Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

MODULE - V
Calculus

23 Notes

DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL
AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
We are aware that population generally grows but in some cases decay also. There are many
other areas where growth and decay are continuous in nature. Examples from the fields of
Economics, Agriculture and Business can be cited, where growth and decay are continuous.
Let us consider an example of bacteria growth. If there are 10,00,000 bacteria at present and
say they are doubled in number after 10 hours, we are interested in knowing as to after how
much time these bacteria will be 30,00,000 in number and so on.
Answers to the growth problem does not come from addition (repeated or otherwise), or
multiplication by a fixed number. In fact Mathematics has a tool known as exponential function
that helps us to find growth and decay in such cases. Exponential function is inverse of logarithmic
function.
In this lesson, we propose to work with this tool and find the rules governing their derivatives.

OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you will be able to :
● define and find the derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions;
● find the derivatives of functions expressed as a combination of algebraic, trigonometric,
exponential and logarithmic functions; and
● find second order derivative of a function.

EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

l Application of the following standard limits :
n 1
 1
(i) lim 1 +  = e (ii) lim (1+ n )
n
=e
n→∞  n n→∞
e −1
x
a x −1
(iii) lim =1 (iv) lim = log e a
x→∞ x x→∞ x
(eh − 1)
(v) lim =1
h→ 0 h
l Definition of derivative and rules for finding derivatives of functions.
MATHEMATICS 277
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - V 23.1 DERIVATIVE OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Calculus
Let y = e x be an exponential function. .....(i)

∴ y + δy = e( x +δx ) (Corresponding small increments) .....(ii)

From (i) and (ii), we have
Notes
∴ δy = e x +δ x − e x

Dividing both sides by δx and taking the limit as δx → 0

δy [e δ x − 1]
∴ lim = lim e x
δ x→ 0 δ x δ x→ 0 δx

dy
⇒ = e x .1 =e x
dx

Thus, we have
dx
( )
d x
e = ex .

Working rule :
d x
dx
( ) d
e = ex ⋅ ( x ) = ex
dx
Next, let y = e ax+ b .

Then y + δy =ea(x + δx ) +b
[ δx and δy are corresponding small increments]
(x + δx ) +b +b
∴ δ y = ea −e ax

= eax +b e a δx −1
 
e aδ x − 1
δy ax +b  
∴ =e
δx δx

ea δx −1
= a ⋅e ax + b [Multiply and divide by a]
aδ x
Taking limit as δ x → 0 , we have

δy eaδ x − 1
lim = a ⋅ eax + b ⋅ lim
δ x →0 δx δ x →0 a δx

dy  ex − 1 
or = a ⋅ e ax + b ⋅1  lim = 1
dx  x →0 x 

= aeax + b

278 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Working rule : MODULE - V
d ( ax +b ) ax +b d Calculus
e =e ⋅ (ax+ b ) = eax +b
⋅a
dx dx
d ( a x+ b )
∴ e = ae ax + b
dx
Notes
Example 23.1 Find the derivative of each of the follwoing functions :
3x
−
5x ax 2
(i) e (ii) e (iii) e

Soution : (i) Let y = e5 x .

Then y = e t where 5 x = t

dy dt
∴ = et and 5 =
dt dx

We know that, dy = dy ⋅ dt = et ⋅ 5 = 5e5x

dx dt dx

Alternatively d 5x
dx
e ( ) d
= e5x ⋅ ( 5x ) = e5x ⋅ 5 = 5e
dx
5x

(ii) Let y = eax ⋅

Then y = e t when t = ax

dy dt
∴ = et and =a
dt dx

dy dy dt
We know that, = × = et ⋅ a
dx dt dx

dy
Thus, = a ⋅ eax
dx
−3x
(iii) Let y =e 2

−3
dy x d  −3 
∴ =e 2 ⋅  x
dt dx  2 
−3x
dy −3
Thus, = e 2
dt 2

Example 23.2 Find the derivative of each of the following :

