Science

Investigatory
Project Title
Proposal

Mikaella Gabrielle G. Dotingco

Among all the things I’ve researched for the past few days that I
was given to look into, I found 3 titles that intrigued me greatly.
I suppose since they seemed to all be interesting and worthwhile
topics I decided I wanted to use them.

Here are the three:

A.) Ethyl Alcohol From Ripe Orange

Peelings

B.) Utilization Of Avocado Peelings Into

Jelly

C.) Make All-Natural Insect Repellent

with Guybano Leaves

Since this is research, naturally I had these ideas after scrolling

through multiple project titles online. I own nothing but the new
variant I’ve changed from the previous work.

Here are my references:

ETHYL ALCOHOL FROM RIPE BANANA
PEELINGS

Abstract

I’m Ruben S. Pepino, Jr. senior year in section dove and

the proponent of a (Musa paradisiacal)peelings”.

This study signify the use of waste from banana musa

paradisiacal peelings that pollute out surroundings when
thrown after eating ripe banana fruit.

The study aims to produce Ethyl alcohol out of ripe

banana extract added with yeast and ferment it for 3
months.

The researcher gathered waste ripe banana peelings from

banana fruit stand at Agora Public Market Pagadian City.
The waste ripe banana peelings were washed then
scrapped the inner part of the peelings after scrapping,
this was placed in the one (1) liter of water, heated until
cooked in thirty (30) minutes. The extract is being pour
into the sterilized bottle added with yeast and partially
scaled. After being fermented over three (3) months, the
extract is distilled to produce ethyl alcohol.

(Reference:
https://www.scribd.com/doc/124448710/Ethyl-Alcohol-F
rom-Ripe-Banana-Peelings)
Don’t discard your mango peels,
they make jams, jellies healthier,
says IIT-Bombay study
Mumbai city news: India produces 40% to 48% of the world’s mangoes
MUMBAI Updated: Jun 20, 2017 01:27 IST

Snehal Fernandes
Hindustan Times

Mango peels consist of approximately 20% to 40% of the total mango processing waste (by
weight) generated in industries. (HT File Photo)








The bitter mango peels that pectin —a gel-forming

most of us discard can make jam substance used as a universal
and jelly less sweet, and additive in jams, jellies, ice
therefore healthier than those creams and cosmetics — from
available in stores. That’s what a the peels of Indian and
team of researchers led by the Australian mangoes. The study
Indian Institute of Technology – is a part of the ongoing research
Bombay (IITB) found when on fruit waste, based at IIT-B’s
they used a process to extract bio-refinery.
The research assumes citrus peels and apple pomace is
significance as India produces imported for Rs700 to Rs900 a
40% to 48% of the world’s kg from Germany, Mexico and
mangoes. China, owing to a lack of
manufacturing capacity in India.
Currently, pectin produced from
WASTE FROM FRUITS A GLOBAL ISSUE
 Globally, fruit processing industries contribute more than 0.5 billion tonnes of
waste.
 There is no such data available for India.
 But, primary data on waste from mango processing factories in Maharashtra
that was part of the study found that medium scale industries produce up to
50-100 tonnes of waste per day.

