Sei sulla pagina 1di 42

Struktur dan fungsi Molekul

biologi
Hirarki sistem kehidupan
Organismal level
lanjt
Makromolekul-monomer-polimer
• Karbohidrat
• Lipid
• Protein
• Asam nuklet
Contoh singkat
Gugus kimia penting dalam biologi
Group name
Functional
group
Structural
formula
lanjt example Found in

alanine
Another style of important functional
group
Family structure Group name property
name
alcohol hydroxyl
aldehid Carbonyl
Keton Carbonyl
Carboxylic Carboxyl
acid
lanjutan

Family structure Group name property


name
Amines Amino
Amides Amido
Thiol Thiol
Phospate Phosphoryl
Beberapa reaksi kondensasi ‘basic’ dalam
biologi
Reaction types form
Ester formation

Glycoside formation
monoS sik EtOH or monoS sik

Peptide formation

Anhydride formation
kar fos
Sintesis dan penguraian polimer

(b).Hidrolisis polimer. Hidrolisis, kebalikan dehidrasi, pemecahan ikatan diantara


monomer dg menambah molekul air
Karbohidrat : molekul penyimpan energi dan
struktural
carbohydrate Function and occurrence lanjt
monosaccharides
Glucose Transport form*) of energy and carbon in animal and
plants
fructose Transport form of energy and carbon in fetal ungulates
and plants
disaccharides
sucrose Transport & storage form of energy in higher plant
lactose Reverse form of carbohydrate in mammalian milk
α,α’-trehalose Transport form of energy and carbon in insect
haemolymph; storage form of energy & carbon in
fungi
*)Transportform adl sarana senyaw yg digunakan untuk menggerakkan materi dari satu
tempat ke tempat lainnya dlm tubuh
lanjt
carbohydrate Function and occurrence
Storage Storage of energy and carbon
polysaccharides
Starch polymer Plant storage form
(amylopectin &
amylose)
Inulin and levan Plant storage form
(1→3)-β-D-glucans storage form in protists
Floridean starch storage form in red algae
Glycogen storage form animal, fungi and
bacteria
lanjt

carbohydrate Function and occurrence


Structural polysaccharides
Cellulose, mannan, In cell wall of plants & some
arabinoxylans,xyloglucans, green algae
galactomannan, pectin
Alginic acid, sulfated galactan, In cell wall of algae
(agarose, carrageenan)
Chitin In cell wall of fungi and
exoskeletons of insects &
crustaceans
(1→3)-β-D-glucans In cell wall of fungi
Hyaluronan, chodriotan and In connective tissue of
heparin sulfates vertebrates
Karbohidrat (‘hydrate’ of carbon)
• Kabohidrat terdiri atas : C,H,O
• Formula umum : Cn(H2O)n
• Kh merupakan senyawa polihidroksi yang berisi
gugus karbonil (aldehid, ketone)
• Three main group of carbohydrate :
monosakarida, disakarida, polisakarida
• Klasifikasi berdasarkan ukuran rangka karbon (C3-
C7)
• Keanekargaman gula tgt dri ssn spasial karbon
asimetrik
STRUKTUR & KLASIFIKASI GULA
MONOSAKARIDA
Isomer struktur dan keruangan glukosa
Gula dalam aqueous solution
berbentuk cincin
Disakarida
Polisakarida
• Polisakarida berperan sbgi materi simpanan
dan materi struktural
Linkage pada polisakarida lurus dan bercabang
Polisakarida paling terkenal : selulosa
struktur pati vs selulosa
lanjt
lajt
80 molk selulosa

Ik hidrogen
lanjtn
Rhizobium leguminosarum

Thick bundle
of cellulose

>50%
selulosa

>95% selulosa
Kitin : polisakarida penyusun dd sel fungi atau
penyusun eksoskeleton artropoda
• Monomer kitin : N-acetylglucosamine
Lipid : molekul hidrofobik
• Memahami struktur trigliserida
• Mempelajari fungsi lemak sebagai penyimpan
energi
• Memahami struktur fosfolipid

Lipid : fat (animal), oil (plant), wax


Lipid mempunyai higher proportion of ikatan C-H
non polar
Energy : 9 kcalories/g fat; 4 kcal./g carbohydrate
lanjt
• As.lemak merupakan hidrokarbon rantai panjang
dengan ujung rantai berupa ggs karboksilat
• Gliserol merupakan polialkohol tiga kabon
• Banyak molekul lipid yg terdiri dari molekul
gliserol dg 3 asam lemak
• Karena berisi 3 asam lemak lipid dinamakn
trigliserida atau triasil gliserol
• Lemak untuk hewan laut berfungsi sebagai
insulasi tubuh thd dinginnya air laut (paus, anjing
laut, mamalia laut lainnya)
lanjt
• 3 as.lemak tidak harus identik, bisa berbeda
• Rantai hirokarbon sangat panjang (C14-C20)
• C-H bound dr lemak berperan sebagai energy
storage long term
• As.lemak jenuh (ik tunggal)
• As.lemak tidak jenuh (ik.ganda)
• Lemak terbentuk melalui ester linkage gliserol
dan asam lemak (ggs hidroksil dan karboksilat)
dg melepaskan 1 molekul air
lanjt
lanjt

Saturated fat Un-saturated fat


Fungsi lipid
Function types Site or example
storage triacylglycerol Adipose tissue of mammal,
endosperm of some seeds
protective waxes Surface of animal: hair, skin surface,
above-ground surface of higher
plants
structural Phospholipids & Components of cell membrane
sterol
Information Steroid hormones Vertebrate sex hormone, insect
al (signaling in animal and molting hormone
molecules) plants

glycolipid Intercellular signaling, receptor for


hormones
lanjt
Function types Site or example
Informational isoprenoid Insect pheromones and
(signaling fragrances of flower
molecules Derivates of Prostaglandins of
unsaturated long vertebrate tissues-
chain fatty acid involved in inflammatory
action and uterine
contraction
pigments Carotenoid plants
lanjt

Function types Site or example


photoreceptors Carotenoid Eyes of vertebrate &
invertebrate, protistan
photoreceptors, chloroplast
of photosynthetic organisms
Cofactor in biological carotenoid Vitamin A
reaction
Fosfolipid
lanjt
Choline, ethanolamine, or the amino acid
serine
Jenis lipid lainnya
Pigmen biologi :
klorofil, retina

Steroid : membran,
hormone sex
vertebrata
Orientasi fosfolipid untuk menghindari air
lanjt

• Rumah lebah dan jaringan adiposa

wax

MFC : mature
fat cell
Karbon asimetrik

Karbon asimetrik : karbon yang


melekat pada 4 atom atau
gugus atom yang berbeda

Potrebbero piacerti anche