2 5
(i) y = e x + 2cosx (ii) y = ex + 2sinx − e x + 2e
3

MATHEMATICS 279
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - V Solution : (i) y = e x + 2cosx
Calculus
dy d ( x ) d
∴ = e +2 ( c o s x ) = ex − 2sinx
dx dx dx
2 5
(ii) y = ex + 2sinx − e x + 2e
3

( )
Notes 2 d
dy 5
∴ = ex x 2 +2 c o s x − ex +0 [Since e is constant]
dx dx 3
2 5
= 2xex + 2cosx − e x
3
dy
Example 23.3 Find , when
dx
1− x
1 x
(i) y=e xcosx (ii) y= e (iii) y= e 1+ x
x
Solution : (i) y = e xcosx

dy d
∴ = ex c o s x (x c o s x )
dx dx
dy xcosx  d d 
∴ =e  x cosx + cosx (x) 
dx  dx dx 
= excosx [ −xsinx + cosx]
1 x
(ii) y= e
x

∴
dy
dx
=e
x d 1  1 d
 +
dx  x  x dx
e
x
( ) [Using product rule]

−1 1 x
= 2
ex + e
x x
ex ex
= 2
[−1 + x] = [x − 1]
x x2
1− x
(iii) y= e1+ x
1− x
dy d 1 − x 
= e 1+ x
dx dx  1+ x 
1− x
 −1.(1+ x) − (1 − x).1 
= e1+ x  
 (1 + x)2 
1− x 1− x
 −2  −2
= e1+ x  2
= e 1+ x
 (1 + x)  (1 + x)2

280 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Example 23.4 Find the derivative of each of the following functions : MODULE - V
Calculus
(i) esinx ⋅ sinex (ii) e ax ⋅ cos ( bx + c )

Solution : y = esinx ⋅ sinex

∴
dy
dx
= esinx ⋅
d
dx
( )d
sine x + sinex esinx
dx Notes

= esinx ⋅cose x ⋅
d x
dx
( ) d
e + sinex ⋅ esinx ( sinx )
dx
= esinx ⋅cose x ⋅ ex + sinex ⋅ esinx ⋅ cosx
= esinx [e x ⋅ cose x + sine x ⋅ cosx]

(ii) y = eax cos(bx + c)

dy d d
∴ = eax ⋅ cos(bx + c) + cos ( bx + c) eax
dx dx dx
d d
= eax ⋅ [− sin(bx + c)] (bx + c) + cos(bx + c)eax (ax)
dx dx
= −e ax sin(bx + c)⋅ b + cos(bx + c)e ax .a

= eax [−bsin(bx + c) + acos(bx + c)]

dy eax
Example 23.5 Find , if y=
dx sin(bx + c)

d ax d
sin(bx + c) e − eax [sin(bx + c)]
dy dx dx
Solution : = 2
dx sin (bx + c)

sin(bx + c).e ax .a − e ax cos(bx + c).b

=
sin 2 (bx + c)

eax [asin(bx + c) − bcos(bx + c)]

=
sin 2 (bx + c)

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 23.1

1. Find the derivative of each of the following functions :
−7
x
5x 7x+ 4 2 + 2x
(a) e (b) e (c) e 2x (d) e2 (e) e x

dy
2. Find , if
dx

MATHEMATICS 281
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - V 1 1
(a) y = e x − 5e (b) y = tanx + 2sinx + 3cosx − e x
Calculus 3 2
(c) y = 5sinx − 2e x (d) y = e x + e − x

3. Find the derivative of each of the following functions :

(a) f(x) = e x +1 (b) f(x) = e cotx
Notes
2 2
(c) f(x) = exsin x (d) f(x) = exsec x

4. Find the derivative of each of the following functions :

(a) f(x) = (x − 1)ex (b) f(x) = e2 x sin 2 x
dy
5. Find , if
dx

e2x e 2x ⋅ c o s x
(a) y = (b) y =
x2 +1 x sin x

23.2 DERIVATIVE OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

We first consider logarithmic function
Let y = logx .....(i)
∴ y + δ y = log ( x + δx ) .....(ii)
( δ x and δ y are corresponding small increments in x and y)
From (i) and (ii), we get
δ y = log (x + δx ) −l o g x
x + δx
= log
x