In contrast, the five-member approach, in which the mango

team extracted pectin using pulp is extracted and the peels
lemon juice, which is a natural processed right next to the
acidifying agent. “Despite being industry without any hazardous
such a vast country, India chemicals,” he added.
doesn’t produce pectin, which is
Mango peels consist of
used in food, confectionery,
approximately 20% to 40% of
cosmetics, pharmaceutical
the total mango processing
products,” professor Amit Arora,
waste (by weight) generated in
principal investigator, Centre for
industries.
Technology Alternatives for
Rural Areas, IIT-B. The team conducted
experiments on Indian mangoes,
“India produces millions of
which showed that the amount
tonnes of mangoes, but all we
of pectin in mango peels varies
now do is compost the peels and
from 20% to 30% of total peel
generate biogas. We, thus
weight, as compared to
looked at an alternative green
commercial sources of pectin
from citrus peel (15% to 20%), that when we use waste, such as
apple pomace (10% to 15%), mango peels, it shouldn’t result
sunflower (15% to 25%) and in us producing even more
sugar beet (10% to 20%). To waste,” said Jhumur Banerjee, a
make the process of extracting doctoral student at IITB Monash
pectin eco-friendly, the IIT-B Research Academy. “The
and Monash University-led effluent from the current process
team replaced hazardous is comparatively safer as there is
mineral acids with lemon juice no mineral acid waste as a
as the former generates effluents, by-product.”
which need to be treated before
In addition to preventing acidic
they are released into the
effluents, pectin, when extracted
environment.
using lemon juice, was low on
Conventionally, industries use sugar in jams and jelly since it
mineral acids nitric, sulphuric can gel in presence of calcium,
and hydrochloric to extract which researchers said is “a new
pectin that gels in presence of concept in food additives for
highly concentrated sugar. products such as low-calorie
food and beverages.”
“We used lemon juice to ensure
(Reference:
https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/don-t-discard-your-mango-peels-they-make-jams-
jellies-healthier-says-iit-bombay-study/story-brReeU5c7yLYupQZR2yPfN.html)
Investigatory Project
Science Projects Example
Search for:
February 21, 2013
Guyabano’s Health Benefits
Most of us would love to make
guyabano fruit juice, puree, tea
and shake. This fruit is grown in
Central America, sub-Saharan
parts of Africa and Southeast
Asia. Filipinos believe in the
wonders of guyabano. It is
known to relieve pain,
inflammation, asthma, lowers
fever, spasms, heart rate and
blood pressure. It is also good
for diabetic individuals and its
extracts can prevent cancer cells
from forming. Viruses, fungi
and harmful bacteria can also be
prevented when you eat
guyabano because of its
anti-microbial potential.
(Reference: http://www.investigatoryprojectexample.com/guyabanos-health-benefits/)
Guyabano Health Benefits –
Revealing Medicinal Properties of
an Exotic Fruit
The experts of the Department
of Science and Technology
(DOST) have advocated these
wonders of guyabano in a health
supplement. Based from their
research guyabano can ease
cancer and other illnesses.
Guyabano or soursop is a
tropical fruit with a soft thorn
green skin and soft pulpy white
flesh. The agency had studied
and performed tests that will
prove that guyabano extract can
be mixed in natural health
supplements since it had high
flavonoid which avoids viruses,
carcinogens and allergens. [via
pia.gov.ph]
BY MIKE BARRETT
POSTED ON FEBRUARY 1, 2013
There are many fruit that most people simply don’t know about, and guyabano,
also known as soursop and guanabana, is just one of them. While the fruit is
not as well known as others and is less researched, guyabano health
benefits are still worthy of note. If you want to expand your mind with
knowledge of a fruit you probably never knew existed, continue onward to see
what guyabano is and what it has to offer.

What is Guyabano?
Guyabano is a fruit that comes from the Graviola tree. Other names for
guyabano (name known in the Philippines)
include: guanábana (Spanish), graviola (Portuguese), pawpaw (in
Brazil), corossol (French), soursop (English), and custard apple (English).
The scientific name is annona muricata.

The graviola tree grows in warm tropical areas such as the Philippines
and South America. Known as a sedative, a nerve tonic, and used to maintain
proper intestinal health, guyabano is just one medicinal tool stemming from the
graviola tree. Throughout history, each part of the graviola tree, such as the
bark, leaves, roots, fruit, and seeds have been used for medicinal purposes.
The seeds have been used to treat nausea and vomiting, while herbal
medicine practitioners recommend using the fruit and leaves to relieve
stomach distress, pain, cough, asthma, and fever.
Guyabano is known to being rich in vitamin C and B vitamins thiamin, riboflavin
and niacin, but here is a fuller list of what the fruit has to offer.

 Vitamin C  Thiamine
 Iron  Calcium
 Riboflavin  Carbohydrates
 Phosphorus  Niacin
 Fiber

Guyabano Health Benefits – Cancer

Prevention
Unfortunately, research revolving around guyabano’s healing properties is
lacking in the scientific world, but so far researchers have been studying
guyabano for its ability to protect against cancer and reduce side-effects of
chemotherapy.

