8a Maitra Microgrid Design Consideration

Microgrid Design
Considerations
Dr. Arindam Maitra, EPRI

September 8, 2016
Part 3 of 3 © 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Outline – Microgrid Design and Analysis Tutorial
Part II
Time Topics
14:30-15:00 Design analysis
• Needs and Key Interconnection Issues (Arindam Maitra)
15:30-17:30
Design analysis (cont.)
• Methods and Tools
• Case Studies
 #1: Renewable Rich Microgrids - Protection Case Studies
(Mohamed El Khatib)
 #2: Rural radial
 #3: Secondary n/w
17:00-17:30 Q&A
17:30 Adjourn
2
© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Microgrids
 Optimization of microgrid design is challenging and

inherently contains many unknowns…
Regulatory Issues
Value of Resiliency
System Design
Challenges
Engineering Studies
Costs
3
Integrating Customer DER with Utility Assets
Customer Utility Assets

Assets
Micro Grid
Controller SCADA/DMS/
/ DERMS* Enterprise
Integrate
Energy Storage*
d Grid
Isolating Device*
Distribution
Transformer
*New assets
4
Microgrid Types
 Commercial/Industrial Microgrids: Built with the goal of reducing demand and costs
during normal operation, although the operation of critical functions during outages is
also important, especially for data centers.
 Community/City/Utility and Network Microgrids: Improve reliability of critical

infrastructure, deferred asset investment, emission and energy policy targets and also
promote community participation.
 University Campus Microgrids: Meet the high reliability needs for research labs,
campus housing, large heating and cooling demands at large cost reduction
opportunities, and lower emission targets. Most campuses already have DG resources,
with microgrid technology linking them together. They are usually large and may be
involved with selling excess power to the grid. Some of these facilities typically serve
as emergency shelters for surrounding communities during extreme events
 Public Institutional Microgrids: Improve reliability and lower energy consumptions at

facilities impacting public health and safety, including hospitals, police and fire stations,
sewage treatment plants, schools, public transport systems, and correctional facilities.
Additional requirement of uninterrupted electrical and thermal service increases
attractiveness of CHP-based district energy solutions
5
Microgrid Types
 Military Microgrids: Military microgrids focus on high reliability for mission-critical loads,
strong needs for cyber and physical security, DoD energy cost reduction, and
greenhouse gas emission reduction goals at the operating bases.
 Rural Microgrid Communities: Remote microgrid communities are typically connected

to rural distribution system where it is prohibitive due to the distance or a physical
barrier to bring in new transmission service for backup. Many already use diesel
generation. They microgrids offer best candidate to incorporate renewable energy,
improve system reliability targets, and defer investment and reduce supply chain risk.
6
Microgrid Configurations Depending on Location and Purpose
7
Micro-grid: Operating as an “Island” Isolated from the
Bulk Supply
Circuit Breaker Isolating Device
– when open the system
operates as micro-grid
“Islanded” Facility
Utility
Source Trip
Signal
Islanding Control
(opens/closes breaker as needed to
facilitate independent operation –
must provide synchronization)
Electrical Island
DG
DG Able to Carry Load on
Island and Provide Proper
Voltage and Frequency
8
“Islanding” for Reliability Enhancement
“Islanded” campus area

during utility system outages
Building
Load
13.2 kV Feeder
Building
Load
Utility Substation
Building
Load
Utility System
Interface Breaker
D D Building Building
G G Load Load
DG trip settings for DG coordinated to allow

utility system interface breaker to trip during
utility faults so that stable transition to
islanded state is achieved for the campus
without interruption of DG service
9
A Six Home Microgrid
House 1 House 2 House 3

Distribution
Transformer
Isolating Power System
Device Secondary
Utility System (120/240 V)
Primary (13.2 kV)
Utility System 50 KVA House 4 House 5 House 6