δy 1  δx 
∴ = log 1 + 
δx δx  x

1 x  δx 
= ⋅ log 1+
x 
[Multiply and divide by x]
x δx 

x
1  δ x  δx
= log 1 + 
x  x
Taking limits of both sides, as δ x → 0 , we get

x
δy 1  δ x  δx
lim = lim log 1 + 
δ x→ 0 δx x δ x→ 0  x 
282 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

 x  MODULE - V
dy 1   δx  δ x  Calculus
= ⋅ log  lim  1 +  
dx x δ x→0  x  
 
 x 
1
= loge Q lim δ
1 +  x =e 
x δ
 δ x→0   
x  x  Notes

1
=
x
d 1
Thus, (logx) =
dx x
Next, we consider logarithmic function
y = log(ax + b) ...(i)
∴ y + δy = log[a(x + δx) + b] ...(ii)
[ δx and δy are corresponding small increments]
From (i) and (ii), we get
δy = log[a(x + δx) + b] − log(ax + b)
a(x + δx) + b
= log
ax + b
(ax + b) + aδx
= log
ax + b
 aδx 
= log 1 +
 ax + b 

δy 1  aδx 
∴ = log 1 + 
δx δx  ax + b 
a ax + b  aδ x   a 
= ⋅ log 1 +  Multiply and divide by ax+b 
ax + b aδx  ax + b   
ax + b
a  a δx  aδx
= log 1 + 
ax + b  ax + b 

Taking limits on both sides as δx → 0

ax + b
δy a  a δx  aδ x
∴ lim = lim log 1 +
δx →0 δx ax + b δx → 0  ax + b 

 1 
dy a  
= (1 + x ) =e 
x
Q xlim
or loge
dx ax + b →0 
dy a
or, =
dx ax + b

MATHEMATICS 283
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Working rule :
MODULE - V
Calculus d
log(ax + b) =
1 d
(ax + b)
dx ax + b dx
1 a
= ×a =
ax + b ax +b
Example 23.6 Find the derivative of each of the functions given below :
Notes
(i) y = logx5 (ii) y = log x (iii) y = ( logx)3

Solution : (i) y = logx5 = 5 log x

dy 1 5
∴ = 5⋅ =
dx x x
1 1
(ii) y = log x = logx 2 or y = logx
2

dy 1 1 1
∴ = ⋅ =
dx 2 x 2x

y = ( logx)
3
(iii)

∴ y = t3 , when t = logx

dy dt 1
⇒ = 3t 2 and =
dt dx x

dy dy dt 1
We know that, = ⋅ =3t 2 ⋅
dx dt dx x

dy 1
∴ = 3(logx)2 ⋅
dx x

dy 3
∴ = (logx)2
dx x

dy
Example 23.7 Find, if
dx
(i) y = x 3 logx (ii) y = e x logx

Solution :
(i) y = x 3 logx

dy d d
∴ = logx (x 3 ) + x 3 (logx) [Using Product rule]
dx dx dx
1
= 3x 2 logx + x 3 ⋅
x
= x 2 ( 3logx + 1)
284 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
(ii) y = e x logx MODULE - V
Calculus
dy d d
∴ = ex (logx) + logx ⋅ e x
dx dx dx
1
= ex ⋅ + ex ⋅ logx
x
Notes
1 x 
= e  + logx
 x 

Example 23.8 Find the derivative of each of the following functions :

(i) log tan x (ii) log [cos (log x )]
Solution : (i) Let y = log tan x
dy 1 d
∴ = ⋅ (tanx)
dx t a n x dx
1
= ⋅ sec2 x
tanx
cosx 1
= ⋅ 2
s i n x cos x
= cosec x.sec x
(ii) Let y = log [cos (log x)]
dy 1 d
∴ = ⋅ [cos(logx)]
dx cos(logx) dx