Since 1976, over 20 independent labs researched Guyabano’s anti-cancer

effects following initial research carried out by the National Cancer Institute.
The National Cancer Institute found that guyabano’s “leaves and stems were
found effective in attacking and destroying malignant cells. After the 1976
findings, that were apparently never released to the public, other research
studies came out with similar conclusions:

 One study published in the Journal of Natural Products found that one
chemical in Graviola was 10,000 times more potent than a
chemotherapy drug called Adriamycin.

 The Catholic University of South Korea reports that guyabano is not

only a threat to cancer cells, but also leaves healthy cells alone. This is
not the case with chemo, which target all the cells – much like
antibiotics indiscriminately destroying all gut bacteria, good and bad.

 Purdue University found that leaves from the guyabano tree are “killed
cancer cells among six human cell lines”. The researchers also found
that the leaves were particularly effective for prostate and pancreatic
cancers.

One piece of research found on PubMed concluded:

“Overall, the compounds that are implanted pancreatic tumors,

naturally present in a Graviola
extract inhibited multiple signaling
pathways that regulate metabolism,
cell cycle, survival, and metastatic
properties in PC cells. Collectively,
alterations in these parameters led to
a decrease in tumorigenicity and
metastasis of orthotopically
indicating promising characteristics
of the natural product against this
lethal disease.”
While guyabano has something to
offer in the world of cancer protection,
it’s important to note that studies
conducted with guyabano were
conducted in what’s known as In
Vitro. This means that biological
component have been isolated for
testing, and this this case, cancer
cells were used in test tubes. While
it’s helpful to start research
somewhere, we are still in need of
human clinical trials.
Other Health Benefits of Guyabano
 Alleviates pain stemming
from arthritis, joint and back
problems, and rheumatism.
 Prevents urinary tract
infections – Guyabano is
known for it’s vitamin C
content (77% daily value per
cup). Vitamin C can help to
decrease the amount of
harmful bacteria that may be
present in the urinary tract.
 Migraine and headache
relief – Guyabano contains
riboflavin, which could help
with headaches.
 May help with anemia –
Soursop (guyabano) is rich in
iron, which could help
with iron deficiency anemia.
Guyabano Benefit
Guyabano can Used for:
 Respiratory issues such as
asthma or cough
 Pain
 Headaches or migraines
 Intestinal upset, constipation,
Still, don’t hesitate to chomp down on
some soursop (guyabano) for it’s
great taste and potential (at the very
least) anti-cancer abilities. Plus, here
are some other guyabano health
benefits.
 Prevents constipation
– Before Rich in fiber,
guyabano is one of the many
foods to choose if you suffer
from constipation.
 Bone health – Guyabano
contains copper, a mineral
promoting the absorption of
bone-benefiting calcium.
 Prevents leg cramps –
Potassium in the fruit could
help prevent leg cramps.
 Boosts energy levels –
Along with vitamin C,
guyabano is known to be rich
in B vitamins as well. B
vitamins are known to help
increase energy levels.
Summary –
and stomach distress
 Fever
 Iron deficiency anemia
 Urinary tract infections
 Lack of energy
In the end, just enjoy the soursop fruit, or, try it if you never have!

Additional Sources:

HealthMad

Hort.Purdue.edu

HealthyEating.SFGate
Composition of Mango Peels

Are you aware of Pectin? Pectin belongs to a group of carbohydrates

which is used as a stabilizer or a thickening agent in food, cosmetic
and pharmaceutical businesses. Based from Government’s statistical
data, our country had imported about 93,150 kilos of pectin in 2008.
The cost incurred in importing Pectin is about P27,000 per kilo.

To find solution to this high cost of importing Pectin, a nine-month

research was conducted by PhilMech (the Philippine Center for
Postharvest Development and Mechanization). According to
PhilMech Executive Director Ricardo Cachuela, the country can still
meet its pectin requirements by introducing mango peels which can
be used as a raw material to manufacture pectin using a simple
extraction process. The laboratory scale production of pectin from
mango peels only costs about P6,000 per kilo. The pectin produced
from mango peels can be compared with the pectin made from apple
pomace. The Bio-Processing Engineering Division of PhilMech
headed by Dr. Cristina Gragasin, in partnership with Dr. Rosalinda
Torres of DoST-ITDI further explained that five kilograms of mango
peels can be used as natural resource to produce a kilogram of pectin.
[via mb.com.ph]

(Reference: http://www.investigatoryprojectexample.com/composition-of-mango-peels/)
How to Make Ethanol

By Jared SkyeBA Environmental Science

Ethanol is a fuel that can be manufactured

easily by anyone with some basic materials
and a little common sense. Made easily with
commonly-available materials, it can also have
a genuine impact on your fuel bill. However,
there are also disadvantages. This means it is
important to do your research to help you
decide if it will work in your situation.

