Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
04 CONGRESS HOST
06 HOST MESSAGE
07 HOST CITY MESSAGE 42
08 MESSAGES Philippine Fisheries Sail Towards Bright Horizons
18 CONGRESS SCHEDULE
22 CONGRESS SPEAKERS
24 CONGRESS RESOLUTIONS
80 18 NTC PHOTO OPS
th
86 WORKING COMMITTEES
96 FRIENDS OF PHIL TUNA INDUSTRY 50
98ACKNOWLEDGMENT GENSAN’S TUNA FESTIVAL: A PEACEtival of Fun!
ARTICLES
Relative abundance of yellowfin tuna for the purse
seine and handline fisheries operating in the
Philippines Moro Gulf (Region 12) and High Seas
Pocket #1 30 54
Overview of Tuna Fisheries in the Western and
Central Pacific Ocean, includeing economic 23 Harvest Strategies
conditions – 2016 36
Time for Entrepreneurial Revolution: Know the DTI’s
7Ms Way of Uplifting Micro, Small, and Medium
Enterprises (MSMEs) 44
69
FARM TOURISM : New Tourism Destination in
Gensan
49
Netting Billions: A Valuation of Tuna in the Western
and Central Pacific Ocean
member-associations
1. Southern Philippines Boat Owners and Tuna
Association (SPBOTA)
4 19 th
National Tuna Congress
CONGRESS HOST
Roy C. Rivera
Member, Southern Philippine Boat Owners & Tuna Association
Chief Finance Officer, RD Corporation
Isidro D. Lumayag Isidro D. Lumayag
1st Vice-President for President, South Cotabato Purse-Seiners Association
General Manager, CHL Fishing
Internal Affairs
Dominic R. Salazar
Vice-President, South Cotabato Purse-Seiners Association
General Manager, Trinity Homes Industrial Corporation
Joaquin T. Lu
President, Tuna Cooperative of General Santos
Dino H. Barrientos Chairman, Citra Mina Group of Companies
Editha B. Espinosa
Dominic Salazar Treasurer, Tuna Canners Association of General Santos
Plant Manager, Ocean Canning Corporation
Public Relation Officer Ramon M. Macaraig
Director, Chamber of Aquaculture and Ancillary Industries of Sarangani, Inc.
Consultant, Alsons Aquaculture, Inc.
It has been three decades since I began working in the Tuna Industry, from
merely buying and selling in what used to be the “fish landing” of “Dadiangas”
public market to eventually owning my own businesses engaged in fishing
and tuna processing. In the last six years that I have been entrusted to represent
Socsksargen Federation of Fishing and Allied Industries, Inc. (SFFAII) as its President
and now with an additional two more years to come, I am truly appreciating the
meaning of being a Key Player and Leader in this industry.
The 19th National Tuna First, there has to be responsibility; one has to accept the resulting consequences
Congress aims to present for every action notwithstanding the immediate surrounding circumstance but
also, for generations to come. Stakeholders from all sectors need to work together
and discuss the following: to establish and continue improving tuna management plans. Setting aside their
differences and cooperating with regulatory boards that sometimes run counter to
Philippine Tuna Fishery respective interests.
There has to be selflessness; one has to have compassion for the many. The industry
TUNA Fisheries in the Western is especially faced with dim realities such as diminishing fish catch and adverse
and Central Pacific Ocean climate change; Competition can be cutthroat, where one can be tempted to
Including Stock Assessment maximize profits and cut unwanted costs. However, one can opt to put the welfare
and Economic Conditions of the many ahead of one’s self. This is evident in the course of actions undertaken
by industry stakeholders, such as opening opportunities for improvement in the
Presentation of the Draft working conditions of the industry’s labor force, especially the fisher folks. The
National Tuna Management Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) has required health certificates
PlanBFAR Technical Working for each fisher folk to promote awareness, verify their health conditions and ensure
Group for TUNA their seaworthiness. It is heartwarming to witness the move towards achieving
inclusive growth as we give more to those who have less.
USAID Oceans Supported
Lastly, there has to be pro-active cooperation; one has to involve as many relevant
Studies
sectors as possible in order to drive plans into action. As one of the appointees of
Field Assessment of Labor in National Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council (NFARMC), I have
seen the vigorous efforts of the government to engage the private sector and the
the Tuna Fisheries Sector
equally motivated response of the private sectors in finding ingenious ways to keep
Gender Analysis in the the industry thriving.
Fisheries Sector I believe that these, and more, have been the valuable characteristics acquired
by industry stakeholders throughout the years as evidenced by their resilience,
Update on the USAID Oceans strength and competitiveness. While there is no doubt that there are still things
CDT Project in General Santos to learn and relearn, it would not hurt to celebrate the milestones that the industry
City and Indonesia has reached through the concerted efforts of people from government and non-
government organizations, as well as the private sector and the labor force.
Updates on the ASEAN Catch
Documentation Scheme For this 19th National Tuna Congress, it is indeed timely that we celebrate “The
(ACDS) and work on Regional Philippine Tuna Industry: Resilient. Strengthened. Competitive.” May this Congress
be a collective body of leaders of change to serve as an unwavering impetus to
Fisheries Management
further propel the industry to unprecedented heights.
US Food Safety Thank you very much. Magandang GenSan!
Modernization Act
Responsible Sourcing of
Tuna Products
JOAQUIN T. LU
Chairperson
19th National Tuna Congress
6 19 th
National Tuna Congress
Message from the Host City
On the occasion of the 19thNational Tuna Congress, the City Government of
General Santos and its people welcome all delegates, guests, exhibitors and
visitors for your unflinching support and dedication to the industry that made as
one of the world’s largest tuna producers and processors.
The Philippine tuna industry started and grew from this city. It carved a name for
General Santos City as the country’s Tuna Capital and placed it in the map of the
world’s major tuna producers.
And rightly so, More than 65 percent of the total tuna catch in the country are
landed, processed and manufactured in the city of which more than 80 percent
are exported throughout the world.
The Philippine tuna industry is one of the more resilient industries to be largely
based in Southern Mindanao. It has weathered all the challenges that came its
way. And yet, it remains as a major contributor to the Philippine economy.
Over the last decade, we have continuously fought our way back, became more
responsive and competitive while maintaining our strength as the region’s most
stable tuna producers.
As virtually the permanent host of the annual Tuna Congress, General Santos City
takes proud of our pioneering spirit and ability to innovate and trail blaze our way
into where we are today.
Of course we would not have achieved all these without all the stakeholders
contributing their own shares in these success and accolades that were bestowed
and continue to be given us.
Allow me therefore to thank all of you for coming and participating in this annual
event of the tuna industry.
RONNEL C. RIVERA
City Mayor
The Philippine tuna industry is one of the most resilient sectors that generate
employment and financial opportunities for the people of Mindanao. This has
flourished through the years because of the continuing cooperation of different
organizations and the government.
I commend SFFAII for this congress that serves as platform for the industry’s
players to collaborate and enhance their capabilities. This year’s plenary topics will
help the members address issues in labor, gender equality, quality assurance and
tariffs. This event will surely advance the competitiveness of the fishing and other
allied business in our country.
8 19 th
National Tuna Congress
MESSAGES
Events such as this one are essential to achieving success. We are confident that
you will come away from this assembly with an improved sense of the challenges
facing your industry, and how best to respond to them. Furthermore, may this
meeting bolster the unity that your alliance has fostered between associations, as
a unified effort is truly the most effective means to a strengthened, responsive,
and competitive industry.
Thank you for all of the hard work that you do and we wish you success in all
your future endeavors!
LENI G. ROBREDO
Indeed, through the years, the Philippine tuna industry, with SOCSKSARGEN as
epicentre, has stood firm as the epitome of dynamism and resilience. Thanks to
the industry stakeholders’ rock-solid unity and their willingness to partner with
government, the tuna industry has, despite the odds, remained as one of the top
global producers and exporters of tuna.
This industry unity and partnership is best exemplified by this Tuna Congress,
which had always been the ideal venue for information sharing, keeping abreast
with the latest trends and even making business deals. I, therefore, commend
the organizers, participants and guests for your collective effort to enhance and
sustain the competitiveness of Philippine tuna. I am confident that this year’s
event would be another great learning experience that will not only enhance
everyone’s knowledge, but also further hasten the growth of the tuna industry.
EMMANUEL F. PIÑOL
10 19 th
National Tuna Congress
MESSAGES
The theme for this year’s, “Philippine Tuna: Responsive. Strengthened. Competitive” is
likewise entirely apt, a statement on what the Tuna Industry has gone through and an
indication of its resiliency, strength, and competitiveness-elements that are crucial to the
sustainability of this industry.
Currently, over 60 percent of the Philippine tuna production is based in Mindanao and is
centered in General Santos City. The industry generates about 120,000 direct jobs and its
value of exports in 2010 amounted to US$359.38 million. Six out of seven canneries are
located in General Santos City, while 80 percent of the country’s fresh frozen processors and
exporters are based in the SME city and supporting about 3,000 jobs. Lastly, majority of its
production is exported to US and European countries.
