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Restorative justice is concerned not so much with retribution and punishment as with (a) making
the victim whole and (b) reintegrating the offender into society. This approach frequently brings
an offender and a victim together, so that the offender can better understand the effect his/her
offense had on the victim.
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<í$$³ 8H f 4- is a civil servant who performs
important but essentiality uncreative functions ” 4" *K8 EIK
*, % E< " A$$
/ " A f +ì 8j% E A-$$ A/Ù <

g A f\< @@- /
j E@ B< ##Q
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Ò5 “the unforgotten men of the law “ E- #[ “ living oracles “
EI- "/ " A( " *K8 4>«*
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/ " A6( f L H 8ª H-$$ 8ª

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84
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A " b+9< @(- " B6 05 £ !!
8K6 n 6 0 45,f / Certification/ 6 0 4Kf/ depository /
D A* 9<$$ <¸ E%EBK< 8ª£ A½ @
# /specialization/ %6Q >D +K J9< @
%HB H-$$
0 ³ ECJ 05 4" Á @( f *

EF " A" $$ R" (l D 8C(H C4 O3
A9" $$ C4 O3 A+_V< 5 %ñ H-$$ Kf êA
C4H 8C( O3 f\ " e , EE$$
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86
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(Very complex and in not understandable accessible)
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• QQ G9[! no 9Ð + ESK +. litigation will be
certain in terms of time and cost
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?K. (accessible)
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87

AM[ G[)! ##. EU Í_ I1`G l[ 4 t
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It is usually believed that civil justice reform will significantly improve economic
performance (Sherwood 1999)
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Without a strong justice system, traders would be reluctant to enter into wealth
enhanced exchanges for fear that the bargain wouldn’t be honored. In Hobbes
words when two parties enter into a contract “he that performeth first has no
insurance the other will perform after because the bonds of words are too
weak to bridle men’s ambitions, avarice, anger as other passions without the
fear of same coercive power (Hobbes 1651)
A"
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AM[
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O!JJ ?U AM" =!P+ G4;! .Q ?.í. In William’s (1995)
view a high performance economy is one that is characterized by a significant
number of long term contracts and the type of business relation ships that is
unlikely to thrive in the absence of a well- functioning justice.
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88
In Peru almost a third of those responding to a world Bank poll said that they
wouldn’t switch from a trusted supplier to a new one even if a lower price were
offered for fear the new supplier couldn’t beheld to the new bargain (Dokoliad
1996)
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A similar survey in Ecuador found that business men were hesitant to invest
because of the uncertainty of and potential clack of timeliness in enforcing
contract rights (Dokolias 1996)
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10% " O ,I ?.¼IJJ
In depth interviews of Brazilian entrepreneurs suggest that domestic investment
would increase 10 percent if the Brazilian Justice were on par with those that
advanced market economics (catelar pinheris 1998)
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Most recently in a survey of 3600 firms in 69 countries more than 70 percent
of the respondents said that an unpredictable justice system was a major
problem in their business operations” (World Bank 1997:36) 4y )M
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W. the justice system in one country perform a series of vital functions
for any political system… Law definition, conflict resolution, and social control,
and where they fail to perform them according to citizens needs and
expectations, there are a series of negative social, Political and economic
consequences. Often their failure encourage the creation of alternative
mechanism and practices that undercuts judicial legitmacy, and eventually
threatens that of the entire political system.
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(Accelerated Procedure)
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no (! Í?. 7)
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human, material and financial resources)
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Negotiation
Mediation
Conciliation
Arbitration
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mM&+ " |
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ES G+. O!JJ !}U ]l ! G9( O!JJ
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b
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for new and more creative future working relationship to be established)
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l?K [DfU ?B.E p!U ?)5.JJ y UQ
9[òl] M)
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reputation)
A] ¢
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;G.
9[ p zt 9 l. U# E[W T;U 4] _ 9`+ ;AM+
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forward looking solution)
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QQ V§ 4] _>+ 4 ! 5 d A]û+ W<
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G+ ! O!JJ (the scope for settlement is wider,
generating more posibilites and making settlement more likely).
Furthermore, it is logical that a settlement should reflect not only the strict legal
position (or rather the parties perception of it) but where possible their personal
or commercial interests and needs as well.
). U#]O
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process, and this is frequently cited by parties as a reason for using it.
(. mMd ? 7 P 4]4 Ta (Discipline and focus)