Materials to Manufacture Ethanol at Home

There are many different materials that you can use to create ethanol.
 One (1) 20 gallon plastic barrel with a lid
 One (1) 10 ounce packet of brewer yeast or distiller yeast
 One (1) stirring paddle
 Forty (40) pounds of sugar
 One (1) still

Steps for Making Ethanol

Making ethanol does not require many steps before you are ready to use
it.

Mix Your Sugar Solution

The ethanol will begin as a simple
solution of sugar and water. The
water should be roughly 100
degrees Fahrenheit to ensure that
all of the sugar melts. Fill the
barrel halfway and pour in the
sugar at 10 pound intervals until it
is all used. This will make the
solution easier to mix. Once the
sugar is fully dissolved, you can
fill up the barrel with hot water
until it is nearly to the top. Once
the mixture is at roughly 80 or 90
degrees, you can mix in the yeast.
Loosely affix the lid of the barrel.
If you let the lid sit on the barrel
loosely, then it will allow carbon
dioxide to escape during the
fermentation process without
letting in dirt and bugs. Set the
Let Nature Take Over
Fermentation will occur over the
course of a week. During this time,
the yeast is consuming the sugar
that you've mixed in the water. As
the yeast eats the sugar, it
produces wastes in the form of
alcohol and carbon dioxide. The
carbon dioxide bubbles out of the
mixture and needs to be released
Filter the Solution
There will be some wastes to filter
out after fermentation is complete.
Bugs and dirt can sometimes get
Distill Your Solution
What you will be left with is a
mixture of dead yeast, water, and
ethanol. To get the ethanol out of
this mixture, you need to use a still
to distill it out. There are many
different types of ethanol stills and
Dehydrate Your Ethanol
The ethanol that you are left with
after the distillation process will
still have a minor impurity of
water inside of it. To remove this
water, you need to use a
specialized fuel filter that can filter
mixture in an area that has a
consistent temperature of 70
degrees.
periodically to keep pressure from
building up. This is why you put
the lid on so loosely. These
bubbles will also function as an
indicator of when the fermentation
process is complete. Once your
mixture stops bubbling up with
carbon dioxide, the process is
finished.
into the mixture, but you will
mostly need to filter out all of the
dead yeast.
you can even make your own. The
distillation of your solution should
yield you a rough 3:1 ratio of
original solution to finished
ethanol.
the water out. These filters are
made out of specially-designed
fabrics that allow ethanol
molecules to pass through while
trapping the water.
Using Home Ethanol
You will have to take a few
precautionary steps in order to use
your finished ethanol. First of all,
you will have to make sure that
there is no plastic or aluminum
anywhere along your fuel system.
Ethanol is highly corrosive to
these materials. Also, you will
have to either convert your engine
to use ethanol or you will have to
mix it with gasoline. Most
Legal Issues in Home Ethanol Production
To make ethanol in your home
legally, you will need to apply for
a Fuel Plant Permit from the
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and
Firearms. This permit is required
even if you are not intending to
sell ethanol or produce large-scale
Putting It All Together
Knowing how to make ethanol
will allow you to save money in
more ways than just your car. It
can be used in lawn mowers, and
other gasoline powered tools.
Ethanol can also be used in gas
(Reference: Google)
commercially available ethanol
and gasoline mixtures use a ratio
of 85% ethanol to 15% gasoline.
Gasoline and ethanol have
different octane ratings and most
car engines are built to utilize
gasoline. If you're not sure about
using ethanol in your vehicle,
double check with the
manufacturer before you fill up
your tank.
quantities of it. It is a criminal
offense to produce ethanol in your
home without this permit. People
in countries outside of the United
States of America should check
their local regulations regarding
the home production of ethanol.
powered generators when mixed
with gasoline. Be sure to research
your engine and follow
manufacturer's suggestions for
best results.
 Alcohol Yield from Sugar Washes
How much alcohol can you expect to make, knowing how much sugar you
put in ? Easy. The theoretical yield is 51.1%, but you will get less than this,
around 48% because you lose some of the sugars to forming the small
amounts of other alcohols, esters, etc (eg 480 g (610 mL) of ethanol for
every 1 kg sugar). All going well, you should be able to capture approx 90%
of this, ie 550 mL pure (100%) ethanol per kg of sugar. So ... for say 5 kg of
sugar, you should be able to get 0.55 x 5 = 2.75 L of pure ethanol. I collect
mine at 75% strength, ie I get around 2.75 / 0.75 = 3.7 L of distillate . If you
run a pot still at 40%, this means you will get around 6.9 L of distillate.
Knowing how much alcohol is present then lets you know when your run is
about to finish.