Interface & Inverter
Controller
(Synchronization, fault
protection, islanding DC Bus
detection, etc.)
Fuel
Cell Charge
Regulator
Thermal Energy
Storage
Storage Heat
Distribution
10
A Single Building
Multiple Sources, Storage, and Heat Recovery
Serves as Isolation Point

Utility System Interface
& Protection Control for Micro-grid mode of AC Bus
operation Building
Utility
Source Electrical
Circuit Loads
Breaker
Circuit Status/control
20 kW Breaker signals paths to/from
Wind electrical loads
Energy Master
Source System
INVERTER Controller Status/control signal
Rectification paths to/from thermal
and Filtering loads
DC Bus
Charge/Discharge
Regulator
Building
Heat
Energy 200 kW Recovery Thermal
Storage Fuel Cell Loads
11
A Campus Microgrid System
Dormitory A Dormitory B Administrative

Isolating Device (opens
during micro-grid mode) Building
Campus Owned
500 kVA 500 kVA 300 kVA Distribution (13.2 kV)
Utility System
Primary Connection
(13.2 kV)
Utility System To Other 75 kVA

Voltage
Interface Control Campus
Regulator
Generator
(Synchronization, fault
Step Up Loads
protection, islanding detection,
Student Academic
etc.) Transformer Heat Distribution Union Building B
Paralleling Bus (4.8 kV)
Communication & Control Signal Path
Generator
Protection 1.75 1.75 1.75 Academic Building A
MVA 300
and Control MVA MVA
800 kVA kVA
Gen Gen Gen
Load
control
Heat Recovered Heat Distribution

from ICE Units
12
Microgrid Design Parameters
Urban Rural Non-Utility Remote /

Utility Utility Microgrids Island
 Number of customers served Microgrids Microgrids Microgrids
 Physical length of circuits and types Commercial /

Industrial Clusters
Remote
Planned Communities
of loads to be served Application
Downtown Islanding
University Campus
and Loads
Areas
 Voltage levels to be used Load Support

Residential
Development
Geographical
Islands
 Feeder configuration (looped, Improved Reliability;

Reliability and
Power Quality Electrification of
networked, radial) Main Drivers Outage Management;
Enhancement; Remote Areas
Renewable and CHP Integration
Energy Efficiency;
 Types of distributed energy

Improved Reliability;
resources utilized Fuel Diversity;
Premium Power
Quality;
Supply
Availability
Congestion Management;
Benefits CHP Integration;
Greenhouse Gas Reduction;
 AC or DC microgrid Upgrade Deferral;
Demand Response
Management
Integration of
Renewables
Ancillary Services
 Heat-recovery options Grid- Primary Mode of

Primary Mode of Operation Never
Connected Operation
 Desired power quality and reliability
Nearby faults or
levels System Disturbances
Nearby faults or System
Intentional Disturbances
 Methods of control and protection Islanding
Approaching Storms
Times of Peak
Energy Prices
Always Islanded
 Controllers Approaching Storms
Source: Johan Driesen and Farid Katiraei, “Design for Distributed Energy Resources,” IEEE Power & Energy Magazine,
May/June 2008
13
Microgrid Design Elements
• Are the fault contributions from • Are DERs able to regulate the voltage and
DERs sufficient to allow frequency within the island?
satisfactory operation of • Any issues with parallel grid operation?
protection systems? • How is re-synchronization checked
• Are existing protection schemes against criteria such as out-of-phase, large
adequate? change in voltage?
Microgrids
Need a microgrid controller
Plan, design, operate, control, monitor and optimize seamlessly

14
Microgrid Detailed Technical Design
Site Descriptions
Microgrid Project Objectives
Design Basis and Rationale
Performance Criteria
• Electrical & Thermal Needs
• Generation Assets
• Critical Load Needs
• Power Distribution Equip.
DER & Microgrid Controller