To ensure the sustainability of our country’s Tuna Industry, the Department of Trade and
Industry (DTI) remains committed in not only transforming this industry into one that is
globally-competitive, but can also sustainably generate job and employment opportunities
for our countrymen.
Through DTI’s initiatives like the Doing Business in Free Trade Areas (DBFTA) Program, we
update tuna exporters on the benefits in dealing with Free Trade Agreement (FTA) countries
whenever a DBFTA Session is conducted in Region XII, given that the Marine Products Sector
is among the Focus Sectors.
We have also included the Tuna Industry among the priority sectors in the National Industry
Cluster Competitiveness Enhancement Program (NICCEP) even as members of the Tuna
Industry Cluster can take part in the Shared Service Facility (SSF) Program, which addresses
gaps in the supply and value chain.
We thank the SFFAII in holding this event to serve as a platform for key stakeholders
to discuss issues and challenges in the industry, as well as giving small tuna players an
opportunity to meet with their larger counterparts both nationally and regionally.
We hope as well that you will continually partner with DTI in working to generate inclusive
growth and shared prosperity for our countrymen through the responsible and sustainable
use of our country’s great bounty of the sea.
Mabuhay!
RAMON M. LOPEZ
This year’s theme, “The Philippine Tuna Industry: Strengthened. Responsive. Competitive,”
mirrors where the current tuna industry stands, particularly in the face of rapid globalization.
Our numbers are strengthened – as reflected in the production volumes that continue to
show positive gains through the years. We become responsive to demands, especially that
our tuna industry is considered as one of the country’s top fishery exports.
And most importantly, we strive to remain competitive knowing that we are banking on an
industry with immense potential to go global.
With the many brilliant minds gathered in this three-day activity, I hope that you keep
in mind these three salient points as you map out innovative solutions that will help this
industry grow further.
Rest assured that in your pursuit towards industry development, the Mindanao Development
Authority will be firm in promoting and coordinating efforts that will position the region as
a competitive and global economic hub.
Through the Mindanao Development Corridors, the agency’s spatial development strategy,
we are looking at big-ticket infrastructure projects in Mindanao to push through. This
includes the General Santos Aerotropolis project that is seen to serve as a key catalyst for
economic activity in the city and the greater part of the SOCSKSARGEN region.
Indeed, this year’s Tuna Congress and Trade Exhibit goes beyond establishing partnerships.
It is our collective testament in saying that business confidence in Mindanao remains
steadfast, especially in the light of the recent events that transpired in the island-region.
May this event serve as a platform for a fruitful exchange of ideas and visions that will
contribute to the overall agenda of socio-economic progress for the people of Mindanao.
12 19 th
National Tuna Congress
MESSAGES
This year, we celebrate the admirable traits of the Philippine tuna industry: strengthened,
responsive, and competitive. The industry derives its strength from solid relationships
among its members, and their close cooperation with the government in implementing
science-based management measures. It is also responsive as it is able to address pressing
fisheries concerns, and make the industry adaptable to changing times. Moreover, it is
competitive, and is in fact one of our top performing fisheries sub sector.
On our end, we are glad to let you know that we never stop finding opportunities to
assist the industry achieve its full potential. The Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
through the leadership of Secretary Emmanuel F. Piñol is working to formally declare the
Philippine Rise, previously Benham Rise, as a food production region. Our scientists carry
out oceanographic studies in this underwater environment which is a possible alternative
to our traditional tuna fishing grounds. The MV DA-BFAR has sailed to Philippine Rise
early this year and we have personally witnessed the abundance of resources in this area.
We also implement innovative programs for marine conservation. For instance, the Malinis
at Masaganang Karagatan or MMK, an annual search for outstanding coastal communities
in the country, sums up in its criteria all the steps we need to take to protect our marine
resources. These include the eradication of illegal fishing, enforcement of three-month
closed fishing seasons, establishment of marine protected areas, mangrove reforestation,
and ensuring the cleanliness of our seas. If we rehabilitate and maintain our marine
resources, we need not go far to fish as nearby waters will teem with life including big
fishes like tuna.
We congratulate all the people behind this gathering. Thank you and we wish you a
worthwhile 19th National Tuna Congress.
My warmest greetings on the occasion of your 19th National Tuna Congress this September
6-8, 2017 in General Santos City! Congratulations likewise to the officers and members of
the SOCSKSARGEN Federation of Fishing and Allied Ind., Inc. (SFFAII) who have been the
backbone of this fishing industry.
Our determination should remain steadfast and hopeful that we will be able to respond to
future challenges in a collaborative fashion when at stake here is not only the welfare of
the tuna industry but also the interest of the fishermen.
The office of the undersigned is committed to advocate said predicament in the halls
of Congress with emphasis on sustainable and responsible fishery. Along this line, we
shall fortify our foreign relationship to establish strong ties between and among countries
involved in the tuna industry. Likewise, we shall endeavor to make a government agency
solely created for the fishing sector of the country.
I hope that the 19th Tuna Congress will spur more out of our stakeholders to address the
pressing concerns confronting us. Verily, our marine resources still holds potential for us
to take advantage.
On this 3-day event, we hope for a productive and dynamic event bringing in the table the
stakeholders, private sector and the government to take a hard look in the path and future
of our tuna industry.
14 19 th
National Tuna Congress
MESSAGES
CONGRESS PLENARY
18 19 th
National Tuna Congress
Congress Schedule
Friday, 08 September 2017
CONGRESS PLENARY
10:00 - 10:20 AM USAID Oceans Supported Studies
Overview and Introduction Mr. Geronimo Silvestre
Chief of Party, USAID OCEANS and Fisheries Partnership
Plenary Topic 3: Field Assessment of Labor in the Tuna Ms. Jet Urmeneta
10:20 - 10:40 AM
Fisheries Sector Capability Building Manager, Verite (Southeast Asia)
7:00 PM Farewell Dinner 19th NTC Dining Area, Opposite SM Trade Halls
Philippine Tuna Fishery THE USAID OCEANS AND FISHERIES Gender Analysis in the Fisheries
PARTNERSHIP: A REGIONAL COOPERA- Sector
TION TO COMBAT ILLEGAL, UNREPORT-
ED AND UNREGULATED FISHING AND
PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES IN Dr. Marieta Bañez
THE ASIA – PACIFIC REGION Sumagaysay
SAMMY M. MALVAS Executive Director of the
BFAR National Research Council of
the Philippines (NRCP)
Geronimo T. Silvestre
USAID Oceans and Fisheries On behalf of the USAID Oceans
Partnership and Fisheries Partnership
Geronimo.Silvestre@oceans- (USAID Oceans), the National
partnerhsip.org Network on Women in
TUNA Fisheries in the WCPO includ- Fisheries in the Philippines
ing Stock Assessment and Econom- The USAID Oceans and (WINFISH) conducted the “Gender Analysis in
ic Conditions Fisheries Partnership Fisheries in the General Santos Area, Philippines,”
December 2016 through June 2017. The study
(USAID Oceans) works to
provided inputs to USAID Oceans for planning its
combat illegal, unreported
interventions in Ecosystems Approach to Fisheries
and unregulated (IUU)
Management (EAFM) and the Catch Documentation
fishing, promote sustainable fisheries and and Traceability (CDT) system. The empirical
conserve marine biodiversity in the Asia-Pacific evidence on gender differentials along the tuna
Dr. Sungkwon Soh region. USAID Oceans, in collaboration with value chain and its ensuing concerns are deemed
Science Manager, the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development crucial in order to promote women’s economic
WCPFC Center (SEAFDEC) and the Bureau of Fisheries empowerment and gender equality. The study also
and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), has chosen the identified strategic interventions to empower and
General Santos Fishing Port Complex (GSFPC) build the capacity of women along the tuna fisheries
and areas around the Sarangani Bay Protected value chains in General Santos City and the selected
Seascape (SBPS) as a project ‘Learning Site.’ sites in Kiamba and Glan of the Sarangani Bay area.
A gender-responsive value chain analysis was
Field Assessment of Labor in the used as the framework along with USAID’s six
USAID Oceans aims to develop, demonstrate
Tuna Fisheries Sector gender dimensions namely access to assets, beliefs
and expand a catch documentation and
(including knowledge and perceptions), practices
traceability (CDT) system using a market
and participation, time and space, legal rights
based approach that promotes sustainable
Jet Urmeneta and status, and power and decision making. Both
fisheries and builds on the foundation of the
Capability Building Manager,
small-scale (municipal) and large scale (handline
ASEAN Catch Documentation Scheme and the and purse seine) value chain players were included
Verité Southeast Asia, Inc. Philippines’ existing CDT protocols. While the in the study, together with value chain enablers. A
development of the CDT system is the backbone survey among 219 respondents (109 males and 110
In addition to protecting marine of the program, it is complemented by other
biodiversity and enhancing females) representing the producers, processors and
components, such as regional coordination traders, was conducted. Twenty two key informant
sustainability, the USAID Oceans
and Fisheries Partnership
and capacity building of regional stakeholders interviews (5 males and 17 females), and 8 Focus
(USAID Oceans) is also looking to combat IUU fishing, promote sustainable Group Discussions (2 all-male, 3 all-female, and 3
at related human welfare issues fisheries and conserve biodiversity; public and mixed male-female FGDs) were likewise conducted.
to address the multi-faceted and interrelated nature of private sector engagement and partnership Other sources of data came from the value chain
social and environmental challenges. USAID Oceans development to ensure uptake and sustainability mapping workshop attended by Value Chain (VC)
subcontracted Verité to assess labor conditions in the of the CDT system; and integration of social players and enablers, a comprehensive literature
program’s learning sites—General Santos City and welfare issues (gender, labor) into all aspects review, and secondary data coming from various
offices.
