MT - 213

Material Science and Technology

Topics :
Solidification and Phase Diagram
Basics & Fe-Fe3C Diagram.
Liver Rule, Rule of Mixture
Phase diagram for the one
component system: H2O

If pressure is taken as constant = 1 atm

Phase diagram of water reduces to a line as shown below
0°C 100°C

Ice Water vapor

(Solid) (Liquid) (gas)
Temperature
 - Pure metals also show similar behaviour as that of water

Liquid Liquid
1539OC
Liquid 1453OC

Liquid
1083OC
Temperature

660OC

Solid Solid Solid Solid

Cu Ni Fe Al
 Solidification of Pure Metals – Takes place at constant temperature

1453OC
Liquid

1083OC

Liquid + Solid
Co-exist
Solid

Cu
Ni
Solidification/Melting Takes Place at Constant Temperature (For Pure Metals)
 Solidification of Alloys
Observations
1. Melting Starts and ends at
different temperature

1083OC 2. Melting/ Solidification

Of alloys happen over a
temperature range

70% Cu + 30% Ni 3. Temperature Range over

which solidification/Melting takes
place varies with alloy
90% Cu + 10% Ni
concentration.
 1453OC

1083OC
Temperature

Cu Composition Ni
100% 100%

Temperature Ranges varies with composition

 Liquid
1453OC
Liquidus Line
Solidus
Temperature

1083OC

Solid
(Homogeneous Single Phase Solid solution
of Cu & Ni alloy)

100 % Cu Ni 100 %
Compositions

Using this Diagram You can easily find out, for alloy of known composition for known
temperature, which phases will exist
 Solubility Water + Sugar Solubility increases and
Decreases with Temperature

Solid Solubility

Cu - Ni 100% - Complete Solid & Liquid Solubility

Cu - Ag Limited Solid Solubility

Pb - Sn Limited Solid Solubility

Solid Solubility : Solubility of one element in other SOLID element

 Pb – Sn Alloys System

Pb - Sn Limited Solid Solubility

 Liquid
1453OC

1083OC

Solid
Alloy of
Cu & Ni

Cu Ni
100 % 100 %
Compositions

Why Difference?
Why Difference?

Different Metals/ Elements

Different Characteristics

Melting Temperatures

Solid Solubility

Chemical Affinity

Allotropic Transformation?
 1540OC
1400OC

910OC

Cooling Curve for pure Fe, showing allotropic transformations

and magnetic transitions
No Such Crystal Structure Transformation is observed
in Case of Pb - Sn and Cu-Ni Systems

Solid Solubility in case of Fe-C system is Very – Very Low

Chemical Reactivity of Iron with Carbon is high

Factors Affecting Solid Solubility
BCC

FCC

What is the meaning of all these curves

line.

BCC
Phases in Microstructure of Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram

1. d – ferrite High Temperature

BCC Iron
Interstitial
Solid
2. g – Austenite FCC Iron
Solution of
C in Fe
Low Temperature
3. a – ferrite
BCC Iron

Compound of Iron
& Carbon
4. Cementite
Fe3C
Magnification is 100x Etchant : Nital

Etching

Chemical Reaction

Specimen: Cast Iron

 Structure with Grains and Grain Boundary

Microstructure of Pure Iron Polycrystalline Iron.

Phase Separation while Cooling
 Blue Part is in Solid Form
Red part is yet in liquid State

Schematic showing in Progress Solidification

Thanks to web.access.rwth-aachen.de
 70g Pb + 30g Sn

a -Pb rich phase

a

Amount of tin in Liquid increases

Finally - at 183OC Composition is

Phase Separation while Cooling 61.9% Tin (Sn)

Constant
Liquid a+b
Temperature

Constant
Liquid Solid-1 + Solid-2
Eutectic Reaction Temperature
 1

3
A E B Eutectic

Eutectoid
 A E
Microstructure of 0.2% Carbon Steel Showing Microstructure of 0.8% Carbon Steel Showing
around 25% Pearlite (dark-Phase) and around 100% Pearlite.
75% Ferrite(Bright/White-Phase) Alternate lamellar arrangement of Ferrite and
Cementite is visible
Magnification : 100X White lines in this Microstructure represent
Etchant : 3% Nital Cementite and Dark-Phase is Ferrite
This typical Arrangement of Ferrite and Cementite
is Known as Pearlite

Magnification : 1000X
Etchant : 3% Nital
Lever Rule to Properties of
Determine Rule of Mixture Individual
% of Phases Phases

Properties of Bulk
 Lever Rule - to Determine % of Phases

Determine amount of Liquid (L) and amount of (a) at (200°C for 30%)
At 200°C
 A

Find out amount of a and g at point indicated on diagram

 A

Find out 1. Amount of Total a and Total Fe3C at point indicated on diagram
2. Amount of a and Pearlite at the same point
 E

Calculate Total amount of

Ferrite and Cementite

Find out 1. Amount of Total a and Total Fe3C at point indicated on diagram
2. Amount of a, Fe3C and Pearlite at the same point
 Q

Find out 1. Amount of Total a and Total Fe3C at point indicated on diagram
 Rule of Mixture

Bulk Property(Pbulk) of material consisting of phase a + phase b

can be given as

Pbulk = Pa X Fraction of a + Pb X Fraction of b

Properties (P)of Component like :

Hardness, Density , Can be deternined