis of lymphocyte activation. BMC Cancer, 2006; 6:
rhamnoarabinogalactans and 119-132.
arabinogalactans with immunostimulating 51. Boucard-Maitre Y, Boucard-Maitre Y, Algernon O,
activity from Calendula officinalis. Raynaurd, J. Genotoxic and antitumoral
Phytochemistry, 1989; 28: 2379-2383. activity of Calendula officinalis extracts.
36. Wagner H, Proksch A, Riess-Maurer I, Vollmar A, Pharmazie, 1988; 43: 220-221.
S. Odenthal, Stuppner H , Jurcic K, Le Turdu 52. Rasu MA, Tamas M, Puica C, Roman I, Sabadas
M, Fang Jn.. Immunstimulierend wirkende M. The hepatoprotective action of ten herbal
Polysaccharide (Heteroglykane) aus höheren extracts in CCl4 intoxicated liver. Phytother
Pflanzen. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1985; 7: Res, 2005; 19: 744-749.
1069–1075. 53. Lin LT, Liu LT, Chiang LC, Lin CC. In vitro anti-
37. Vlchenko NT, Glushenkova AI and Mukhamedova hepatoma activity of fifteen natural medicines
KS. Lipids of calendula officinalis. Chemistry of from Canada. Phytother Res, 2002; 16: 440-
Natural Compounds, 1998; 34(3): 272-274. 444.
38. Wilkomirski B, Kasprzyk Z. Free and ester-bound 54. Popovic M, Kaurinovic B, Mimica-Dukic N,
triterpene alcohols and sterols in calendula Vojinovic-Miloradov M, Cupic V.. Combined
flowers. Phytochemistry, 1979; 18: 253-255. effects of plant extracts and xenobiotics on
liposomal lipid peroxidation. Part 1. Marigold