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12.1
circulatory system: the system that transports blood, nutrients, and waste around the body
heart: the muscular organ that pumps blood via the circulatory system to the lungs and body
blood vessel: a hollow tube that carries blood to and from body tissues
blood: the bodily fluid in which blood cells are suspended
open circulatory system: a circulatory system in which vessels open into the animal’s body
cavity
closed circulatory system: a circulatory system in which the circulating blood is contained
within vessels and kept separate from the interstitial fluid
pulmonary artery: large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs pulmonary
vein: blood vessel that carries blood from the lungs to the heart
aorta: an artery that carries blood directly from the heart to other arteries
atrioventricular valve: a valve in the heart between the ventricle and atrium
semilunar valve: a valve between the ventricle and the large arteries; it carries blood away
from the heart
pulmonary circulation: the path that blood follows from the heart to the lungs and back to the
heart
systemic circulation: the path that blood follows from the heart to the body and back to the
heart
cardiac circulation: the movement of blood through the heart tissues
vasodilation: the widening of the blood vessels
vasoconstriction: the narrowing of the blood vessels
12.2
sinoatrial (SA) node: the modified heart cells in the right atrium that spontaneously generate
the rhythmic signals that cause the atria to contract
atrioventricular (AV) node: the specialized heart cells near the junction of the atria and
ventricles that cause the ventricles to contract
electrocardiogram (ECG): a record of the electrical impulses generated by a beating heart
blood pressure: the force that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels
systolic pressure: the pressure generated in the circulatory system when the ventricles
contract and push blood from the heart
diastolic pressure: the pressure generated in the circulatory system when the ventricles fill
with blood
sphygmomanometer: a medical device used to measure blood pressure
cardiac output: the volume of blood pumped out by the heart in mL/min
stroke volume: the volume of blood pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat
12.3
Arteriosclerosis: general term for several conditions in which the walls of arteries thicken and
lose their elasticity
angioplasty: a surgical procedure used to open up a clogged artery
coronary bypass: a surgical procedure in which blood flow is re-routed around blocked arteries
aneurysm: a bulge in an artery or heart chamber caused by a weakened area of the heart
muscle or arterial wall
arrhythmia: an irregularity in the speed or rhythm of the heartbeat
pacemaker: a device that sends electrical impulses that control the rate of the heartbeat
congenital heart defect: a heart defect that is present from birth
ischemic stroke: a stroke caused by a clot in a blood vessel, blocking blood flow to the brain
hemorrhagic stroke: a stroke caused by the bursting of a blood vessel in the brain, which
causes blood to leak into the surrounding brain tissue
hemophilia: an inherited disorder in which the blood does not clot normally
leukemia: cancer of the white blood cells
xenotransplant: a transplant of tissues and organs from one species to another
nanotechnology: technology that uses microscopic structures on the scale of molecules