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98
hearing for many reasons. The focus and relief of reaching settlement, and of
doing so by consumers, find to penetrate very high levels of satisfaction)
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since any settlement is reached by consenous, it follows that the implementation
or enforcement is much less likely to be a problem than it is where judgment is
imposed.
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Without an effective justice sector to enforce and regulate human conduct, the
environment in which people live is unsafe and insecure and inhibits wealth
creation. It is increasingly accepted that economic development is dependent on
a stable and just society.
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boast the volume of training in the absence of more fundamental reform in the
judicial system. In many cases, once a judge and been trained, he or she
quickly left the bench for a more lucrative position in private bar or private
sector.
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KT¨<×ƒ ¾T>Áe‹K< ¾}KÁ¿ wH@^©“ ›KU ›kó© ¾¨<ÃÃƒ SÉ[¢‹” Á²ÒË c=J”
Ÿ5’²=I ¨<eØ uª“’ƒ“ ukÇT>’ƒ ¾T>Ökc<ƒ }sT~” ¾T>ÁslS< ›ªÐ‹
ŸS¨<×†¨< uòƒ u¯KU ›kõ Å[Í ÁK¨<” }V¡a KTcvcw ¾}"õÅ¨< ›KU
›kõ WO^”“ ¾}KÁ¿ ›Ña‹ ¾cw›© Swƒ Øun }sTƒ Lò−‹ ¾}"ðK<uƒ
›KU ›kõ SÉ[¢‹“ ÃI”’< ¨Å GÑ^© }Úvß G<’@ KSK¨Ø ŸQ´w Ò`
¾}Å[Ñ< ¨<ÃÃ„‹ ÃÑ–<v†ªM:: Ÿ ²=I MU¸‹”“ S[Í−‹” Tcvcw Ú" u%EL
’¨< ¾›=ƒÄåÁ cw›© Sw„‹ ¢T>i” 5“ ¾I´w 5”v Övm }sU 5”Å¾pÅU
}Ÿ}L†¨< u›ªÏ lØ` 210/92 5“ 211/92 ¾}ssS<ƒ::
2. ¾}sT~
¾}sT~ ¯LT−‹
¾›=ƒÄâÁ cw›© Swƒ ¢T>i”
¢T>i’< Zeƒ ª“ ¯LT−‹” SW[ƒ uTÉ[Ó ¾}ssS c=J” 5’`c¨< ¾Te}"ŸÁ 5ÙÍ 5”Ç=¨cÉ TÉ[Ó “†¨<::
¾I´w °”v Övm }sU
¾}sS< ¯LT−‹ 5”Å²=G< uG<Kƒ SW[© Ñ<ÇÄ‹ LÃ Á}¢\ “†¨< 5’`c¨< ›"Lƒ SŸu^†¨<”
T[ÒÑØ'
• ¾QÓ ¾uLÃ’ƒ” SW[ƒ ÁÅ[Ñ Ø[ƒ' pMØõ“ ÓMî’ƒ ÁK¨< SM"U
¾SÓYƒ ›e}ÇÅ` 5”Ç=cõ” TÉ[Ó “†::
5.3. ¾}sT~ -

YM×”“ ÂNO
kÅU c=M ŸK?KA‹ ›Ña‹ wH@^© ¾cw›© Swƒ Øun }sTƒ YM×”“ }Óv` Ò`
uTÁÁ´ ¾}cÖ¨< ›ÖnLÃ Tw^]Á 5”Å}Öuk J• u›=ƒÄåÁ G<’@ uTssT>Á
›ªÐ‰†¨< ¨<eØ ¾¾}sT~ ´`²` YM×”“ }Óv` 5”ÅT>Ÿ}K¨< cõbM::
159
1. ¾cw›© Swƒ ¢T>i” YM×”“ }Óv`
u›ªÏ lØ` 210/92 ›”kê 5 SW[ƒ ¢T>i’< ¾T>Ÿ}K<ƒ YM×”“ }Óv^ƒ