Bitung, Indonesia—and provided technical assistance of program design. A core tenet of the project
to the project to integrate relevant labor data into the While there exists value chain studies on the tuna
is also to strengthen an Ecosystem Approach to
Catch Documentation and Traceability (CDT) system. industry in the past, there is a dearth of a gendered
Fisheries Management (EAFM) by developing
value chain analysis, and in terms of awareness,
a Sustainable Fisheries Management Plan knowledge, and participation in activities related
Verité used qualitative data gathered through desk (SFMP) for the coastal area (i.e., Sarangani Bay,
research, key-respondent and in-depth interviews, to EAFM and CDT, both male and female players in
Philippines) through participatory approaches, the VC exhibit low levels. In some cases, program
focused group discussions, worksite observations, and
and implementing an adaptive management implementers, too. There are a variety of factors that
case studies. Data collection was conducted mainly in
approach. can be attributed to this scenario: cultural, political,
General Santos City, with interviews also conducted in
Manila to complement in-field data gathering. economic and the personal circumstances of women
and men in the value chain.
20 19 th
National Tuna Congress
SPEAKERS & TOPICS
4 Resolution Urging The Secretary Of Dole To Scrap Do 156-16 Or The Rules And
Regulations Governing The Working And Living Conditions Of Fishers On Board
Fishing Vessels Engaged In Commercial Fishing Operation
22 19 th
National Tuna Congress
Resolutions series of 2017
24 19 th
National Tuna Congress
www.seafdec-oceanspartnership.org
USAID Oceans was launched in 2015 and is a collaboration between the
U.S. Agency for International Development, the Southeast Asian Fisheries
Development Education Center (SEAFDEC), the Coral Triangle Initiative
for Coral Reefs, Fisheries, and Food Security (CTI-CFF), and ASEAN and
CTI-CFF member countries. The Partnership works to strengthen regional
cooperation to combat IUU fishing, promote sustainable fisheries, and
conserve marine biodiversity in the Asia-Pacific region by improving catch
documentation and traceability (CDT). Through the development of an
electronic CDT System, USAID Oceans is working to support ASEAN and
Coral Triangle member countries to enhance traceability, improve fisheries
management, comply with seafood export regulations, and improve critical
human welfare issues. USAID Oceans has established learning sites for
Why Traceability?
system implementation and testing that include General Santos City and the
Indonesian port of Bitung. Learning site activities are also working to inform The effects of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU)
expansion activities in Thailand, Malaysia and other ASEAN and Coral fishing are well established and growing in concern. IUU
fishing not only has serious economic impact – but
Triangle member countries. profound environmental, social and political effects. With
90% of global fish stocks currently found to be at or near
unsustainable levels, governments and industry
throughout Southeast Asia are increasingly interested in
In-field Research for Informed Design and Approach. Following the enhancing traceability to protect economic and
launch of the General Santos City learning site, USAID Oceans began environmental interests.
intensive in-field research studies to inform the program’s approach and
You Can’t Manage What You Can’t See.
design of the Catch Documentation and Traceability System. Research
studies included a Value Chain Analysis of General Santos City Tuna Catch documentation and traceability (CDT) allows a
product to be tracked through all stages of its production,
Fisheries, Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries Management, Gender
processing and distribution. Traceability allows
Analysis and Labor Assessment. The studies not only provided updated transparency through the complete supply chain—from
information on GSFPC, including its catch volume, primary markets and the plate to bait.
site’s biodiversity, but offered recommendations on how the Catch Electronic CDT:
Documentation and Traceability System could be best designed to fit local
needs, priorities and regulations. Research summaries can be accessed at Allows a market-based approach to combatting
IUU fishing that also offers a significant opportunity
www.seafdec-oceanspartnership.org. for government to strengthen fisheries management
and potentially improve labor conditions.
Traceability as a Participatory Process.
Deters illegal trade by protecting and potentially
USAID Oceans, together with SEAFDEC and the Philippines Bureau of
enhancing the value of legally caught fish.
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, convened national and local stakeholders
Enhances industry profitability through
in February 2017 to review and validate research findings, as well as improved purchasing and processing efficiencies and
contribute additional information to inform the Catch Documentation and more accurate information about harvest
Traceability System’s design and implementation. Over 100 stakeholders levels and other important fisheries management
data.
gathered in General Santos City for an intensive three-day workshop, which
also jumpstarted the development of a Sustainable Fisheries Management Supports evidence-based policies and decision
making for enforcement, management and port
Plan for the General Santos City and surrounding Sarangani Bay Area. security.
Partnering for Electronic Catch Documentation and Traceability.
USAID Oceans and the Philippines Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
Resources have worked together closely over the past year to design,
implement and prepare to test the Catch Documentation and Traceability
System among local fishing vessels. The CDT System captures essential
traceability information—Key Data Elements (KDEs)—to establish a full
chain of custody, fulfill national requirements and comply with import
market regulations. The system addresses connectivity issues inherent to
the sector, providing technology solutions for at-sea data transmission and Local stakeholders gathered in General Santos City, February 2017,
to provide input into the electronic CDT System.
data entry at the point of landing. The system accounts for differences
between small and large-scale fisheries, offering technology solutions and tools to enable operations of all sizes to easily implement
traceability.
“ THE
For more information visit the P HILI Oceans
USAID P P I N E TUexhibit
N A I N D booth,
USTR Y : visit
STRE www.seafdec-oceanspartnership.org
N GTHE N E D . RES P O N SI V E . C O M P ETITI V E . ” 25
or contact info@oceans-partnership.org.
Relative abundance of yellowfin tuna for the
purse seine and handline fisheries operating in
the Philippines Moro Gulf (Region 12) and High
Seas Pocket #1
Abstract are purse seines and ringnets while vessels has especially improved since
the municipal fishers use hook-and- 2010. Port sampling data collection
Port sampling data were used line or handline. All these gears are prior to 2013 followed a NSAP protocol
to estimate effort, catch, CPUE, operated jointly with fish aggregating where sampling was conducted every
standardized CPUE and species devices (FAD), known as payao in the third day regardless if the sampling
composition from the purse Philippines. Skipjack and yellowfin day was on the weekend or a holiday.
seine fishery operating in the are found throughout the year in all With Philippine purse seiners gaining
southern Philippines (Region 12, Philippine waters but are abundant in access to High Seas Pocket #1 in 2013,
SOCCSKSARGEN) and High Seas Moro Gulf, Sulu Sea and Sulawesi Sea the sampling protocol was altered to
Pocket #1 and the handline fishery off Mindanao Island. Large landings monitor up to 100% unloadings from
operating in Region 12. A quarterly of these species occur in General vessel activity in High Seas Pocket
standardized CPUE index was produced Santos City where six out of eight tuna #1 even if landings occur on a non-
for the purse seine (2005–2016) and canneries are located. sampling day.