1  d 
=
cos (logx )  sinlogx dx ( logx) 
⋅−

− sin(logx) 1
= ⋅
cos(logx) x

1
= − tan(logx)
x

dy
Example 23.9 Find , if y = log(sec x + tan x)
dx
Solution : y = log (sec x + tax x )
dy 1 d
∴ = ⋅ ( s e c x + t a n x)
dx secx + t a n x dx
1
= ⋅ sec x t a n x + sec2 x 
secx + t a n x  

1
= ⋅secx [sec x+ t a n x]
secx + t a n x
MATHEMATICS 285
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - V secx(tanx + secx)
=
Calculus secx + tanx
= sec x

dy
Example 23.10 Find , if
dx
Notes
1
(4x 2 − 1)(1 +x 2) 2
y= 3
x 3 (x − 7) 4

Solution : Although, you can find the derivative directly using quotient rule (and product rule)
but if you take logarithm on both sides, the product changes to addition and division changes to
subtraction. This simplifies the process:
1
(4x − 1)(1 +x
2 2 2
)
y= 3
3
x (x − 7) 4
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get

 1 

logy = log 
(
 4x 2 − 1 1+ x 2 )( ) 2 

∴  3 
 x 3 (x − 7 ) 4 
 

or ( 1
2
) 3
(
logy = log 4x 2 − 1 + log 1 + x 2 − 3logx − log(x − 7)
4
)
[ Using log properties]
Now, taking derivative on both sides, we get

d 1 1 3 3  1 
(logy) = 2 ⋅ 8x + ⋅ 2x − − ⋅  
dx 4x − 1 2
2(1 + x ) x 4 x − 7 

1 dy 8x x 3 3
⇒ ⋅ = + − −
2
y dx 4x −1 1 + x 2 x 4 (x − 7)

dy  8x x 3 3 
= y 2 + − −
∴ dx  4x − 1 1 + x 2 x 4(x − 7) 

(4x 2 − 1) 1 + x 2  8x x 3 3 
=  2 + − −
3
 4x − 1 1 + x 2 x 4(x − 7) 
x (x − 7) 4
3

286 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - V
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 23.2 Calculus
1. Find the derivative of each the functions given below:
(a) f (x) = 5 sin x- 2 log x (b) f (x) = log cos x
dy
2. Find , if Notes
dx
x 2
(b) y = e
2
(a) y = ex logx
logx

3. Find the derivative of each of the following functions :

π x
(a) y = log ( sin log x ) (b) y = log tan  + 
4 2
 a + btanx
(c) y = log  (d) y = log (log x )
 a − b t a n x 
dy
4. Find , if
dx
3
1 2 1
−
3 x(1 − 2x) 2
(a) y = (1 +x) 2 (2 −x) 3 (x 2 +5) 7 (x +
9) 2 (b) y = 5 1
2 4
(3 + 4x) 4 (3 −7x )

23.3 DERIVATIVE OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION (CONTINUED)

We know that derivative of the function x n w.r.t. x is n x n −1 , where n is a constant. This rule is
not applicable, when exponent is a variable. In such cases we take logarithm of the function and
then find its derivative.
Therefore, this process is useful, when the given function is of the type [f ( x )]g( x ) . For example,

a x , x x etc.
Note : Here f(x) may be constant.

