Science

Science (from the Latin word scientia, meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds and
organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
The earliest roots of science can be traced to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3500 to 3000 BCE. Their
contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical
antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural
causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated
in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages but was preserved in the Muslim
world during the Islamic Golden Age. The recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into
Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived "natural philosophy", which was later transformed by
the Scientific Revolution that began in the 16th century as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek
conceptions and traditions. The scientific method soon played a greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until
the 19th century that many of the institutional and professional features of science began to take shape; along with
the changing from "natural philosophy" to the "natural sciences".
Modern science is typically divided into three major branches that consist of the natural
sciences (e.g., biology, chemistry, and physics), which study nature in the broadest sense; the social
sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology), which study individuals and societies; and the formal
sciences (e.g., logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which study abstract concepts. There is
disagreement, however, on whether the formal sciences actually constitute a science as they do not rely on empirical
evidence. Disciplines that use existing scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as engineering and medicine,
are described as applied sciences.
Science is based on research, which is commonly conducted in academic and research institutions as well as
in government agencies and companies. The practical impact of scientific research has led to the emergence
of science policies that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritizing the development of commercial
products, armaments, health care, and environmental protection.

The Branches of Science

The Physical Sciences

 Physics: The study of matter and energy and the interactions between them. Physicists study such
subjects as gravity, light, and time. Albert Einstein, a famous physicist, developed the Theory of
Relativity.
 Chemistry: The science that deals with the composition, properties, reactions, and the structure of
matter. The chemist Louis Pasteur, for example, discovered pasteurization, which is the process of
heating liquids such as milk and orange juice to kill harmful germs.
 Astronomy: The study of the universe beyond the Earth's atmosphere.
The Earth Sciences
 Geology: The science of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth, and the physical, chemical, and
biological changes that it has experienced or is experiencing.
 Oceanography: The exploration and study of the ocean.
 Paleontology: The science of the forms of life that existed in prehistoric or geologic periods.
 Meteorology: The science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena, such as weather and
climate.
The Life Sciences (Biology)
 Botany: The study of plants.
 Zoology: The science that covers animals and animal life.
 Genetics: The study of heredity.
 Medicine: The science of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illness, disease, and injury.