handline (2004–2016) fishery for
use in the 2017 WCPFC yellowfin The objective of this study was to Sampling occurred where possible on
tuna assessment. Standardized CPUE use port sampling data to estimate all fishing boats (e.g. handline, purse
was estimated by Generalized Linear effort, catch, CPUE, standardized seine, ringnet, gillnet) that unloaded
Models (GLMs) by removing effects CPUE for yellowfin tuna in the their catch. Data were recorded
due to vessel and area (fishing ground). purse seine fishery operating in the on NSAP forms which include the
The index for the 2014 assessment southern Philippines (Region 12, following information based on each
used a GLM that predicted monthly SOCCSKSARGEN) and High Seas Pocket fishing trip:
CPUE with year, month and vessel #1 and handline fishery operating in
effects. The current index predicted Region 12. A. Year
quarterly CPUE with a YR:QTR, Area B. Month
(fishing ground) and Vessel effects. A C. Name of fishing ground
combined YR:QTR effect was estimated Methods D. Region
to be consistent with other fishery E. Landing Center
CPUE standardization methods used in National Stock Assessment F. Date of Sampling
the assessment. There were 12 Area Program (NSAP) protocols, G. Gear
designations in the database; however, sampling coverage rates, raising H. Vessel name
Area was relatively non-informative factors for catch and effort and I. No. of fishing days (time) of the
in the model as fishing trips were quality control actual fishing operation
dominated by a few areas. J. Total catch by the vessel (no. of
Analyses on fishery performance and boxes/bañeras or weight)
relative abundance were based upon K. Sample weight of the catch
Introduction NSAP data collected at the Fishport L. Catch composition weight by species
Complex in General Santos City. The (scientific names)
Six tuna species dominate Philippine Fishport is the major tuna landing M. Name and signature of the NSAP
tuna landings, i.e. skipjack tuna site in Mindanao for handline, purse samplers/enumerators
(Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna seine and ringnet fisheries. The NSAP
(Thunnus albacares), bigeye tuna (T. sampling was initiated in 1997, though Collected data are submitted monthly
obesus), eastern little tuna (Euthynnus sampling was sparse for several years. by the Project Leaders or Assistant
affinis), frigate tuna (Auxis thazard) Analyses considered purse seine from Projects Leaders to the National
and bullet tuna (A. rochei). The most 2005 to 2016 and handline from 2004 Fisheries Research and Development
common gears used by the commercial to 2016. With WPEA-OFMP funding, Institute (NFRDI) office. Monthly port
sector for catching these tuna species sampling of unloaded vessels to total sampling reports are entered and
28 19 th
National Tuna Congress
managed in the NSAP Database System. a GLM with a negative binomial when sampling did not occur; therefore
Two types of data were extracted from distribution was used to accommodate gaps exist in the effort, catch, nominal
the NSAP Database (version 5.1): 1) zero observations. The GLMs were CPUE and relative abundance time-
sampling of each vessel, hereafter fit in R (R Development Core Team, series. Handline effort averaged
referred to as ‘trip sample’ and 2) 2016, version 3.3.0 for Linux) with ~10,700 boat days per month and
raised estimates for each month for a MASS library. GLMs were initially generally ranged from 5,000 to 15,000
trips, effort (days) and catch by species, fit with the YR:QTR effect and then days (Figure 1). Effort during 2006 to
hereafter referred to a ‘raised monthly with sequential addition of other mid-2009 was higher than from mid-
estimates’. explanatory variables. Model selection 2009 until the end of 2013. Handline
was based on the Akaike Information effort averaged 18 boat days per trip,
Raised estimates are based on the Criterion (AIC). Relative abundance of although there has been an increase
sampling coverage which is defined each species was calculated from the over time due to vessels traveling
as the coverage of unloaded vessels GLM results using the ‘predict.glm’ farther away from port in an attempt
on days that were sampled (i.e. routine by exponentiating YR:QTR to obtain higher catch rates and/or the
the proportion of sampled vessels while constraining other effects (Area use of larger vessels that can remain
unloaded catch to the total unloaded and Vessel) to a single value. The GLM at sea for longer durations. Handline
catch for days that were sampled) and trends are normalized to facilitate catch of yellowfin tuna averaged ~750
the coverage of the sampling days in comparison, such that the mean of the mt per month during 2004–2016 with
the month. Annual coverage prior to entire series is a value of 1.0. low catches in years 2010, 2012 and
2010 was 13% for the handline fishery 2015 (Figure 2).
and improved to 32% during 2010 to The standardized CPUE for the
2016. Annual coverage was 6% for Philippines purse seine fishery Handline species trends – nominal
the purse seine fishery prior to 2010. (Bigelow et al. 2014) used in the 2014 CPUE and relative abundance
Coverage improved to 11% in the assessment (Davies et al. 2014) used a Monthly yellowfin tuna nominal CPUE
purse seine fishery during 2010–2012 GLM that had separate YR and Month for the handline fleet averaged 88 kgs
and increased again to 45% during effects as: per boat day and fluctuated from 30 to
log(µ i ) = Yeari + Monthi + Areai + Vesseli + log( Effort i )
2013–2016 because more unloadings 170 kgs per boat day (Figure 3). The
were monitored. Vessel name entries CPUE increased from 2004 to 2007,
in the NSAP database were particularly The YR and Month effects were declined precipitously from 2008 until
problematic due to multiple spellings predicted and these effects were the end of 2009, rebounded strongly
for a unique vessel. Quality control averaged for each quarter to in 2010 and was relatively stable from
for purse seine vessels consisted correspond to the temporal resolution 2011 to 2016.
of consolidating obvious multiple of the 2014 assessment (Davies et al.
spellings to a single vessel assignment, 2014). The current use of a combined
which resulted in the 357 purse seine YR:QTR effect was estimated to be
vessels. consistent with other fishery CPUE
standardization methods used in the
Statistical methods to estimate 2017 assessment (Tremblay-Boyer et
species relative abundance al. 2017).
The GLM analysis considered four 2016. The remainder of the catch was Area and Vessel had a slightly higher
models based on effects of: 1) YR:QTR composed of skipjack tuna (57.9%), explanatory ability; however, there is
(Figure 3 black line), 2) YR:QTR and mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus, an imbalance in the Area covariate as
Vessel (Figure 3 blue line), 3) YR:QTR 9.0%), bullet tuna (Auxis rochei, 8.9%), one area (International Waters) wasn’t
and Area (Figure 3 red line) and 4) frigate tuna (Auxis thazard, 4.4%), declared in the database prior to 2012
YR:QTR, Vessel and Area (Figure 3 grey bigeye tuna (1.6%) and other species and was fished thereafter.
line). Results and diagnostics indicated representing < 1% of the catch (Table
that models based on YR:QTR and 4). Monthly trends in raised effort and The standardized CPUE trend from
Vessel and YR:QTR, Vessel and Area catch and nominal CPUE for the purse the 2014 and 2017 assessment is
were statistically preferred. Relative seine fleet based in General Santos City illustrated in Figure 10. The trajectory
trends were similar for all model with are illustrated in Figures 6–8. among trends is similar though the
YR:QTR and Area having the most 2014 trend has different covariates
optimistic trend. Inspection of the Area Purse seine effort averaged ~ 518 boat related to time (Year and Month;
declaration indicated that Moro Gulf days per month (Table 2) and generally YR:QTR) estimated by the GLMs.
was declared for ~79% of the fishing ranged from 100 to 1,500 days (Figure
areas from 2004 to 2016, therefore 6). Effort during 2005 to 2009 was
the area effect is not too informative slightly higher than effort in 2010 to
as an explanatory effect in the model. 2012. There has been an increase in References
The trend based on YR:QTR and Vessel purse seine effort from 2013 to 2016
is considered the most representative due to re-opening of High Seas Pocket Bigelow, K., Garvilles, E. and N. Barut.
to illustrate relative abundance for #1 for a limited number of Philippine 2014. Relative abundance of skipjack
yellowfin tuna for the handline. flagged purse seine vessels. and yellowfin in the Moro Gulf
(Philippine Region 12). WCPFC- SC10-
In the comparison between nominal Purse seine catch of yellowfin tuna 2014/SA-WP-09, Majuro, Republic
yellowfin CPUE and relative abundance, averaged ~ 573 mt per month, and of the Marshall Islands, 6–14 August
the relative abundance trend has less from 2010 to 2012 there was a decline 2014.
variability and generally follows the in purse seine catches of yellowfin tuna
trend in nominal CPUE. While the (Figure 7). Yellowfin nominal CPUE in Davies, N., Harley, S., Hampton, J. and
GLMs included a Vessel effect, in reality the purse seine fishery averaged 1.18 S. McKechnie 2014. Stock assessment
the relative abundance trend may be mt per day and was low during 2010 of yellowfin tuna in the western
biased because the analysis doesn’t and 2011 (Figure 8). and central Pacific Ocean. WCPFC-
adequately quantify efficiency for each SC10-2014/SA-WP-04, Majuro,
handline vessel. Consider that nominal Purse seine fishery trends – Republic of the Marshall Islands, 6–14
CPUE increased for both yellowfin standardized CPUE August 2014.
tuna (Figure 3) from 2004 to the end NFRDI and BFAR. 2012. Philippines
of 2008. The increase in CPUE may be Model results of the GLM analysis tuna fisheries profile. Bureau of
related to increased vessel efficiency, are provided in Table 5. The highest Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
such as handline vessels having an explanatory ability and lowest AIC National Fisheries Research and
increasing number of pakura or small were for GLMs with the inclusion of Development Institute Republic of the
pump boats which were introduced in YR:QTR, Area and Vessel effects. There Philippines and Western and Central
2005. Thus the increasing CPUE and were 12 Area designations in the Pacific Fisheries Commission. 84p.
relative abundance may in reality relate database; however, Area was relatively
to vessels with more pakura catching non-informative in the model as the Tremblay-Boyer, L, McKechnie S,
more fish per boat day. trips were dominated by three areas. Pilling G and Hampton J (2017). Stock
The standardized CPUE trend from Standardized CPUE trends for the assessment of yellowfin tuna in the
the 2014 and 2017 assessment is four models are illustrated in Figure Western and Central Pacific Ocean.
illustrated in Figure 5. The trajectory 9. Trends were consistent among WCPFC-SC13-2017/SA-WP-XX,
among trends is similar though the the models from 2005 to 2014 and Rarotonga, Cook Islands 9-17 August
2014 trend has different covariates nominal CPUE diverged from the other 2017.
related to time (Year and Month; three models in 2014 and was more
YR:QTR) estimated by the GLMs. optimistic.