Derivative of ax w.r.t. x
Let y = ax , a>0

Taking log on both sides, we get

logy = loga x = xloga [ logm n = nlogm]

d d 1 dy d ( )
∴ ( logy ) = (xloga) or ⋅ = loga×
y dx dx
x
dx dx
dy
or = yloga
dx
MATHEMATICS 287
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - V = a x loga
Calculus
d x
Thus, a = a x loga , a>0
dx
Example 23.11 Find the derivative of each of the following functions :
(i) y = x x (ii) y = x sinx
Notes

Solution : (i) y = x x

Taking logrithms on both sides, we get

logy = xlogx
Taking derivative on both sides, we get
1 dy d d
⋅ = logx (x) + x (logx) [Using product rule]
y dx dx dx

1 dy 1
⋅ = 1 ⋅ logx + x ⋅
y dx x
= log x + 1
dy
∴ = y[logx + 1]
dx

dy
Thus, = x x (logx + 1)
dx

(ii) y = x sinx
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
log y = sin x log x
1 dy d
∴ ⋅ = (sinxlogx)
y dx dx

1 dy 1
or ⋅ = cosx.logx + sinx ⋅
y dx x

dy  sinx 
= y cosxlogx +
x 
or dx 
dy  sinx 
= x sinx cosxlogx +
x 
Thus, dx 

Example 23.12 Find the derivative, if

( )
sinx
y = (logx ) + sin − 1 x
x

Solution : Here taking logarithm on both sides will not help us as we cannot put

288 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

(logx)x + (sin −1 x)s i n x in simpler form. So we put MODULE - V

Calculus
u = (logx) x and v = (sin − 1 x)s i n x
Then, y= u+ v
dy du dv
∴ = + ......(i)
dx dx dx
Notes
Now u = (logx) x
Taking log on both sides, we have
logu = log(logx) x

∴ logu = xlog(logx) Q log mn = n l o g m

 
Now, finding the derivative on both sides, we get
1 du 1 1
⋅ = 1 ⋅ log(logx) + x ⋅
u dx logx x

du  1 
Thus, = u log(logx) + 
dx  logx 

du  1 
= (logx)x log(logx) +
logx
Thus, .....(ii)
dx 
Also, v = (sin − 1 x)s i n x

∴ logv = sinxlog(sin −1 x)
Taking derivative on both sides, we have
d d
(logv) = [sinxlog(sin −1 x)]
dx dx

+ cosx ⋅ log (sin − 1 x )

1 dv 1 1
= sinx ⋅ − 1 ⋅
v dx sin x 1 − x 2

dv  sinx 
or, = v + cosx ⋅ logsin − 1 x 
dx −1
 sin x 1− x
2

sinx  
= ( sin −1 x ) +cosxlog ( sin −1 x ) 
sinx
 −1 ....(iii)
 sin x 1− x
2

From (i), (ii) and (iii), we have
dy x 1  ( −1 )sinx  sinx 
= ( logx ) log ( logx ) +  + sin x  + cosxlogsin −1 x 
dx  logx  −
 sin x 1− x
1 2


Example 23.13 If x y = e x −y , prove that

dy logx
=
dx (1 + l o g x)2
MATHEMATICS 289
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - V Solution : It is given that x y = e x− y ...(i)
Calculus
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
ylogx = (x − y)loge
= (x − y)
or y(1 + logx) = x [Q l o g e = 1]
Notes
x
or y= (ii)
1 + logx
Taking derivative with respect to x on both sides of (ii), we get
 1
(1 + logx ) ⋅−
1 x 
dy
= x
dx (1 + l o g x)2
1 + logx −1 logx
= =
(1 + l o g x ) 2
(1 +l o g x )2

dy
Example 23.14 Find , if
dx
e x l o g y = sin − 1 x +sin − 1 y
Solution : We are given that
e x l o g y = sin − 1 x +sin − 1 y
Taking derivative with respect to x of both sides, we get
x  1 dy  x 1 1 dy
e   + e l o g y= +
ydx  1 − x2 1 − y2 dx

ex 1  dy 1
or  −  = −e x l o g y
 y 1 − y 
2 dx 1− x 2

2  
dy y 1− y 1 − e 1 − x l o g y
x 2
or =
dx e x 1 − y 2 − y 1 − x 2
 

dy ( cosx )......∞
Example 23.15 Find , if y = ( c o s x )( c o s x)
dx
Solution : We are given that
cosx )(
cosx )......∞
y = (cosx )( =(c o s x)
y