5 40
If start with sugar and the still makes % alcohol

You should collect around of

Distillate

Bakers yeast will produce a maximum of around 14% alcohol, whereas the
"turbos" can generate up to 20% alcohol. Obviously you'd use different
amounts of sugar for either case. To estimate the sugar you need, multiply
the wash % alcohol by the volume and by 17 grams, eg to make 20L at 13%
you'd use 20 x 13 x 17 = 4400 g = 4.4 kg.

20 13
To make L of wash at % alcohol

Use kg of sugar <="" tr="">

Glucose (dextrose) can be used instead of sugar, and is sometimes said to

produce a "cleaner" wash. You will need to use slightly more (12.5%) by
weight to get the same result as using sugar (eg use 1.25kg of glucose for
every 1kg of sugar needed).
 5
To get the same result as using kg of sugar,

use kg of dextrose (glucose) <="" tr="">

http://homedistiller.org This page last modified Tue, 20 Jan 2015 20:51:05

-0800

Note: For a sugar wash, you
probably don't need to sterilize
anything. Just wash it with soap and
water. The presence of other
microbes can alter the taste if you
plan to drink it. This is a very basic
way that you can make your own
DRINKABLE ethanol at home. The
main premise of this video is to show
just how simple and easy it is to
ferment your own alcohol. In a future
video, I will try to dispel some myths
regarding homebrewing, such as the
exaggerated risk of methanol
poisoning. I will also demonstrate
how easy and safe it can be to distill
your own ethanol from the wash that
you produce. In this video, I prepare
a sugar wash (fermentation of sugar
only). The process is similar to the
preparation of wine or beer, but uses
pure table sugar instead of a variety
of different sugars, fruits or other
additives. Also, more yeast is used in
order to speed things up a little. The
final product should be ready in a
week or two. If you want to drink it,
you can. Just clear it first using a
clearing solution and clean the taste
up using activated carbon. It still
won't taste very good though. NOTE:
Be aware that there are some things
that when added might be dangerous.
So, please, if you decide to add
something to the fermentation,
please verify beforehand that it is
safe. Here are some calculators to
calculate how much sugar you need
to make a certain amount of alcohol.

(Reference: http://homedistiller.org/sugar/wash-s... )
 Journal of Kerbala University , Vol. 7 No.2 Scientific . 2009
33
Determination of some chemical compounds and the
effect of oil extract from orange peel on some pathogens

Rom R 䳌䁨䁨ꘀ香䁢n Ro䁢n Rϳ ΰ ϟ ϳ Λϳ香ϳΣ䁢n Λ ΛΣ香䁢n Ro RRom

Ro 䳌o Λm RϘ䁢n
RRΪ 香䁢n Λ R香香䁢n

Narjis Hadi Mansoor Al-Saadi*, Najwa Shihab Ahmad **, Shaima Ebraheem Sa´eed
* College of Science/ Karbala University/Chemistry department
** Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Institute/ Baghdad University