Purse seine fishery trends – effort, A model based on YR:QTR and Vessel
catch and nominal CPUE effects was chosen as the model for
inclusion in the 2017 yellowfin tuna
Yellowfin tuna comprised 15.8% of assessment (Tremblay-Boyer et al.
the purse seine catch from 2005 to 2017). The model based on YR:QTR,
30 19 th
National Tuna Congress
Table 1. Catch and species composition (%) estimated by NSAP for the Table 4. Catch and species composition (%) estimated by NSAP for the
handline fishery (2004–2016) in Region 12 (SOCCSKSARGEN) based purse seine fishery (2005–2016) in Region 12 (SOCCSKSARGEN ) and
on BFAR NFRDI monitoring. High Seas Pocket #1 based on BFAR NFRDI monitoring.
Number of trips per month 588 113 YR:QTR+ Vessel 4,296 2,670 45,406 37.8
Number of days per month 10,735 518 YR:QTR+ Area 3,434 2,724 45,373 20.6
Days per trip 21.9 4.1 YR:QTR+ Area+ 4,393 2,660 45,368 39.3
Vessel
Catch (mt) per month 928 3,621
Catch (kgs) per day per vessel 74.7 7,734
%
Null Residual
GLM Model AIC deviance
deviance deviance
explained
Figure 2. Raised monthly yellowfin tuna catch in the Philippine Figure 5. Comparison of Philippine relative abundance indices used
Region 12 (SOCCSKSARGEN ) handline fishery based on BFAR NFRDI in the 2014 and 2017 yellowfin tuna assessment for the western and
monitoring. central Pacific Ocean. Indices are for yellowfin tuna in the Philippine
Region 12 (SOCCSKSARGEN ) handline fishery as determined by
Generalized Linear Models (GLMs). Each series is normalized to a
mean value of 1.0.
32 19 th
National Tuna Congress
Figure 8. Nominal monthly yellowfin tuna CPUE in the Philippine
Region 12 (SOCCSKSARGEN ) and High Seas Pocket #1 purse seine
fishery based on BFAR NFRDI monitoring.
34 19 th
National Tuna Congress
rose 9% (-2% in JPY terms) while Yaizu area for 2016 is $1.5 billion (24% of its long-term average. The economic
port fresh & frozen prices (ex-vessel) total), a decrease of 5% on 2015. In conditions index in 2016 is at its
increased by 7% (-4%) reversing the terms of value by species, all species highest level since 2008 with the
previous year’s respective declines increased in value except for albacore improvement driven by low fuel prices
of 11% and 18%. US fresh yellowfin which declined 13% to $293 million but being hampered by persistent low
import prices (f.a.s.) in 2016 declined (6% of total catch value). The value of catch rates.
3% relative to 2015 following a 2% the bigeye catch increased by 8% to
decline in 2015. $697 million (13%). The value of the
skipjack catch increased 19% to $2.7
Japan fresh bigeye import prices billion (51%). The value of yellowfin
(c.i.f., USD) in 2016, from all sources, catch increased by 7% to $1.6 billion
improved by 12% in USD terms (up (31%).
1% in JPY terms) while Japan selected
ports frozen longline prices (ex-vessel) Economic conditions in the purse
improved 21% (9%) reversing the seine, tropical longline and southern
previous year’s 14% decline partly as a longline fisheries of the WCP-CA –
result of the substantial strengthening there was overall improvement in
of the Yen. US fresh bigeye import 2016 compared with 2015 across
prices (f.a.s.) in 2016 registered a the fisheries. For the purse seine SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
decline of 3% relative to 2015. fishery, there was deterioration in THIRTEENTH REGULAR SESSION
catch rates but the declines in costs
The total estimated delivered value and improvements in prices more
Rarotonga, Cook Islands
of catch in the WCP-CA increased by than offset this deterioration. For the
tropical longline fishery conditions 9–17 August 2017
11% to $5.3 billion during 2016. This
reverses the declining trend evident have improved noticeably since 2014
since the 2012 peak when the value owing to significant declines in cost
reflecting falls in fuel prices. For the Paper prepared by
reached $7.5 billion. The value of the
purse seine tuna catch for 2016 is $2.8 southern longline fishery economic
billion (54% of total value) compared conditions have improved significantly Peter Williams, Peter Terawasi and
with $2.3 billion in 2015. The value of since 2014 due to falling fuel costs Chris Reid
the longline tuna catch in the WCPFC with the fish price remaining around
A D V E R T I S E M E N T
+63-2-835-2888
www.ph.yusen-logistics.com
STATUS SUMMARY FOR SPECIES OF TUNA AND
TUNA-LIKE SPECIES UNDER THE IOTC MANDATE,
AS WELL AS OTHER SPECIES IMPACTED BY IOTC
FISHERIES (2016)
Temperate and tropical tuna stocks: main stocks being targeted by industrial, and to a lesser extent, artisanal fisheries throughout the Indian
Ocean, both on the high seas and in the EEZ of coastal states.
Stock Indicators 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Advice to the Commission
Catch 2015: 35,068 t Although considerable uncertainty remains in the SS3
Average catch 2011–2015: 34,902 t assessment, particularly due to the lack of biological
MSY (1000 t) (80% CI): 38.8 (33.9–43.6) information on Indian Ocean albacore tuna stocks, a
Albacore precautionary approach to the management of albacore
FMSY (80% CI): -
Thunnus tuna should be applied by capping total catch levels to
SBMSY (1000 t) (80% CI): 30.0 (26.1–34.0)
alalunga MSY levels (approximately 40,000).
F2014/FMSY (80% CI): 0.85 (0.57–1.12)
SB2014/SBMSY (80% CI): 1.80 (1.38–2.23)
SB2014/SB1950 (80% CI): 0.37 (0.28–0.46)
Catch 2015: 92,736 t The stock status determination did not qualitatively
Average catch 2011–2015: 101,515 t change in 2016, but is somewhat less optimistic than
MSY (1,000 t) (80%): 104 (87-121) in 2013. If catch remains below the estimated MSY
FMSY (80%): 0.17 (0.14-0.20) levels estimated for the current mix of fisheries, then
Bigeye tuna SBMSY (1,000 t) (80%): 525 (364-718) immediate management measures are not required.
Thunnus F2015/FMSY (80%): 0.76 (0.49-1.03) 83.7% However, increased catch or increases in the mortality
obesus on immature fish will likely increase the probabilities
SB2015/SBMSY (80%): 1.29 (1.07-1.51)
of breaching reference levels in the future. Continued
SB2015/SB0 (80%): 0.38 (n.a. – n.a.) monitoring and improvement in data collection,
reporting and analysis is required to reduce the
uncertainty in assessments.
Catch 2015: 407,575 t The stock status determination did not change in 2016,
Average catch 2011–2015: 390,185 t but does give a somewhat more optimistic estimate of
MSY (1000 t) (80% CI): 422 (406-444) stock status than the 2015 assessment as a direct result
FMSY (80% CI): 0.151 (0.148-0.154) of the use of more reliable information on catch rates
SBMSY (1,000 t) (80% CI): 947 (900-983) of longline fisheries and updated catch up to 2015.
The stock status is driven by unsustainable catches of
F2015/FMSY (80% CI): 1.11 (0.86-1.36)
yellowfin tuna taken over the last four (4) years, and the
SB2015/SBMSY (80% CI): 0.89 (0.79-0.99)
relatively low recruitment levels estimated by the model
Yellowfin tuna SB2015/SB0 (80% CI): 0.29 (n.a.-n.a.) in recent years. The Commission has an interim plan for
Thunnus 94% 67.6% the rebuilding of this stock (Resolution 16/01), which is
albacares yet to be evaluated) to achieve the recovery of yellowfin
stock, with catch limitations beginning January 1 2017.
The possible effect of this measure can only be assessed
once estimates of abundance in 2018 would be available
at the 2019 assessment. The projections produced to
advise on future catches are, in the short term, driven by
the below average recruitment estimated for in recent
years since these year classes have yet to reach maturity
and contribute to the spawning biomass.
*Estimated probability that the stock is in the respective quadrant of the Kobe plot (shown below), derived from the confidence intervals associated with the current stock status.
36 19 th
National Tuna Congress
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“ THE P HILI P P I N E TU N A I N D USTR Y : STRE N GTHE N E D . RES P O N SI V E . C O M P ETITI V E . ” 37
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40 19 th
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MALACAÑAN
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46 19 th
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48 19 th
National Tuna Congress
Photo Credits – Tuna Festival Photo Exhibit--
50 19 th
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“ THE P HILI P P I N E TU N A I N D USTR Y : STRE N GTHE N E D . RES P O N SI V E . C O M P ETITI V E . ” 51
A brief from June 2015
A brief from June 2015
Richard Hermann
Richard Hermann
Harvest Strategies
Harvest
The Strategies
next phase of fisheries management
The next phase of fisheries management
Traditional fisheries management is a two-step process: First, scientists conduct stock assessments, and then
fishery managers
Traditional negotiate
fisheries measures,
management is asuch as quotas
two-step or time-area
process: closures,
First, scientists to make
conduct sure
stock that the resource—the
assessments, and then
targeted fish—is being used optimally and sustainably. While this seems simple enough, the
fishery managers negotiate measures, such as quotas or time-area closures, to make sure that current approach is
the resource—the
anything
targetedbut.
fish—is being used optimally and sustainably. While this seems simple enough, the current approach is
anything but.