Taking logarithm on both sides, we get

290 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
logy = y logcosx MODULE - V
Differentiating (i) w.r.t.x, we get Calculus
1 dy 1 dy
=y ⋅ (− s i n x )+ log (c o s x)⋅
y dx cos x dx

1  dy
 y − log (c o s x ) dx = −y t a n x
Notes
or
 
dy
or 1 − ylog (c o s x ) = −y 2 t a n x
dx

dy − y2 t a n x
=
dx 1 − ylog (c o s x)
or

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 23.3

1. Find the derivative with respect to x of each the following functions :
(a) y = 5 x (b) y = 3x + 4 x (c) y = sin(5 x )

dy
2. Find , if
dx

(a) y = x 2 x (b) y = (cosx)logx (c) y = (logx)s i n x

2 2
(d) y = (tanx)x (e) y = (1 +x 2) x (f) y = x (x +sinx)

3. Find the derivative of each of the functions given below :

−1
(a) y = (tanx)cotx + (cotx)x (b) y = x logx + (sinx)sin x

2
(c) y = x tanx + (sinx)cosx (d) y = (x) x + (logx)logx

s i n x )( ) ∞
y = (s i n x)(
sinx......
4. If , show that

dy y 2 cot x
=
dx 1 − ylog ( s i n x)

5. If y = logx + logx + logx ......

+ ∞, show that

dy 1
=
dx x (2x − 1)

MATHEMATICS 291
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - V 23.4 SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVES
Calculus
In the previous lesson we found the derivatives of second order of trigonometric and inverse
trigonometric functions by using the formulae for the derivatives of trigonometric and inverse
trigonometric functions, various laws of derivatives, including chain rule, and power rule discussed
earlier in lesson 21. In a similar manner, we will discuss second order derivative of exponential
and logarithmic functions :
Notes
Example 23.16 Find the second order derivative of each of the following :
(i) e x (ii) cos (logx) (iii) x x

Solution : (i) Let y = e x

dy
Taking derivative w.r.t. x on both sides, we get = ex
dx

d2 y d x
Taking derivative w.r.t. x on both sides, we get 2
= (e ) = ex
dx dx

d2 y
∴ 2
= ex
dx
(ii) Let y = cos (log x)
Taking derivative w.r.t x on both sides, we get
dy 1 − sin (l o g x)
= −sin (l o g x) ⋅ =
dx x x
Taking derivative w.r.t. x on both sides, we get
d2 y d  sin (l o g x) 
= −
dx  
dx 2 x 
1
x ⋅ cos ( logx⋅) − sin (l o g x)
or = − x
2
x
d 2y sin (l o g x ) − cos (l o g x)
∴ =
dx 2 x2
(iii) Let y = x x
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
log y = x log x ....(i)
Taking derivative w.r.t. x of both sides, we get
1 dy 1
⋅ = x ⋅ + logx = 1 + logx
y dx x

dy
or = y(1 + logx) ....(ii)
dx

Taking derivative w.r.t. x on both sides we get

292 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - V
d2 y
= [ y(1 + logx) ]
d
2 dx
Calculus
dx
1 dy
= y ⋅ + (1+ logx) ...(iii)
x dx
y
= +(1 +logx)y(1 logx)
+ Notes
x
y
= +(1 +logx) 2 y (Using (ii))
x
1 
= y  + (1 + logx)2 
 x 

d 2y 1 2
∴ = x x  +(1 +l o g x) 
dx 2
 x 
−1 x
Example 23.17 If y = ea c o s , show that

(1− x2 ) dx 2 − x dy
d2 y
dx
− a 2y = 0 .