Control Needs
Communication Needs
Codes & Standards
15
DER Characterization
Renewables Fossil Fuels Tech
▪ Solar Photovoltaics ▪ Boiler Electric Storage
▪ Solar Thermal ▪ Fuel Cell
• Aggregate capacity of all units (kwh)
Microturbine
▪ Wind Solar
▪ Microturbine Photovoltaics
• Maximum charge rate
• Max Power (kW) • #Genset
▪ NG of modules
(fraction of total capacity charge in one hour)
• Sprint capacity (% of power) • Module
▪ Diesel Electric Vehicles
rating (kW DC)
(backup)
•
Maximum discharge rate
• # of sprint hours (hours) • Module •Size Multiple
(m2) locations
(fraction of total capacity discharge per hour)
• Fuel type • Efficiency • (%)
Min connect/disconnect SOC
Energy Storage Thermal
• Minimum stateTech
of charge
• Efficiency (ratio) • Inverter•size Max(kW charge
AC) hours
▪ Electrical (Power, Energy) • Charge
▪ Heat Pumpefficiency
• CHP capable? (yes/no) • Total land • area
Battery
(m2) size
▪ Thermal (Chiller, Refrig.) ▪ CHP
• Discharge efficiency
• Alpha (power to heat ratio) • Efficiency
----------------------------------
▪ HVACR
• Decay/self-discharge (fraction of total capacity per
• NOx emissions rate (kg/hr) • Capital •costDecay
($)
▪ Solar hour)
Thermal
• Maximum annual operating hours (hours) Lifetime• (years)
• ----------------------------------
etc.
• Minimum loading (% of power) • • O&M
Fixedfixed
costcosts
($) ($/year) SOC
---------------------------------- • • O&M variable
Variable Costcosts
($/kw($/year/kW)
or $/kwh)
• Capital cost ($) Other
• Lifetime (years)
• Lifetime (years) ▪ Electric Vehicles Disconnect
• O&M fixed costs ($/year)
Connect
• O&M fixed costs ($/year)
• O&M variable costs ($/year/unit)
• NOx treatment costs ($/kg)
t
16
Variable Distributed Energy Assets within Microgrid
Source: PNNL
17
Key Considerations in Design for Energy Storage
 Standby Power Loss

– Storage is primarily needed
when the microgrid is islanded
– Standby power loss will reduce
the efficiency of the microgrid
• Response time
– For seamless transition, response
time must be very fast
– This is more than just battery
response time – communications
latency and control functions also
play a role
18
Isochronous / Droop Modes of Operation
 Isochronous - Isochronous control
mode means that the frequency (and
voltage) of the electricity generated is
held constant, and there is zero
generator droop.
 Droop Control Mode - strategy
commonly applied to generators for
frequency control (and occasionally
voltage control) to allow parallel
generator operation (e.g. load sharing).
 For grid-tied microgrids – all the DG
and storage resources operate in
droop mode and the utility is the
isochronous generator reference.
 For off-grid microgrids – one
generating unit is designated to run in
isochronous mode and all other follow
in droop mode. Larger units and
higher inertia prime movers are
normally the reference machine. PV
inverters are nearly always operating in
droop mode. Battery inverters may
operate either way when generating.
19
Controller Integration
20
Source: EPRI DOE SHINES Project © 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Microgrid Technical Challenges : Protection
 Not enough short-circuit current in Microgrid mode for

protection to sense and operate
– Voltage-based protection was recommended : No
need for multiple settings group to support grid or
islanded operation
 May require additional equipment and change in
protection settings.
 Insulation coordination could be an issue
 Microgrid operation may result in loss of effective ground
reference
Keeping protection scheme simple translates into improved

dependability as well as much simpler analysis in the event of
misoperation
21
For a small microgrid: need to understand the load
Daily, from hourly to cycles in single family residence Knoxville, TN
8.0 kWmax 10.7 kWmax