With imperfect knowledge about fish biology, incomplete fishery data, natural variability, and the inherent
challenge in usingknowledge
With imperfect models to about
count fish
fish biology,
in a population, stock
incomplete assessments
fishery are frequently
data, natural variability,fraught
and thewith uncertainty
inherent
(see sidebar). That means the results can vary considerably from one assessment to the next. Scientists are
challenge in using models to count fish in a population, stock assessments are frequently fraught with uncertainty
asked to provideThat
(see sidebar). advice to managers
means the resultsbased on these
can vary assessments,
considerably from but
one given the uncertainties,
assessment to the next.the advice can
Scientists are be
vague or include a wide range of management options.
asked to provide advice to managers based on these assessments, but given the uncertainties, the advice can be
vague or include a wide range of management options.
Most tuna fishery management bodies have committed to following scientific advice and the precautionary
approach,
Most tunabut without
fishery a clear framework
management for making
bodies have management
committed decisions,
to following negotiations
scientific advice andoften become
the precautionary
contentious, time-consuming,
approach, but without a clearand expensive.
framework for making management decisions, negotiations often become
contentious, time-consuming, and expensive.
But an alternative approach, known as “harvest strategies” or “management procedures,” is emerging as the next
innovation in fisheries
But an alternative management.
approach, known Incorporating existing tools
as “harvest strategies” such as monitoring
or “management programs
procedures,” and reference
is emerging as the next
points,
innovation in fisheries management. Incorporating existing tools such as monitoring programslens
harvest strategies bring all the pieces together and provide managers with an improved andthrough
reference
which to harvest
points, determine the bestbring
strategies pathallforward for the
the pieces fish and
together theprovide
and fishery.managers with an improved lens through
which to determine the best path forward for the fish and the fishery.
52 19 th
National Tuna Congress
What are harvest strategies?
Harvest strategies are pre-agreed upon frameworks for making fisheries management decisions, such as setting
quotas. Although different forums define or describe the approach slightly differently, all include the same
elements. Those components generally include a monitoring program, a stock assessment method, reference
points (or other fishery indicators), and harvest control rules.1 With many moving parts, the number of potential
harvest strategies is limitless. Management strategy evaluation (MSE), a procedure based on a simulation tool,
helps compare the likely performance of various strategies and in many ways guides the process of harvest
strategy development.
The harvest strategy dictates the relationship among the four components and establishes a feedback loop. The
data from the monitoring program are fed into the stock assessment method. Then, the assessment evaluates
how the fishery is doing relative to established reference points. The results of this evaluation activate the harvest
control rule, which leads to modifications to the management measures to ensure that the predetermined
management objectives are met. The cycle then begins again with the monitoring program recording the effects
of the new measures, the stock assessment evaluating these effects, and so on.
The stock assessment method does not have to be based on the standard full and complex assessment model
but can simply be one of the fishery’s catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) series, a method for estimating the catch
rate for that fishery. Likewise, management measures need not be limited to catch limits. Harvest strategies
can also include limits on fishing effort or time-area closures. They just have to prove their effectiveness in the
management strategy evaluation process.
Select Management
Objectives
No
Does harvest strategy Yes
Management Strategy
meet objectives?
Evaluation (MSE)
Development^
Propose candidate
reference points* Determine status
of fishery relative to
Select final
reference points*
reference points*
Define uncertainties
^ Order shown here is provided as an example and can be tailored to the needs of the fishery.
* Or other fishery indicators.
†
Through full statistical assessment model or simpler approach (e.g., one or more catch per unit effort indices)
© 2015 The Pew Charitable Trusts
54 19 th
National Tuna Congress
3
Components of harvest strategies
Management objectives
Managers of tuna fisheries commonly approach their work with the general objective of maintaining the
population at or above the level that can produce maximum sustainable (BMSY). In the context of harvest
strategy development, however, management objectives take a slightly different form. While still setting goals
for the fishery, management objectives are more specific and measurable, and often there are more than one.
For example, a single stock could be managed with multiple objectives to maximize catch, stability in year-to-
year catch limits, profit, the speed of stock rebuilding, and the likelihood that the population is above BMSY (the
biomass that will produce maximum sustainable yield) and fished below FMSY (i.e., in the green quadrant of the
Kobe plot, a graphical representation of the status of a stock and fishery). In cases in which some objectives
are deemed more important than others, managers could choose to weight them. For example, rebuilding the
stock in a timely fashion might be the priority, even if that requires a lower catch in the short-term.
Setting the management objectives is the critical first step in the development of a harvest strategy because all
subsequent steps focus on achieving those objectives.
Reference points
Reference points are benchmarks used to compare the current status of a fishery management system to
a desirable (or undesirable) state. When matched to the management objectives for a fishery, they can be
used to assess progress toward meeting those objectives. There are two main types of reference points—limit
reference points (LRPs, or Blim and Flim) and target reference points (TRPs, or BTARGET and FTARGET)—which are
often based on fishing mortality rate (for example, FX%) or population abundance, such as BMSY.
Limit reference points define the danger zone, the point beyond which fishing is no longer sustainable. This
zone should be avoided, but if it is inadvertently violated, immediate action should be taken to return the
stock or fishing rate to the target level. Stock rebuilding programs should consider the LRPs the very minimum
rebuilding target.2 Importantly, the LRPs should be based exclusively on the biology of the stock and its
resilience to fishing pressure. Economic factors should not be considered.
Target reference points define the ideal fishery state, and management should be designed to keep the
resource close to this state with high probability. Given all of the unknowns and uncertainty in stock
assessments, as well as fisheries management in general, the TRP creates a buffer zone to ensure that the
limit is not breached. The fishery is likely to fluctuate around the target but should not exceed that level on
average.3 Unlike setting a limit reference point, the TRPs can be based on biology as well as ecological, social,
and economic considerations.
Importantly, both target and limit reference points should be set more conservatively as uncertainty increases.
If there is high uncertainty and/or a less comprehensive monitoring program, the TRP should also be set
further from the LRP to create a bigger buffer and guard against violation of the limit.
Not all uncertainty is created equal. Fishery scientists typically consider four types:
• Model. A set of equations cannot perfectly explain a wild fish population. Which stock
assessment model should be used? How should the model be structured?
• Observation. Even the measurable data used in a model are likely to have biases, causing
sampling error. Are the catch data accurate? How has technology affected catchability,
which is essentially a stock’s susceptibility to fishing?
• Process. Unknowns about the biology and population dynamics of the most studied fish
stocks can have significant impacts on estimates of current and future stock status. When
do the fish mature? Is the number of young born each year related to the number of adults in
the population?
• Implementation. Although precautionary regulations may be in place, compliance and
enforcement can be an issue. What is the difference between the catch limit and actual
catch?
Greater uncertainty means greater risk of failure to meet the intended management goals. This
in turn necessitates greater precaution in management decisions.
Harvest control rules are selected and adopted by managers, but the decisions are based on strong scientific
support and stakeholder input. Because these rules provide a clear framework for managing the fishery going
forward, they increase the predictability and transparency of the management process. They also streamline the
process to make it more efficient and more effective.
56 19 th
National Tuna Congress
5
Punchstock
The MSE uses a tool, or operating model, to simulate the entire fishery, factoring in management decisions,
the implementation of those decisions, the monitoring program, and the impact of the fishery on the area’s
ecosystem. Unlike current management approaches, the MSE also accounts for uncertainty by incorporating the
full range of current hypotheses about the fish and fishery and weighting them according to which are deemed,
through scientific analysis, to be more likely.
The MSE determines which of the uncertainties have the biggest influence on the results. The management
strategy evaluation is therefore also a useful tool for setting research priorities because it identifies which
knowledge gaps pose the greatest problems for management. Still, the primary function of the MSE process
is to compare the likely ability of the candidate harvest strategies to fulfill the pre-agreed upon management
objectives in a wide range of simulated scenarios. The comparison is based on simple performance indicators,
for example, by looking at the number of years in the simulation that the resource has been below a specific
reference point.
While undertaking an MSE to select a final harvest strategy requires significant time and effort, the evidence
suggests that the initial investments quickly reward the stakeholders in those fisheries where these strategies are
already being used. A precautionary harvest strategy, paired with an effective compliance regime, can ensure full
recovery of depleted stocks and provide long-term, sustainable, and profitable fisheries.
Endnotes
1 In management measure CMM-2014-06, the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission defines harvest strategies as having six
components: 1) management objectives, 2) reference points, 3) acceptable levels of risk, 4) monitoring strategy, 5) harvest control rules,
and 6) management strategy evaluations.
2 S.M. Garcia, “The Precautionary Approach to Fisheries and Its Implications for Fishery Research, Technology and Management: An
Updated Review,” in Guidelines on the Precautionary Approach to Capture Fisheries and Species Introductions, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper
350, Part 2: Invited Scientific Papers (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1995), 1–75, http://www.fao.org/
docrep/003/w1238E/W1238E01.htm#ch1.