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¨<d’@−‹“ ›Wâ‰†¨< ¾²?Ô‹” QÑ-S”ÓY© Sw„‹”“ QÔ‹”
¾TÃn[’< SJ“†¨<” Sq×Ö`'
• ›e}ÇÅ^© Øóƒ” ›eSM¡„ ¾T>kù< p_−‹” ¾SkuM“ ¾SS`S`'
• ›eðéT>¨< ›"M Y^¨<” uQÓ ¾SW[ƒ ¾T>ÁŸ“¨<” SJ’<” KT[ÒÑØ“
›e}ÇÅ^© Øó„‹ 5”ÇÃðçS< KSŸLŸM lØØ` ¾TÉ[Ó'
• ›e}ÇÅ^© Øóƒ SðçS” ÁS’uƒ ŸJ’ ¾SõƒH@ Hdw ¾Shƒ'
• ›e}ÇÅ^© Øó„‹ ¾T>hdK<uƒ” G<’@ ¾TØ“ƒ“ Hdw ¾Tp[w'
• ¾}hK ¾S”ÓYƒ ›e}ÇÅ`” KTeÑ–ƒ ’v` QÔ‹ ¨ÃU ›Wâ‹ ¨ÃU
SS]Á−‹ 5”Ç=hhK<' ›ÇÇ=e QÔ‹ 5”Ç=¨Ö< ¨ÃU þK=c=−‹ 5”Ç=k¾c<
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3. ¾YM×” ÑÅw
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¾Swƒ Øcƒ” ›eSM¡„ ¾T>kù<L†¨<” ›u?~−‹ KT¾ƒ cò eM×” ÁK†¨<
c=J” }sT~” ›eSM¡}¨< ¾}kSÖ<ƒ ÑÅx‹ u›w³—¨< }SddÃ “†¨<::
Ÿ5’²=IU S"ŸM uI´w }¨"Ä‹' uôÈ_i” 5“ u¡MM U¡` u?„‹ ¨ÃU u¾ƒ—
¨Á ›ªÐ‹ ›”kê 7 ¾T>Å’ÓÑ< c=J” ¾Q´w 5”v Övm }sU TssT>Á ›ªÏ
Ó” uª“ *Ç=}` S/u?ƒ uS¾ƒ LÃ ÁK< Ñ<Ç¿‹” ¨ÃU uìØ ÃKA‹“ uSŸLŸ=Á
W^©ƒ ¡õKA‹ ¾T>cÖ< ¾ìØ ¨ÃU ¾GÑ` SŸLŸM Ñ<Ç¿‹” uT>SKŸƒ ¾T>cÖ<
¨<d’@−‹” ¾SS`S` YM×” 5”ÅK?K¨< }ÚT] ÑÅw #ÄM::
4. ¾}sT~ ›Å[ÍÍƒ
}sT~ }Ö]’†¨< ukØ KQ´w }¨"Ä‹ U¡` u?ƒ c=J” ›”Ç”É ª“ ¢T>i’`“
ª“ °”v Övm c=•^†¨< ›”Ç”É U¡ƒM' ›”Ç”É ¾Qí“ƒ“ ¾c?„‹ Ñ<ÇÃ ¾T>S\“
¾p`”Ýõ ê/u?„‹ ¢T>i’a‹ ¨ÃU °”v Övm−‹U 5”ÅT>•^†¨< ›ªÐ‡
ÁSK¡K<JJ ¾¾}sT~ ª“ S/u?ƒ u›Ç=e ›uv SJ’<” ›ªÏ ¾T>ÁSK¡ƒ c=J”
u}¨"Ä‹ U¡` u?ƒ uT>¨c’¨< T“†¨‹MU }SM¡…M:: Y^†¨<”U uS<K< ’í’ƒ ¾T>ÁŸ“¨’< c=J”
}hET>−‰†¨<“ S`T]−‰†¨< ¾QÓ M¿ Øun Swƒ ›L†¨<::
5. }sT~ 5è u5`d†¨<“ ŸõƒI ›"Lƒ Ò` eKT>•^†¨< bO

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[])7
ucw›© Swƒ ¢T>i”“ u5”v Övm }sU SŸ"M eKT>•` Ó”–