−1 x
Solution : We have, y = ea c o s .....(i)

dy −1 −a
= ea c o s x ⋅
∴ dx 1− x2

ay
= − Using (i)
1 − x2

2
 dy a 2 y2
or  dx =
  1−x2

( )
2
 dy
 dx 1 − x − a y = 0
2 2 2
∴ .....(ii)
 
Taking derivative of both sides of (ii), we get

( − 2x ) + 2 (1− x 2 )×
2
 dy  dy d 2 y dy
 dx  ⋅ 2 − a 2 ⋅ 2y ⋅ =0
  dx dx dx

or (1− x2 ) dx 2 − x dy
d2 y
dx
− a 2y = 0 [Dividing through out by2 ⋅
dy
dx
]

MATHEMATICS 293
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - V
Calculus CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 23.4
1. Find the second order derivative of each of the following :

(b) tan ( e )
5x logx
(a) x 4 e5x (c)
x
Notes
2. If y = acos ( logx ) + bsin ( l o g x) , show that

d2 y dy
x2 +x +y =0
2 dx
dx
−1 x
3. If y = e tan , prove that

(1+ x2 ) dx 2 +(2x
d2 y
−1)
dy
dx
=0

LET US SUM UP

d x d x
l (i) (e ) = e x (ii) (a ) = ax loga ; a > 0
dx dx
l If µ is a derivable function of x, then
d µ dµ d µ dµ
(i) (e ) = eµ ⋅ (ii) (a ) = aµ ⋅ loga ⋅ ;a > 0
dx dx dx dx
d ax + b
(iii) (e ) = eax + b ⋅ a = aeax + b
dx
d 1 d 1 dµ
l (i) (logx) = (ii) (log µ ) = ⋅ , if µ is a derivable function of x.
dx x dx µ dx
d 1 a
l (iii) log(ax + b) = ⋅a =
dx ax + b ax + b

SUPPORTIVE WEB SITES

l http://www.wikipedia.org
l http://mathworld.wolfram.com

294 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - V
Calculus
TERMINAL EXERCISE

1. Find the derivative of each of the following functions :

x x
(a) (x ) (b) x
( xx )
Notes

dy
2. Find , if
dx
−1 x
(b) y = (sinx)
cos
(a) y = a x l o g s i n x

x2
 3
 x −  4
(c) y = 1 + 
1 x 4
(d) y = log e  
 x x +4  
 

3. Find the derivative of each of the functions given below :

(b) f(x) = (sin −1 x) 2 ⋅ x s i n x ⋅ e 2x
2
(a) f(x) = cosxlog(x)e x x x

4. Find the derivative of each of the following functions :

(a) y = (tanx) logx + (cosx)s i n x (b) y = x t a n x + (sinx)c o s x

dy
5. Find , if
dx

x4 x + 6 e x + e− x
(a) If y = (b) If y =
(3x + 5) 2 (ex − e− x )
dy
6. Find , if
dx
2 +2x
(a) If y = a x ⋅ xa (b) y = 7x

7. Find the derivative of each of the following functions :

2x c o t x
(a) y = x e 2 2x
cos3x (b) y =
x

x x.......∞ dy y2
8. If y = x
x
, prove that x =
dx 1 − y l o g x

MATHEMATICS 295
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - V
Calculus ANSWERS
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 23.1
7
7 −2 x 2
1. (a) 5e5x (b) 7e 7x + 4 (c) 2e 2x (d) − e (e) 2 ( x +1 ) e x + 2x
Notes 2

1 1 x
(b) sec x + 2 c o s x− 3 s i n x −
2
2. (a) ex e
3 2
(c) 5cosx − 2ex (d) ex − e−x

e x +1 cotx
 − cosec 2 x 
3. (a) (b) e  
2 x+1  2 c o t x 
2x
(c) e x s i n [sinx + 2xcosx]sinx

(d) e xsec x [sec 2 x + 2xsec 2 x t a n x]

2

4. (a) xex (b) 2e 2x sinx(sinx + cosx)

2x 2 − x + 2 e 2 x [(2x − 1)cotx − xcosec 2 x]