3 V.R. Restrepo et al., “Technical Guidance on the Use of Precautionary Approaches to Implementing National Standard 1 of the Magnuson-
Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act,” NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO-31, National Marine Fisheries Service
For further information, please visit:
(1998).
pewtrusts.org/tuna
For further information, please visit:
pewtrusts.org/tuna
The Pew Charitable Trusts is driven by the power of knowledge to solve today’s most challenging problems. Pew applies a rigorous, analytical
approach to improve public policy, inform the public, and invigorate civic life.
58 19
8
th
National Tuna Congress
7
HarvestStrategies
Harvest StrategiesGlossary
Glossary
Overview
Overview
Harvest strategies are emerging as a critical innovation in fisheries management. Understanding the terms used
Harvest strategies
to describe are emerging
the many asprocess
steps in the a criticalwill
innovation in fisheries
help fisheries management.
managers and other Understanding the termsapply
stakeholders effectively used
tothe
describe thedescribed
practices many steps in the
in this process
toolkit. will helpdefinitions
Consistent fisheries managers
provide aand other stakeholders
universal effectively
frame of reference apply
for discussing
the practices described in this toolkit. Consistent
harvest strategies and the concepts involved. definitions provide a universal frame of reference for discussing
harvest strategies and the concepts involved.
Glossary
Glossary
B: Biomass. The total weight of all organisms in a population or a defined part of the population.
B: Biomass. The total weight of all organisms in a population or a defined part of the population.
B0: Virgin stock biomass or unfished stock biomass. The average biomass likely to exist before fishing began or at
Bany
0: Virgin
pointstock
in time biomass or unfished
in the absence stock biomass. The average biomass likely to exist before fishing began or at
of fishing.
any point in time in the absence of fishing.
BMSY: The long-term average biomass that is achieved by fishing at a constant fishing mortality rate equal to FMSY;
BinMSY : Thewords,
other long-term average biomass
the average biomass able that is
toachieved by fishing at
produce maximum a constantyield
sustainable fishing mortality
(MSY). Sincerate
it isequal to FMSY;
an average,
inthe
other words,
biomass atthe
anyaverage biomass
particular time may ablebeto different
produce from
maximum sustainable
BMSY because yield (MSY).
of natural Since
variability it is an average,
in productivity and
the biomass at any particular time may be different
breeding success, though the long-term average is maintained. from B MSY because of natural variability in productivity and
breeding success, though the long-term average is maintained.
Catch per unit effort (CPUE): The amount of catch taken per unit of fishing effort, such as the number of fish per
Catch
1,000per unitOften
hooks. effortused
(CPUE):as aThe
proxy amount of catch
for stock taken per unit of fishing effort, such as the number of fish per
abundance.
1,000 hooks. Often used as a proxy for stock abundance.
Conditioning: The process of fitting an operating model (OM) to the available data as part of a management
Conditioning: The process
strategy evaluation (MSE).ofConditioning
fitting an operating
the OMmodel
helps (OM)
develop toathesetavailable datamodels
of plausible as partand/or
of a management
hypotheses
strategy evaluation
of the stock (MSE).
and fishery Conditioning
that are consistent the with
OM the
helps develop
data a set of plausible
and assumptions aboutmodels and/or
uncertainty, ashypotheses
opposed to
ofidentifying
the stock one and “best”
fisheryscenario
that are and
consistent with the data and assumptions about uncertainty,
ignoring alternative models and/or hypotheses when testing prospective as opposed to
identifying one “best” scenario and ignoring alternative models and/or hypotheses when testing prospective
harvest strategies.
harvest strategies.
F: The instantaneous fishing mortality rate. This is the fraction of the population (or year class or other defined
F:group)
The instantaneous
that is expected fishing
to bemortality
caught at rate.
anyThis is the
single fraction
point in time.of The
the population
annual fishing(or mortality
year classrate or other defined
is calculated
group) that is expected -F to be caught at any single point in time. The annual fishing mortality rate is calculated
using the formula 1-e , where “e” is the mathematical constant known as Euler’s number. For example, an F of
using
0.54 the formula
means 1-e-F, where
that 0.417, or 41.7“e” is the mathematical
percent, of the population constant known
is caught eachas year.
Euler’s number. For example, an F of
0.54 means that 0.417, or 41.7 percent, of the population is caught each year.
F0.1: The fishing mortality rate at which the slope of the yield per recruit (YPR) curve is reduced to 10 percent
Fof
0.1:the
Thevalue
fishingat mortality
the origin rate
(theat which the
intercept slope
of the of the
x and yieldon
y axes per recruit (YPR)
a graph). F0.1 wascurve is reduced
developed to 10 percent
to provide a fishing
ofmortality
the valuerate at the origin (the intercept of the x and y axes on a graph). F was developed
that protects the spawning stock potential (see FX%) while0.1providing high yield per recruit. to provide a fishing
The 10
mortality rate that
percent value protectsthe
is arbitrary; thesame
spawning stockcan
concepts potential (seewith
be applied FX%) different
while providing
percentagehigh reductions
yield per recruit.
in YPR, The
but1010
percent value is arbitrary; the same concepts can
percent was developed as a more conservative alternative to FMAX. be applied with different percentage reductions in YPR, but 10
percent was developed as a more conservative alternative to FMAX.
FMAX: A fishing mortality rate that produces the maximum yield per recruit (YPR). While this maximizes the YPR,
Fthis
MAX: rate
A fishing
does mortality rate that
not necessarily produces
protect againsttheamaximum
reduction yield
in theper recruitof(YPR).
number recruitsWhile
(i.e., this maximizes
recruitment the YPR,
overfishing)
this
andrate does notoverdepletion.
consequent necessarily protectF0.1 wasagainst a reduction
developed in the to
in response number of recruitsthat
the recognition (i.e.,F recruitment overfishing)
MAX was sometimes
and consequent
unsustainable. overdepletion. F 0.1 was developed in response to the recognition that F MAX was sometimes
unsustainable.
FMSY: A fishing mortality rate that, if applied constantly, would result in BMSY and maximum sustainable yield
(MSY) on average over the long term.
FX%: A fishing mortality rate that leads to X percent of the maximum spawning potential (e.g., egg production,
recruits, spawners) that is obtained with no fishing.
Growth overfishing: Occurs when fish are harvested too small to maximize yield per recruit (YPR).
Harvest control rule (HCR): A pre-agreed rule that describes how the harvest is to be managed based on
selected indicator(s) of stock status. Also known as a decision rule.
Harvest strategy: A pre-agreed framework for making fisheries management decisions, such as setting quotas,
that is designed to achieve specific management objectives. The strategy typically includes a monitoring
program, stock assessment method, reference points and harvest control rules (HCRs). Also known as a
management procedure or management strategy.
Indicator: A quantity that is measured or estimated and that is thought to be informative, directly or indirectly,
about the state of the stock. Indicators can be quantitative or qualitative. When desired and undesired outcomes
for the indicator are specified, the combination can be used to provide a performance indicator or performance
measures. Used to measure the success in achieving management objectives. See Performance metric.
Kobe plot: A four-quadrant graphic that shows the status of a stock, the trajectory of the stock through time, or
both. Stock abundance is on the horizontal axis, and fishing mortality is on the vertical axis. The axes are typically
divided at B=BMSY and F=FMSY, respectively, and hence can graphically depict whether the stock is overfished and/
or subject to overfishing.
Kobe strategy matrix: A table that shows the probability of achieving one or more management objectives (e.g.,
successful rebuilding, avoidance of overfishing) under alternative management scenarios (e.g., different total
allowable catch [TAC] levels).
Limit reference point (LRP): A benchmark for an indicator that defines an undesirable biological state of the
stock. To keep the stock safe, the probability of violating an LRP should be very low. However, if an LRP is violated,
immediate action—such as a suspension of fishing—should be taken to return the stock or fishery to the target
level.
M: The instantaneous natural mortality rate. The part of the total mortality rate (F+M) that is due to natural
causes, including disease, predation and starvation.
Management objectives: Formally adopted goals for a stock and fishery. They include high-level or conceptual
objectives often expressed in legislation, conventions or similar documents. They must also include operational
objectives that are specific and measurable, with associated timelines and minimum required likelihood that they
can be achieved. When management objectives are referred to in the context of harvest strategies, the latter,
more specific definition applies.
Management strategy evaluation (MSE): A simulation-based, analytical framework used to evaluate the
performance of multiple harvest strategies relative to the pre-specified management objectives.
62 19 th
National Tuna Congress
Maximum sustainable yield (MSY): The largest long-term average yield that can be taken from a stock under
existing environmental conditions and a constant fishing mortality rate.
Operating model (OM): A core component of the management strategy evaluation (MSE) process used to test a
harvest strategy. The OM simulates all relevant aspects of the harvest strategy so that the effects of alternative
strategies can be measured and compared. Typically, the OM includes the resource/ecosystem dynamics, the
observation process, the assessment process, the management decision process and the implementation of the
management decision. Uncertainties in each of these processes are included. Multiple OMs based on varying
assumptions are often used within a single MSE process to test the robustness of alternative harvest strategies.
Performance metric: A quantitative expression of a management objective used to evaluate how well
the objectives are being achieved by determining the proximity of the current value of an indicator to the
objective, often a reference point. Also known as performance statistics or performance indicators. See Indicator.