Abstract
This research involves detection of the chemical constituents of orange peel; it contains
alkaloids, saponins, terpenes, resins, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and sugars but not
contains coumarins and steroids. In addition sugar, proteins, moisture and ash were
determined and their percentage were (23.8%, 4%, 11.86%, 5.34%) respectively. Oil of
orange peels was extracted and its percentage was 13.12% then its anti-microbial activity
was tested against micropathogen that include Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella
pneumonia, Psdumonas aeruginosa, Ecsherichia coli, Psudomonas fluorescenes, Proteus
spp. Enterococcus feacalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candidia albicans and Listeria spp.
using agar diffusion wells. Different concentrations of oil were prepared (12.5, 25, 50 and
100,) mg/ml and the diameter of inhibition zone were measured. Oil extract was more
effective against Aeromonas hydrophil and Klebsiella pneumonia than other pathogens
were tested. In addition some elements were determined such as (Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr,
Pb, Cd and P). The results demonstrated that orange peels contain these elements at
concentrations (125, 88, 13, 1.6, 1.3, 1.2, 0.25, and 0.11) μg/ml. and 0.2% of phosphorus.

.1䁨䁢n
, o h sohor Romr , orma Ұmmr Ro oR R hr R aRoRa R ϧ ϻmr oR m sR so΍osr mr hor ΍R r Ұmr Rϻmr R
RhR aR mr , hosr Rmr,
mr RRmr . roa sR omRr homr RoRm mr Ro oR Rm hr m mr ҰomRr hosohr RRmr, roohos mr , ooormoha ೐ࣻmr
mr Ұomr mR R R mࣻ,
4% R mRr oR mr , hosr Ra ϻmr ..8% 4% 88.21% 4.. oR Ꮀ mR mR RR ೐ R r R ΍. or mr Ro
2 ΍r h hR RRo
8% hR RRo R ϧ ϻmr .. ho΍R R mRr mR R ΍a r Rm΍o΍R r ‴R Ro sR oa mR Rϻmr sR R‴ࣻmr RRϻR r R r ‴R
88 ϻh Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella pneumonia Psdumonas aerogenosa, Eschericia
coli, Psudomonas florescense, Proteus spp. Enterococcus feacialis, Staphylococcus
aureus, candida albicans and Listeria spp )
m RRm )811, 41, 84, 88.4( mR mr R ࣻRR m s RR R ࣻ⸱ ࣻr . ࣻRmRR RR h⸱ mr mᎰ R r R RR
hR R RᎰ Rsr RR
mr RҰR Ro Rso RRR Ύor Ro mR mr R Rom r RR ࣻr sR ΎRmr Aeromonas hydrophila Klebsiella
pneumonia hR RR m
Ύm sohR ΍o r Rhr mr ‴R mR R R mࣻ mr RRmr . R mr m R΍ r Rm΍o΍R r RϻR
( P ,Cd ,Pb ,Cr ,Cu ,Ni ,Zn ,Mn ,Fe ) ( s RR Rhr mr R oR oR R R ϧ ϻmr oR Ꮀ r RR RᎰ
22, .8, 8.1, ..8, 8.8 , 1.84, 1.88( 884 ,
oR oࣻRm ϻh RR % 1.8 or mr Ro m R Ra mo Rm.

Introduction
Orange peel extract may work as a
surfactant. A surfactant is a substance that
reduces the surface tension of liquids.
Orange peel extract may reduce the
surface tension of the liquid contents in
the stomach, decreasing the potential for
the fluid to splash up into the esophagus.
Orange peel extract has been studied in
several clinical trials. In many of the
studies, participants were asked to rate
their heartburn for severity and frequency
[1].Researchers have determined orange
peel extract inhibits the way cancer cells
divide and grow. In laboratory studies,
orange peel extract prevented breast, skin,
liver, lung, pancreatic, colon and stomach
cancers [2-6]. Monoterpenes are
nonnutritive dietary components found in
the essential oils of citrus fruits, cherry,
mint and herbs. They function
physiologically as chemoattractants or
chemorepellents, and they are largely
responsible for the distinctive fragrance of
many plants [7]. The essential constituents
of orange peel oil include terpenes such as
(carveol, carvone, menthol, perillyl
alcohol and perillaldehyde ) (Fig.1).
Citrus, in addition to providing an ample
supply of vitamin C, folic acid, potassium,
and pectin, contains a host of active
phytochemicals. The
mutagenicity-reducing activity per weight
of peels of citrus fruits was considerably
higher than that of their juices. The two
main compositional differences between
peel and juice components are that the
peel contains a higher concentration of
ascorbic acid than the juice, and that the
peel also contains higher concentrations of
active components (d-limonene,
hesperidin, naringin, and auraptene) than
do the juice and pulp.[8]. D-Limonene,
which comprises > 90% of citrus peel oil,
has demonstrated chemopreventive
activity against a variety of chemically
induced rodent cancers[8].