Ó”–<ƒ
kÅU c=M 5”Å}Ökc¨< ¾Ø”É ¨ÃU SÉuK ›"Lƒ uT>Ÿ}K<ƒ ›Ña‹ uG<K~
}sTƒ S"ŸM K=•` ¾T>Ñv¨< Ó”–<’ƒ U” SUcM Ã•ùM ¾T>vK¨< K?L¨<
¾T>Á¨ÁÃ ’Øw ÃJ“M:: ¾S”ÓYƒ vKYM×“ƒ ¨ÃU ›eðéT> ›"Lƒ ›”É”
É`¢ƒ ŸSðçT†¨< ¨ÃU "KSðçT†¨< (commissions or omissions) e
ŸT>ÁÅ`c<ƒ uÅM ¾T>S’Ú¨< p_ ¾T>Ãuƒ S’h ¾}K¾ u=SeMU Kw²<−‹
}sTƒ ¨<d’@−‹ SŸKe“ SK¨Ø SW[~ cw›© Swƒ uSJ’< ¾YM×” SÅ^[w
¾TÃk` ’¨<::
L A@@ ŸQÔ‡“ uK?KA‹ ›Ña‹U }sT~ ŸT>ssS<v†¨< ¯LT ›"EÁ e“Ã
¾cw›© Swƒ ¢T>i” uª’—’ƒ ¾T>Á}Ÿ<[¨< cw›© Swƒ” ›eSM¡„ uT>ðçS<
Øc„‹ LÃ c=J” ¾I´w °”v ×um }sU ÅÓV ›e}ÇÅ^© Ñ<ÉK„‹” S’h *Å[Ñ<
uÅKA‹” SŸLŸM“ }ðÏS< c=Ñ–< T[U ÃJ“M:: ÃI ›ŸóðM 5”Å²=G<
5”ÅU”SKŸ}¨< kLM ›ÃÅKU:: u}KÃU ¾T”—¨‹K¨<” ¾YM×” SÅ^[w KTek[ƒ ¾}KÁ¿
›T^à‹ c=VŸ\“ Y^ LÃ c=¨<K< ÃÁK<:: Ÿ5’²=IU ›”Å—¨< ›”Æ ›"M
uYM×” ¡ML ¨<eØ ¾T>¨Ép ’¨< wKA ›U•uƒ ›”É” Ñ<ÇÃ }kwKA SS`S`
ŸËS[ K?L¨< ›"M }SddÃ 5U’ƒ ¨ÃU ÓUƒ u=•[¨ ›vM dÃJ” ¾T>W\uƒ G<’@U ›K (¾TL©
UdK?) Ze}—¨< ›T^ß ¾ƒ—¨< ›"M U” ¯Ã’ƒ Ñ<ÇÃ }kwKA Áe}“ÓÇM
162
¾T>K¨<” uÓMî uSK¾ƒ uQÓ SÅ”ÑÓ ¨ÃU }sT~ uÒ^ uT>Å`c<uƒ eUU’ƒ
¨c’<” SK¾ƒ ÃJ“M:: G<K~ ›"Lƒ 5”ÅwH@^© cw›© Swƒ TeóòÁ“ TeŸu]Á
}sTƒ uT>W\uƒ ›Ñ` ¾YM×” SÅ^[w” ueUU’ƒ Te¨ÑÉ ¾}KSÅ c=J”
SÉuK ›"Lƒ ¾T>u²<uƒ ›Ñ` ÅÓV ¾5Á”Ç”Æ” ›"M YM×”“ }Óv` uQÓ KÃ„
TekSØ ¾}KSÅ ’¨<:: uQÓU J’ ueUU’ƒ LÃ ¾}SW[}¨< ›ŸóðM Ãó“
uQw[}cu< ²”É uÅUw S¨p ÁKuƒ $$ ÃI SJ’< ²?Ô‹ dÃÑ<LK< ¾ƒ—¨<”
Ñ<ÇÃ K¾ƒ—¨< ›"M Tp[u 5”ÅT>Ñv†¨< ukLK< SK¾ƒ Áe‹L†ªM:: ¾SÚ[h¨<“
uw²< GÑa‹ cw›© Swƒ ¢T>i” ŸQú °”v Övm }sU ¾T>KÃuƒ ’Øw ¢T>i’<
¾S”Óeƒ ›eðéT> ›"Lƒ”“ Qw[}cu<” u›ÖnLÃ eKcw›© Swƒ ›Övup“ ›Ÿvu`
¾Te}T`“ ¾Td¨p ¾}K¾ YM×” ÁK¨< SJ’< ’¨<::
A( J?E< 3Q <" [ u¾}s4 SSe[‰ QÓÒƒ