85.1 kWh 85.1 kWh
44% Load factor 33%
14.8 kWmax 26.2 kWmax

85.1 kWh 85.1 kWh
24% 14%
22
PQ Enhancements Possible
Instant Islanding to mitigate campus

interruptions caused by feeder faults
Proactive islanding due to “expected” feeder
interruption or voltage sag (e.g. approaching
lightning storm)
Partial voltage sag mitigation by means of DG
voltage support during fault!
Improved local voltage flicker and regulation
due to lower impedance of power system
23
Low Voltage Ride-Through
 No low voltage ride-through requirements in the current IEEE
Std1547-2003 version (or the amendments)
 A full revision of the 1547 is under way – inclusion of ride-through
requirements is considered
 The CA Rule 21 ride-through requirements will likely inform the IEEE
Std 1547 ride-through requirements
The inverter must stop

producing power but be ready
to produce power again if the
voltage starts to normalize
before the inverter is allowed
to
24
trip © 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Dynamic Models and Controls
25
Micro-Grid Switching - MV vs LV
From Utility
From Utility
Typical Main Switch 12 kV
Typical Main Switch 12 kV
MV-CB
MV-CB
Point Of
Control
12 kV JC
Jn. Box 12 kV
Service 12 kV/
Service 12 kV/ Xfmr 208V
Xfmr 208V
LV-CB LV-CB
Point Of
Control
Building Building Building
Load Load PV
26
Micro-Grid Switching at MV Level
From Utility Approach:
Typical Main Switch 12 kV  Circuit breakers are available only at 12kV main
ring. No 12kV circuit breakers downstream.
MV-CB
 Each circuit breaker controls a group of
Point Of transformers/buildings.
Control
 Control is at the group level. No individual
Jn. Box 12 kV control at building level
Consequences:
 Switching OFF a transformer on 12kV side
disconnects both building loads and connected
PV. This results in loss of generation (PV on non
critical buildings) when resources are needed
Service 12 kV/ during islanded operation.
Xfmr 208V
 This design necessitates permanently assigning
buildings as critical and non-critical. It is not
possible to reassign them later.
Building  12KV switching could cause high transformer
Load
inrush currents during black start. Mitigating
equipment may be required if storage inverters
are not able to handle this high inrush current.
27
Micro-Grid Switching at LV
From Utility
Approach:
Typical Main Switch 12 kV  Control is shifted to the Low Voltage side.
MV-CB
 Transformers are connected to buildings through
Low Voltage distribution boards.
 This creates the ability to separately control loads
JC and generation within the buildings.
12 kV
Consequences:
 No loss of generation (PV on non critical
buildings) when loads are disconnected during
islanded operation.
Service 12 kV/
Xfmr 208V  Ability to reassign buildings as critical / non-
critical as and when needed.
LV-CB LV-CB
 As loads are disconnected from the LV side it is
Point Of
Control possible to reestablish the MV ring through soft
Building Building start with all transformers connected. This could
Load PV
reduce inrush current significantly.
28
Transformer inrush current and its impact
 Inrush current during the energizing could be much higher than

the full rated current. It is short lived – a few cycles only.
 Inrush currents can be as high as 6 and 18 times the rated
current. Magnitude of inrush current depends on several factors –
e.g.
– Primary voltage
– Transformer saturation curve
– Short circuit capacity of the network – lower the short circuit level, lower
the inrush current
 Impact
– Inrush currents are reactive and can cause voltage drops
– Inrush currents do not normally pose any challenge in grid connected
mode as rotary generators are designed to handle these high currents
– However inverters are not designed to carry these. Typically they can
handle up to 2 to 3 times their rated current but not more.
29
Transformer Energizing: Equivalent Circuit
The short-circuit strength of the circuit determines the

magnitude of the inrush current during transformer energizing.
In differential equation: 𝜕l(𝑖, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑖(𝑡)

𝑣𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑍𝑠 𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑋𝑙𝑘 𝑖 𝑡 +
𝜕𝑖(𝑡) 𝜕𝑡
l(𝑖, 𝑡) = the total magnetic flux linkage
𝑖 𝑡 = inrush current when energized
In a strong system, 𝑍𝑠 is small. The inrush current 𝑖 𝑡 will be larger.