(Fig. 1) components of orange peels

The aims of this study were to know the significant important of orange peels as diet and
the antimicrobial effect of oil extract on some pathogenic organisms.

Material and methods

Plant material: The plant material used in this study consists of orange peels which were
collected from the orange market. It was dried and grounded into fine powder for further
use.

Oil extract: Orange peels were extracted with petroleum ether for 48 hours using soxhlet
equipment and then solvent was evaporated using rotary evaporator. Oil extract was
stored in deep freezing.

Test microorganisms: Ten microorganisms were used in this study: E. coli, P. fluorescens,
P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, A. hydrophila, P. spp., E. feacialis, S. aureus, C. albicans,
Listeria spp. These strains were obtained from biotechnology and genetic engineering
institute.

Detection of some Chemical Compound in orange peel

A- Alkaloid test
Dragendorff reagent was used for
alkaloids detection and prepared as [9]
B-Coumarin test
This test was tested as [10]
C -Flavonoids test
This test was performed as [11 ]
D-Resins, Tannins, Terpene and Steroid
test
This test was performed as [12 ]
E- Saponins test
This test was performed as [9,12]
F- Sugar test
This test was performed as [13]
G- Phenolic compound test
This test was performed as [14]

Determination of moisture/ The 2gm of burned in a muffle furnace at 550˚C. The

orange peel powder were weighed in
porcelain crucibles with its cover and then
entered into a thermal oven at 105˚C for
3.5 hours, after that the percentage of
moisture was calculated [15].
Determination of ash/ A 2gm of orange
peel powder were weighed in porcelain
crucibles; the samples was dried in air
oven at 110˚C for 15minutes, and then
color changed to white or gray. After
cooling, the crucible percentage of ash
was calculated [16].
Determination of sugars
Sugars of orange peel were extracted
according to [15] then the free sugar was
determined using colorimetric method
[17].
Determination of protein
Proteins were determined as [18].The
percentage of the nitrogen was determined
using kejeldahal apparatus and the
percentage of protein was calculated.
Determination of Phosphorus
Different concentrations of KH2PO4 were
prepared ranging between (0.2-0.6) μg/ml
and standard curve was done then
phosphorus in sample was estimated
according to [18].
Elements determination
Elements that were determined include Ni,
Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cd, and Pb. The
sample was prepared as [19] then the
elements were determined using atomic
absorption spectroscopy (Perken-Elmer
5000) and air-acetylene flame with hallo
cathode for each element.
The Antimicrobial Activity of the orange
peel oil
Antimicrobial activity was determined by
the well diffusion method according to the
[20]. Petri plates containing 20 ml of
nutrient agar medium were inoculated by
streaking the swab over the entire sterile
agar surface. This streaking procedure was
repeated and the plate approximately
rotated 60 degrees each time so as to
insure an even distribution of inoculums.
Wells were cut into the agar and 100μl of
the orange peel oil were in different
concentrations (100, 50, 25. 12.5) mg/ml.
The inoculums size was adjusted so as to
deliver final inoculums of approximately
1.5×107 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml.
Incubation was performed at 37°C for 24
hours. The assessment of antibacterial
activity was based on measurement of the
diameter of the inhibition zone formed
around the well.

Results
Oil of orange peel was extracted with petroleum ether for 48 hours which resulted in
13.21% fixed oil. In addition detection of chemical constituents in orange peels showed
that it contains: saponins, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, sugars, resins, terpenes, and
phenolic compounds but does not contain coumarins and steroids (Table 1). Also the
chemical compositions in orange peels were determined as dry matter basis (Table 2).
Elements in orange peels were analyzed-using AAS technique (Table3).Nine elements
(Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb, and Cd) were detected and their concentrations determined
using AAS technique except phosphorus, which was determined by a colorimetric
method. The oil of orange peels was diluted in DMSO solvent and was prepared different
concentrations then tested against pneumonia than other microorganism. microorganism;
the results are shown in (Table 4). The oil extract was more effective against Aeromonas
hydrophila and Klebsilla