Precautionary approach: A management philosophy that requires consideration of risk reduction in decision-
making, so that in the absence of full information, the decision taken results in the lowest risk to the stock.
Recruitment: The amount of new fish that join a defined group of fish each year—due to growth and/or migration.
The defined group may be the exploited part of a population, which is described as recruitment to the fishery. The
defined group also may be the whole population (fished or unfished) older than a certain age (e.g., age 1 or the
age at maturity).
Recruitment overfishing: Occurs when adults are depleted to the point that they cannot replenish themselves.
Without remedy, this will lead to stock collapse.
Reference points: Benchmarks in relation to indicators that are used to compare the current status of a fishery
management system with a desirable or undesirable state.
Risk: The probability of a negative outcome in a fishery, such as stock collapse or breaching the limit reference
point (LRP). In statistical terms, it is the probability of a negative outcome multiplied by its adverse effect.
Robust: A method that achieves the desired performance, as well as reliable and consistent outcomes, across a
range of stated uncertainties and assumptions.
Selectivity: Measures the relative vulnerability of different age (size) classes to being caught by a specific fishing
gear or fleet.
Spawning potential ratio (SPR): The lifetime contribution of spawning output (e.g., eggs) that a recruit is
expected to provide under the stated fishing mortality, relative to its lifetime production without fishing. Often
expressed as a percentage. For example, SPR50% means that under the specified fishing mortality rate, a recruit
will on average produce half the eggs in its lifetime that it would have produced without fishing. See FX%.
Spawning stock biomass (SSB): The total weight of the sexually mature part (i.e., adults) of a population.
Target reference point (TRP): A benchmark for an indicator that defines the target fishery state that should be
achieved and maintained. Creates a buffer zone to ensure that the limit reference point (LRP) is not breached.
Can be based on one or more biological, ecological, social or economic considerations.
Threshold reference point: A benchmark that triggers a pre-defined management response to help the fishery
remain close to the target reference point (TRP) and avoid breaching the limit reference point (LRP). Typically set
between the TRP and the LRP. Also known as a trigger reference point.
Uncertainty: Results from a lack of perfect knowledge about one or more factors that affect stock assessments,
estimation of reference points and management. Four main types of uncertainty are considered in fisheries:
observation error (caused by biased data), process error (caused by natural population variability), model error
(caused by incorrect assumptions or model structure) and implementation error (caused by failure to fully
implement management measures).
Yield per recruit (YPR): The expected yield (measured by numbers, biomass, etc.) that a new recruit will produce
over its lifetime under a stated fishing mortality and selectivity.
Sources
International Seafood Sustainability Foundation, Report of the 2015 ISSF Stock Assessment Workshop: Characterizing Uncertainty in Stock
Assessment and Management Advice, ISSF Technical Report 2015-06 (2015), http://iss-foundation.org/knowledge-tools/reports/technical-
reports/download-info/issf-technical-report-2015-06-2015-issf-stock-assessment-workshop-characterizing-uncertainty-in-stock-
assessment-and-management-advice.
A.M. Berger et al., Introduction to Harvest Control Rules for WCPO Tuna Fisheries, WCPFC-SC8-2012/MI-WP-03 (Western and Central Pacific
Fisheries Commission, 2012), https://www.wcpfc.int/system/files/MI-WP-03-Intoduction-HCRs-WCPO-Fisheries.pdf.
R. Fujimoto et al., “Preliminary List of Updated Terms for the Glossary of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic
Tunas,” SCRS/2016/021 (Standing Committee on Research and Statistics, 2016).
V.R. Restrepo et al., Technical Guidance on the Use of Precautionary Approaches to Implementing National Standard 1 of the Magnuson-Stevens
Fishery Conservation and Management Act, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO-31 (National Marine Fisheries Service, 1998) http://
www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/NSGtkgd.pdf.
Keith Sainsbury, Best Practice Reference Points for Australian Fisheries (Australian Fisheries Management Authority, 2008), http://www.afma.
gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/R2001-0999.pdf.
The Pew Charitable Trusts is driven by the power of knowledge to solve today’s most challenging problems. Pew applies a rigorous, analytical
approach to improve public policy, inform the public, and invigorate civic life.
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66 19 th
National Tuna Congress
A fact sheet from Sept 2016
A fact sheet from Sept 2016
Gerard Soury
Gerard Soury
Netting
Netting Billions:
Billions: A
A Valuation of Tuna
Valuation of Tuna in
in
the
the Western
Western and Central Pacific Ocean
Ocean
Together,
Together,the
theseven
sevenmost
mostcommercially
commercially important
important tuna
tuna species are among
species are among the the most
most economically
economicallyvaluable
valuablefishes
fishes
on the planet. Globally, commercially landed tuna and tuna products have a value of US$10 billion
on the planet. Globally, commercially landed tuna and tuna products have a value of US$10 billion to $12 billion to $12 billion
per
peryear
yearto
tothe
thefishermen
fishermen who
who target
target these
these species
species and
and more than $42
more than $42 billion
billion per
per year
year at
at the
the final
finalpoint
pointof
ofsale.
sale.
These
Theseconservative
conservativetotals
totals do
do not
not account
account for
for noncommercial values of
noncommercial values of tuna,
tuna, including
including those
those associated
associatedwith
withsport
sport
fishing, other forms of tourism, and the ecosystem benefits of living tunas.
fishing, other forms of tourism, and the ecosystem benefits of living tunas.
Most of the largest tuna fleets in the world operate in the WCPFC Convention Area. The top seven tuna fishing
nations—led by Indonesia, Japan, and Taiwan, Province of China—have vessels in the region. As can be expected
in such a large geographical area, fishing operations managed by the WCPFC use a variety of gears when
targeting tunas. Purse seine vessels dominate tuna fishing in the western and central Pacific by total landings
and value, a result of the large volume of skipjack that they catch. This region is also fished by the world’s largest
longline fleet, second to purse seining in landings and value. Other gears and methods (such as gillnet, handline,
trolling, and pole and line) constitute a small but measurable source of tuna and value in the WCPFC Convention
Area.
As is the case globally, skipjack and yellowfin are the most valuable tuna species targeted in these waters (see
Figure 1), a result of the extremely high volume of skipjack and moderately high volume of the higher-priced
yellowfin landed each year. Longline-caught tuna (bigeye, yellowfin, and albacore) have a much higher value
by weight than purse seine-caught tuna (skipjack and yellowfin). In the northwestern Pacific, small fisheries
for directly landed or ranched Pacific bluefin tuna fetch the highest prices in the region by weight because of
high demand in the sashimi market in Japan and other high-end outlets. The value of adult bigeye is growing, a
reflection of increasing demand in sashimi trade.
With so much money at stake, both in the region and as a proportion of the global tuna economy, it is vital
that Parties to the WCPFC take the necessary steps to protect long-term sustainability of various tuna species.
Furthermore, with the important role that tunas play in marine ecosystems in the western and central Pacific,
WCPFC managers have an ethical responsibility to manage these stocks successfully.
To preserve the economic and ecological value of Pacific tunas, while sustainably managing tuna fisheries, the
WCPFC must focus on:
• Implementing a rebuilding plan for the heavily depleted Pacific bluefin that has a high probability of seeing this
species recover to healthy levels. As the Pacific tuna with the highest value per fish, a recovered Pacific bluefin
stock could lead to increased wealth for fishermen in the region. Recovery will require joint action by managers
at the WCPFC and the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission.
• Ending overfishing of Pacific bigeye tuna to allow the recovery of this stock to healthy levels. The growing
catch of juvenile Pacific bigeye around fish aggregating devices (FADs) has contributed significantly to the
depletion of this stock and continues to drive overfishing. Reducing juvenile mortality and recovering the
bigeye stock could increase the value of tuna fisheries in the western and central Pacific.
• Developing and implementing harvest strategies for all species managed by the commission. These strategies
set management objectives for a fishery and include pre-agreed actions that would be triggered if stock sizes
drop below predetermined reference points.
• Implementing policies to manage and regulate the proliferation of FADs in the Convention Area. Unsustainable
catch of juvenile tunas around FADs contributes heavily to the overfishing of some species, such as bigeye.
68 19 th
National Tuna Congress
With these actions, fisheries managers can work to remove the short-term politics from WCPFC decision-
making. Doing so would secure strong long-term financial returns from tuna fisheries while ensuring the health of
marine ecosystems.
Figure 1
Value of Tuna in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean by Species
Skipjack has nearly twice the end value of yellowfin, the second most valuable tuna
Note: Landings, dock value, and end value in 2014 of tuna caught in the WCPFC Convention Area are based on data provided by fishing
nations to the WCPFC and a market analysis performed by Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd.
Source: Graeme Macfadyen, Estimate of the Global Sales Values From Tuna Fisheries: Phase 3 Report, Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management
Ltd. (2016), http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2016/05/estimate-of-global-sales-values-from-tuna-fisheries--phase-3.pdf
© 2016 The Pew Charitable Trusts
Endnote
1 Grantly Galland, Anthony Rogers, and Amanda Nickson, Netting Billions: A Global Valuation of Tuna, The Pew Charitable Trusts (2016),
http://www.pewtrusts.org/tunavalue.
72
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