The Biology of Cancer

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The Biology of Cancer

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The Biology of BIOLOGY class 12 investigatoy Biology of Cancer Bio Investigatory Biology
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Acknowledgement
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is a disease
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Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Agents

#any agents have been associated with higher rates of cancer. The
thing they all have in common is their ability to alter the se'uence o
nucleotides in the $%& molecule. (hen damage occurs to $%&, the
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the $%&)s genetic information. This is a partial list of mutagens that
found in our environment.
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such as cancer of the breast, endometrium, prostate, ovary, and tes
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therapy have a higher risk of developing
cancers associated with those hormones. n the other hand, peopl
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growth hormones. Some treatments and prevention approaches
leverage this cause by artificially reducing hormone levels, and thus
discouraging hormone-sensitive cancers.
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Cancers are caused by a series of mutations. /ach mutation alters

behaviour of the cell somewhat. Cancer is fundamentally a disease
failure of regulation of tissue growth. 4n order for a normal cell to
transform into a cancer cell, the genes which regulate cell growth a
differentiation must be altered. The affected genes are divided into
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broad categories. ncogenes are genes which promote cell growth
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entire chromosome can occur through errors in mitosis. #ore comm
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material. Translocation occurs when two separate chromosomal reg
become abnormally fused, often at a characteristic location. & well-
known example of this is the 1hiladelphia chromosome, or transloca
of chromosomes = and GG, which occurs in chronic myelogenous
leukaemia, and results in production of the BC7-abl fusion protein,
oncogenic tyrosine kinase. Small-scale mutations include point
mutations, deletions, and insertions, which may occur in the promot
region of a gene and affect its expression, or may occur in the gene
coding se'uence and alter the function or stability of its protein prod
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make errors more likely to arise and propagate. Such enviro
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The tissue diagnosis given by the pathologist indicates the t
that is proliferating, its histological grade, genetic abnormali
other features of the tumor. Together, this information is use
evaluate the prognosis of the patient and to choose the bes
Cytogenetics and immunohistochemistry are other types of
the pathologist may perform on the tissue specimen. These
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Preention
Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decreas
cancer. The vast maAority of cancer cases are due to enviro
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controllable lifestyle choices. Thus, cancer is considered a l
preventable disease. ?reater than !9: of cancer deaths co
prevented by avoiding risk factors including6 tobacco, overw
obesity, an insufficient diet, physical inactivity, alcohol, sexu
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cases of cancer are caused through hereditary genetic diso
thus it is not possible to prevent all cases of cancer.

Cancer Screening
+nlike diagnosis efforts prompted by symptoms and medica
cancer screening involves efforts to detect cancer after it ha
before any noticeable

examination, symptoms
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involve exposure to potentially harmful ioni"ing radiation.
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be a single @cure for cancer@ any more than there will be a single
treatment for all infectious diseases. &ngiogenesis inhibitors were o
thought to have potential as a @silver bullet@ treatment applicable to
types of cancer, but this has not been the case in practice. /xperim
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cancer treatments are treatments that are being studied to see whe
they work. Typically, these are studied in clinical trials to compare th

proposed treatment
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target the right drugs to the right patients, based on their individual
biology. Cancer research is the intense scientific effort to understan
disease processes and discover possible therapies.
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the following issues6
&gents e.g. viruses0 and events e.g. mutations0 which cause or
facilitate genetic changes in cells destined to become cancer. The
precise nature of the genetic damage, and the genes which are affe
by it. The conse'uences of those genetic changes on the biology of
cell, both in generating the defining properties of a cancer cell, and
facilitating additional genetic events which lead to further progressio
the cancer.
Bibliography
/very satisfactory work is build by means of substantial references.
hereby state to have legitimately exploited following sources in the
making of my proAect-
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- ?uaytton and Sutton)s Textbook of #edicinal ncology
#illenium /dition I Froth Silk 1ublishers Boston
#illenium /dition, I Froth Silk 1ublishers, Boston
- Comprehensive 1ractical
Search the world's Biology
largest library  J Class *44  EN 
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& biology practical plus proAects textbook by 3axmi 1ublications 1vt 
- (ikipedia.com
The nline /ncyclopedia
- 4CBS/ nline 2elp Forum
http6HHwww.proAects.icbse.comHmain.aspx
- TCKonline.com
& world class educational and tutorial site on the web
The Biology of - #eritnation.com
BIOLOGY class 12 investigatoy Biology of Cancer Bio Investigatory Biology
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Search the world's largest library   Upload  EN 

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principal Mr. Binod Kujur as well as my biology teache

&econdly I would also like to thank my parents and fri

Search the world's largest library   Upload  EN 

SheetThis is to certify that _Sarthak Banerjee_; Roll No.

The project "or# entitled )*he Biology o+ Cancer, the original

-ternal -aminer "nternal -aminer

Search the world's largest library   Upload  EN 

Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Agents

Food containing nitrates e.g., bacon0

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Cancers are caused by a series of mutations. /ach mutation alters

reproduction. Tumor suppressor genes are genes which inhibit cell

formation of novel oncogenes, the inappropriate over-expression of

Complex error correction and prevention is built into the pro

The errors which cause cancer are self-amplifying and com

The transformation of normal cell into cancer is akin to a ch

tumor0 near the bronchi in a lung specimen & large invasive

top left side of nipples. 1athological staging- 1T!-1%*-1#5

'hitish scar tissue and %ello' att% tissue(

An invasive colorectal carcinoma "to# center$ in a colectom%

Search the world's largest library   Upload  EN 

A s)uamous*cell carcinoma "the 'hitish tumor$ near the !ronchiin a

A lar+e invasive ductal carcinoma in a mastectomy s

before any noticeable

are available, they may not be recommended for everyone.

screening outweigh the risks and the costs of screening.

These factors include6

they work. Typically, these are studied in clinical trials to compare th

Search the world's largest library   Upload  EN 

Reward Your Curiosity

Read Free For 30 Days

No Commitment. Cancel anytime.

Share this document

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