¨<eØ uG<K~ ›"Lƒ S"ŸM ¾YM×” Su^[w 5”ÅT>•` uSÑSƒ 5”Ç=I ÁK‹Ó`
uT>ÁÒØUuƒ Ñ>²? 5”Èƒ 5”ÅT>ð SõƒH@ KSeÖƒ }V¡bM:: ÃIU J
AC" C#5 "! AC E" E%BN C
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¾YM×” SÅ^[w U” ÁIM Ãð}ªM? }sT~e Ÿ²=I [ u²?Ô‹ LÃ
K=Åè ¾T> K¨<” SÑ<LLƒ KTek[ƒ U” ¤ ' K=²ÃÆ ÃÑvM ¾T>K¨<
¾T>Á¨ÁÃ ÃJ“M::
6. ŸK?KA‹ ¾õƒI ›"Lƒ Ò` cKT>•^†¨< Ó”–

Ó”–<’ƒ
¾YM×” SÅ^[ ‹Ó` u}lT~ w‰ dÃJ” ŸK?KA‹ ›"Lƒ ÒÙ EÅ²=G<

ÁÑØTM:: Ÿõ/u?„‹ Ò` ÁK¨<” Ó”–<ƒ ›eSM¡„ ¾}sT~ TssT>Á ›ªÐ‹
uT“†¨Á¨ÁÃ ›ÃJ”U:: ’Ñ` Ó” u›”Ç”É
›Ña‹ ¾QÓ Y`¯ƒ ¾5”v Övm }sU ¨ÃU ¾cw›© Swƒ ¢T>i” ¨<d’@−‹ U”U
u›w³—¨< ›eÑÇÏ ¨<d’@−‹” ¾SeÖƒ YM×” vÃ•^†¨<< ¨<d’@−‰†¨<”
5”Ç=ÁeðêS<L†¨< ¨Å SÅu— õ/u?ƒ ¾T>S\uƒH 0 =[ < K
EI*H ½ %5 " G<’@ 5”ÅUdK? T”dƒ Ã‰LM:: u›ªÐ‡ ¨<eØ
163
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K=Ág†¨< Ã‹L9 TKƒ ’¨<? uK?L uŸ<M K< E" Ÿ5’²=I
}sTƒ ›eÑÇÏ ¨<d’@ SeÖƒ ›KS‰M K=S’ß ¾T>‹K¨<”H uT>ðKÑ¨< SÖ”
¨<Ö?T ÁKSJ” Ø`×_ KTe¨ÑÉ ›”Ç”É ›Ña‹ ¾}sT~” ¨<d’@ ¾TeðçU
ÓÈ” uõ/u?„‹“ uK?KA‹ ›"Lƒ LÃ ÃØLK<:: U“Mvƒ u›Ñ^‹” QÔ‹U ÃI” SL
SÖkU }sT~ ¨<d’@−‰†¨<” KTeðçU K=ÁÒØT†¨< ¾T>‹K¨<” ‹Ó` Ãð¨<
ÃJ”?
Ÿõ`É u?„‹ K?LU ¾}sT~ ¾Y^ vI] ¾T>ÁÑ“—†¨<“ ›”Ç”ÈU ¾YM×”

SÅ^[w ‹Óa‹ K=Ÿc~ ¾T>‹K<v†¨< G<’@−‹ ›K<:: u}KÃU uQÑ-S”ÓY~U
ÃG<” ¨ÃU u´`´` QÔ‹ Ÿ}sT~ Ò` uT>SdcM ¨ÃU uT>k^[w G<’@ ¾lØØ`
}Óv^ƒ” ¾TŸ“¨” YM×” Ÿ}c×†¨< - Ea m4" (constitutional
institutions) 4"< ¾ª“¨< *Ç=}` S/u?ƒ' ¾Y’-UÓv`“ ì[-S<e“ ¢T>i”' ¾U`Ý
¢T>i” ¨²} YM×”“ }Óv^ƒ Ò` SÅ^[w K=•` Ã‹LM:: u}KÃU u5’²=I ›"Lƒ
lØØ` ¾T>Å[Óv†¨< Øó„‹ Ÿ›e}ÇÅ` Ñ<ÉK„‹ ¾T>S’Û ¾Swƒ Øcƒ }Óv^ƒ
, \ " *- SJ“†¨< ÃI” ¾YM×” SÅ^[w ‹Ó` ¾T>ðØ` SJ’<
¾T>ÁÖÁÃp ›ÃJ”U::
5”Å²=GÁŸ“¨’<uƒ Ñ>²? uSÚ[h ¾Å[c<uƒ