(Table 1)Chemical compounds of orange peel

Chemical constituents Reagents Detection indicator Results

Alkaloids Dragendorff Orange spots +
Coumarins Filter paper saturated Yellow–green _
with dil.NaOH fluorescence under uv.
Flavonoids 50%ethanol+50%NaOH Yellow color +
Resins 95%ethanol+4%HCl Turbidity +
 Saponins Shaking the extract Foaming remaining for +
vigorously long time
HgCl2 White precipitate +
Sugars Benedect &Fehling Red precipitate +
Tannins 1% lead acetate White mucilage +
precipitate
Phenolic compounds 1% FeCl3 Green color +
Terpenes Chloroform+glacial Brown color +
Steroids acetic acid - -

(Table 2) chemical components of orange peels

Component Percentage (%)

Ash 5.34
Moisture 11.86
Protein 4
Sugar 23.8

(Table 3) Elements in orange peels

Mineral elements Concentration (μg/ml)

Iron (Fe) 125
Ma(nganese (Mn) 88
Zinc (Zn) 13
Nickel (Ni) 1.6
Copper (Cu) 1.3
Chromium (Cr) 1.2
Lead (Pb) 0.25
Cadmium (Cd) 0.11
Phosphorus (P) 0.2%
 (Table 4) Effect of orange peel oil on the microorganism

Inhibition zones (mm)

Concentration of oil (mg/ ml)
100 50 25 12.5
Ecshericia coli 0 0 0 0
Psudomonas fluorescens 13 12 0 0
Psudomonas aeruginosa 0 0 0 0
Klebsilla pneumonia 16 14 13 12
Aeromonas hydrophila 18 17 14 14
Proteus spp. 14 14 0 12
Enterococcus feacalis 14 13 12 11
Staphylococcus aureus 12 11 0 0
Candida albicans 13 0 13 0
Listeria spp. 14 13 0 0

Discussion
The results indicated that orange peels of citrus spp. are a good source of oil. Also the
presence of active ingredients in orange peels makes it useful in folk medicine to treat
many diseases. Orange peel extract is an all-natural product and its safety has been
evaluated [21]. In fact orange peel extract has been used in cancer studies for many years
with no adverse effects [2].

The chemical compositions in orange peels used made it possible to use in herbal
medicine for the treatment of many diseases [22]. D-Limonene terpene is derived from
the peels of citrus fruits, it is a cyclic monoterpene, Patients use this supplement to
prevent and treat cancer [23]. Much research has been focused on the potential use of
flavonoids (in citrus and tea) as inhibitors of neoplastic transformation and as free radical
scavengers to prevent oxidative skin damage [22]. The oil extract showed antibacterial
activity towards gram Gram-positive bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterococcus
feacalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria spp.) and Gram negativebacteria (E.coli, P.
fluorescens, P. aerugenosa, Klebsilla pneumonia, Proteus spp.) as well as the fungi
( Candidia albicans ).

The resistance may be due to the permeability barrier provided by the cell wall or to the
membrane accumulation mechanism [24]. In this study showed that orange peels contain
useful elements which human body required such as iron, manganese and nickel and less
harmful element like cadmium and lead. Nutritional assessment is important in every
patient. Malnutrition is a common problem worldwide, and in developed in countries.
Various studies have shown that patients may have evidence, not only of protein-calorie
malnutrition, but also of vitamin and mineral deficiencies, especially after major surgery
or chronic illness.

Iron is an essential element in humans, being the central ion in heam. Iron deficiency
causes a failure of heam synthesis, leading to anemia [25]. Copper is an essential trace
metal which is a component of a wide range of intracellular metalloenzymes, including
cytochrome oxidase, superoxide dismutase, tyrosinase, dopamine hydroxylase and lysyl
oxidase. Copper deficiency lead to bone diseases [25]. zinc is an essential element
present in over 200 metalloprotein. Zinc deficiency causes characteristic skin rash and
hair loss, wound breakdown and delayed healing. [25]. Aluminum, arsenic,
antimony ,boron, bromine, cadmium, cesium, germanium, lead, mercury, silver, strontium,
Without known nutritional function but toxic in, excess.[26]. Phosphorus contributed in
bone formation, energy metabolism, and nucleic acid metabolism. [27].

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