5. (a) e 2x (b)
(x 2 + 1)3 / 2 x2

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 23.2

1. (a) 5cosx − 2 (b) − tanx
x

x2  1 2x 2 logx − 1 2
.ex
2. (a) e  2xlogx + x 
(b)
x(logx)2

cot(logx)
3. (a) (b) secx
x

2absec 2 x 1
(c) 2 2 2 (d) xlogx
a − b tan x

1 2 1 3  1 2 2x 3 
4. (a) (1 + x) 2 (2 −x) 3 (x 2 +5) 7 (x +9) − 2 ×  2(1 + x) − 3(2 − x) + − 
 7(x − 5) 2(x + 9) 
2

3
x(1 − 2x) 2 1 3 5 7x 
(b) 5 1  − − + 
 2x 1 − 2x 3 + 4x 2(3 − 7x ) 
2
(3 + 4x) 4 (3 −7x 2 ) 4

296 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 23.3 MODULE - V
Calculus
1. (a) 5 x log5 (b) 3x log3 + 4 x log4 (c) cos5 x 5x log5

logx  logcosx 
2. (a) 2x 2x (1 + logx) (b) (cosx)  − tanxlogx 
 x 

sinx  sinx  Notes

(c) ( l o g x )  cosxlog ( l o g x ) + x l o g x 
 
x  x 
(d) ( t a n x ) l o g t a n x +
 s i n x c o s x

2  x3 
(e) (1 + x) x  2xlog(1 + x 2 )+ 2 
 1 + x 2 

2 + sinx)  x 2 + sinx 
(f) x (x  + (2x + cosx)logx
 x 

3. (a) cosec 2 x (1 − logtanx ) ( tanx )cotx + ( logcotx −xcosec 2 xtanx ) ( cotx )x

−1 x  logsinx 
(b) 2x ( logx −1) logx + ( sinx )sin −1
cotxsin x + 
 1 − x2 

 tanx 
(c) x tanx  + sec 2 xlogx +( sinx )
cosx
[cosxcotx −sinxlogsinx]
 x 

2 logx 1 + log ( logx ) 

(d) ( x ) ⋅ x (1+ 2logx )+ ( logx)
x
 
 x 

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 23.4

1. (a) e
5x
(
25x 4 + 40x 3 +12x 2 ) 5x 2 5x
(b) 25e sec e ( ){
1 + 2e5x t a n e5x }
2logx −3
(c)
x3
TERMINAL EXERCISEs to Terminal uestions
x
1. (a) (x x ) x [x + 2xlogx] (b) x (x) [x x−1 + logx(logx + 1)x x ]

2. (a) a xlogsinx[logsinx + xcotx]loga

−1 x  −1 l o g s i n x
(b) (s i n x )
cos
cos x c o t x − 
 1 − x 2 

MATHEMATICS 297
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - V  
x2
Calculus   1 1 
(c) 1 + 
1 3 3
2xlog  x +  −  (d) 1 + −
 x   x  1+ 1  4(x − 4) 4(x + 4)
 x 

(a) cosxlog(x)e x ⋅ x x − tanx+

2 1 
3. + 2x + 1 + logx 
Notes  xlogx 

 2 sinx 
(b) (sin − 1 x)2 .x sinx e 2 x  + cosxlogx + + 2
−1
 1 − x sin x x 
2

(a) (tanx) logx 2 c o s e c 2 x l o g x + logtanx 

1
4.
 x 

+ (cosx)sinx [− sinxtanx + cosxlog(cosx)]

(b) x tanx 
tanx 
+ sec2 xlogx  + (sinx)cosx [cotxcosx − sinxlogsinx)]
 x 

x4 x + 6  4 1 6  −4e 2x
5. (a) + −
2  x 2(x + 6) (3x + 5)  (b)
(3x + 5)   (e 2x − 1)2
2
6. (a) a x .x a −1[a + xlog e a] (b) 7 x + 2x
(2x + 2)log e 7

2 2x 2 
7. (a) x e cos3x  x + 2 − 3tan3x 
 

2x cotx  1 
(b)  log2 − 2cosec2x −
x  2x 

298 MATHEMATICS