¨<Ö?ƒ ¨”ËM ¨ÃU ¾›e}ÇÅ` Øóƒ K=J” Ã‹LM:: uTssT>Á ›ªÐ‰†¨< 5”Ç=I
ÁK G<’@ uT>ÁÑØT†¨< Ñ>²? KT>SKŸ}¨< ›"M Tc¨p 5”ÅT>‹K< }SM¡…M::
KUcK? }sT~ ¨”ËM SW(~” "¨l 5”ÅG<’@¨< K®nu? QÓ ¨ÃU KþK=e
K=Áe}KMÍ Ã‹LK<:: ’Ñ` Ó” Ñ<Ç¿ ¾T>SKŸ†¨< ›"Lƒ u}sT~ ¾}LKð†¨<”
¾U`S^ ¨<Ö?„‹ 5”ÇK }kwK¨< }Ó@(© ÁÅ`ÒK< ¨Ãe ¾^c†¨< U`S^
ÁŸH>ÇK<? ¾T>K¨< K=Á¨ÁÃ Ã‹KM::
u›ÖnLÃ ŸÓ”–<’ƒ“ ŸYM×” SÅ^[w Ò` u}Á¾² TKƒ ¾T>‰K¨< cw›© Swƒ”

KTeŸu` }sT~ w‰ ¾T>ÁÅ`Ñ<ƒ 5”penc? um ’¨< ¨ÃU ÃI Lò’ƒ ¾5’²=I
}sTƒ w‰ ’¨< TKƒ ›ÃÅKU:: }sT~ uK?KA‹ ›"Lƒ Swƒ” KTeŸu`“ SM"U
›e}ÇÅ`” KT[ÒÑØ ¾T>Å[Ñ¨<” °”penc? KS}"ƒ dÃJ” ÃuMØ ¾TÖ“Ÿ`“
¡õ}~” ¾SS<Lƒ }Óv` TŸ“¨” ’¨<:: uSJ’ÁÑ“—
†¨< ›"Lƒ dÃÒÛ“ ¾YM×” SÅ^[wU dÃ•` K²=I ¯LT Sd"ƒ uÒ^
164
K=”kdkc< 5”ÅT>‹K< S¨Á¾ƒ“ ¾›W^` eMƒ uS”Åõ u¾}sT~ ¾›W^` Å”w
¨<eØ uÃó K=Å’ÑÓ ÃÑvM::
TÖnKÁ
¾cw›© Swƒ ¢T>i”“ ¾5”v Övm }sTƒ ¾c›© Swƒ Ñ<ÇÃ u}K¾ G<’@
5”Ç=Ÿ}K< TssU“ YM×” SeÖ~ ›eðLÑ> eKSJ’< um U¡”Áƒ ¾KU' ’í ¾J’<
õ/u?„‹“ ŸÇ=V¡^c=Á© U`Ý ¾S’Ú Ö”"^ þ`LT vKuƒ ¾5’²=I }sTƒ S•`
ÉÓÓVi“ ¾Gwƒ w¡’ƒ ’¨< ¾T>KÁe}U[” Ÿ²=I ¾}K¾ ’¨<:: Ÿõ`É u?„‹
›e}ÇÅ`“ Ÿ›eðéT>¨< ×Mn Ñw’ƒ ’í ¾J’< }sTƒ S•^†¨< ucw›© Swƒ
Øun [ÑÉ ¾S]’ƒ T>“ SÝ¨ƒ S‰L†¨<” ’¨< ¾U”Ñ’²u¨<:: ¾²?Ô‹ cw›© Swƒ
u}TEL SMŸ< K=Öup ¾T>‹K¨<“ Iw[}cuS×¨< ¾cw›© Swƒ Ñ<ÇÃ K¾ƒ vK G<’@ 5’²=I
}sTƒ c=Á´ SJ’<” Ÿw²< ›Ña‹ MUÉ S[Çƒ Ã‰LM:: Ÿ²=I uLÃ ¾k[u¨<
êOõU 5’²=I }sTƒ:-
• K›”É ›Ñ` N´w“ S”Ócƒ ¾cw›© Swƒ Ñ<ÇÄ‹ ¾S[Í T°ŸLƒ
uSJ”'
• Qw[}cu<” uTe}T` cw›© Swƒ” ¾TÔMuƒ“ ¾T¡u` vIM 5”Ç=eóó
uS`Ç"'
• Ÿcw›© Sw„‹“ ’í’„‹ Ò` }ÁÁ»’ƒ vL†¨< Ñ<ÇÄ‹ u^d†¨< ›’di’ƒ
¨ÃU uS”ÓYƒ c=S^L†¨< uS`S` ›e}Á¾ƒ“ U¡` uSeÖƒ'
• ¾›Ñ]~” QÔ‹' ¾õ/u?ƒ ¨<d’@−‹”“ ¾›eðéT> ›"Lƒ” ›Å[ÍË„‹
uTØ“ƒ *K<ƒ H A( Ÿõ}„‹ uT>e}"ŸK<uƒ G<’@ LÃ
]þ`ƒ“ ›e}Á¾ƒ uTp[w'
• S”ÓYƒ cu›© Swƒ” ›eSM¡„ uÑv†¨< ›KU ›kõ eUU’„‹ SW[ƒ
ÁKuƒ” ›”Ç”É ÓÈ−‹ KS¨×ƒ uT>Áe‹K¨< G<’@ LÃ U¡` uSKÑe
ucw›© Swƒ Øun“ ¾Teóóƒ }Óv` ¨<eØ Ÿõ}— T>“ 5”ÇL†¨<
5”[ÇK”:: uSJ’ ’¨<?

õ`É u?„‹”“ ¾SdcK< K?KA‹ ¾Swƒ TeŸu]Á }sTƒ” TÖ“Ÿ\
›ÃS[ØU?
2. Ÿ›Ñ^‹” }Úvß G<’@ ›"EÁ ¾}sT~ S•` ›eðLÑ> ’¨< u=vM 5”"E G<K~U
}sTƒ }KÁÃ}¨<? QÑ-S”ÓY© TÉ[Ó” ¾ÓÉ ¾T>K< G<’@−‹ "K<
U”É“†¨<? QÑ-S”ÓY© É”ÒÑ@? ’u^© G<’@?
3. ¾}sT~ uwH@^© Å[Í ›”É ¨Ø J’¨< uSÅ^Ëƒ u¡MKA‹ ðKÑ< uT“†¨‹K< uQÓ SÅ[Ñ< u›Ñ^‹” "K¨<
¾ôÈ^M ›Å[ÍËƒ ¾¡MM S”ÓYƒ ›"L© YM×” Ò` U” ÁIM Ã××TM
uQÑ-S”Óe~“ }sT~” KTssU u¨Ö<ƒ QÔ‹ SW[ƒ ¡MKA‹ ¾¾^d†¨<”
}sTƒ TssU Ã‹LK<?
4. }sT~ ›cÑÇÏ ¨<d’@ SeÖƒ uTÃ‹K<uƒ G<’@ cw›© Swƒ ¾TeŸu`“

¾SM"U ›e}ÇÅ` °Ùƒ” ¾T[U T>“†¨< U” ÁIM ›ØÒu= ÃJ“M }wKA
ÃÑSM?
5. m4 0 =[

f +ÏÁ
@" @-< % Am<H 0 =[ KfE EEg C9 B<
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ªu = c ’ Ê ‹
1. GRAHM, 2004 Eight theories of Ethics, Routledye
166
2. VANDERUNDEN, The Law of physical persons, Central printing press.
3. Swaninyen, 1997 Crtical Criminology Visions from Europe,sage puglications.
4. C.M.V Clarkson and H.M Keating, Criminal law Text and materials Fourth Edtion (1998)
5. adversarial and inquisitorial system, law encyclopedia. (west encycopeida of
American law) (internet material
6. ìNÃ ¨Ç' ¾¨”ËM QÓ SW[© S`J−‹'
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