In a weak system, 𝑍𝑠 is large. The inrush current 𝑖 𝑡 will be smaller.
30
Transformer Core Saturation Characteristics: I-V
31
Transformer Energizing: Full-Voltage Energizing
With a Typical Saturation Curve
 Transformer is unloaded energized at bus full voltage. Short-
circuit strength is x
 1.5 MVA, 12.47 kV/480V, 5.07%
Short-circuit capacity at 12.47 kV bus = 300 MVA
(for now - Ygnd Ygnd)
Short-circuit capacity at 12.47 kV bus = 30 MVA
 Rated transformer
4.6x
current = 70 Arms = 98 Apk
3.5x
32
Transformer Energizing: Full-Voltage Energizing
With a Very Flat Saturation Curve
 Transformer is unloaded energized at bus full voltage.
 1.5 MVA, 12.47 kV/480V, 5.07% (for now - Ygnd Ygnd)
 Ratedcapacity
Short-circuit transformer current
at 12.47 kV bus = 300 MVA= 70 Short-circuit
Arms =capacity98 Apk
at 12.47 kV bus = 30 MVA
20x
9x
33
Design Analysis Load Analysis
unacceptable
voltage
overvoltage
DER Sizing & Design Microgrid Controller

limits Architecture & Design
Load Only time 

Watts
Load and PV
Design Analysis
Impedance  Approach
Location √
no impact • Steady State load flow Relay
desensitization
• System Dynamic
Current
unserved energy
• Harmonics
Energy
case by case
Energy exceeding
normal
look needed
• Flicker
Time 
Location X
• Controls
Potential risk
• Operation seq. Impedance 
Distribution System Modeling, • Fault Current

Simulation & Optimization • Black Start Protection & Reliability
34
Microgrid Design Analysis
Commissioning
Data Collection Modeling Impact Studies
& Operation
o Network models o Scenarios o Steady state o Model validation

• Load types o Model validation o Fault analysis o Real time ops &
• DER types
o Grid impact o Protection monitoring
• Operation
o Stability studies
o Protection info
35
Key interests
Load flow
• Is the micro grid gen(s) is enough to support the islanded load?

• Verify compliance to planning & voltage stability requirements
Protection analysis
• Is existing protection adequate?

• If not, try various options
Dynamic studies
• Events (loss of large load, load step & fault clearing capabilities)
• Fault Ride Through capabilities of various inverter-based DERs
36
Detailed Design Analysis – Tools
Source: LBNL Paper LBNL-6708E
A variety of MC capabilities
requires a variety of models to
understand
• Performance
• Grid interaction
• System Protection Scheme
Impact
OpenDSS/Grid Lab D/DEW
PSCAD/EMTP-RV/MATLAB DesignBase
DIGSILENT
All
PSS/SINCAL
CYMDIST
Need to apply a consistent modeling
SynerGEE
framework
Allow existing models to feed new analysis Transient Dynamic
Time-Series
Analysis/Slow
Time-Series
Analysis/SS Steady State
Dynamics Steps
Microseconds Milliseconds Seconds Minutes Hours Days
37
Available Tools
Software Tool Affiliated Org. Tool Type
CYMDIST CYME International T&D Inc. Planning and simulation of distribution networks,
including load flow, short-circuit, and network
optimization analysis.
DER-CAM Lawrence Berkeley National Techno-economic tool for microgrid design and
Laboratory (LBNL) operation.
DesignBase Power Analytics Broad platform for electrical system design, simulation,
and optimization.
EMTP-RV POWERSYS Solutions Power system transients simulation, load flow,
harmonics.
EUROSTAG Tractebel Engineering GDF Power system dynamics simulation; full range of
Suez transient, mid- and long-term stability; steady-state
load flow computation.
GridLAB-D Pacific Northwest National Distribution system simulation and analysis.
Laboratory (PNNL)
HOMER Homer Energy LLC, National Techno-economic tool for microgrid design and
Renewable Energy operation.
Laboratory (NREL)
OpenDSS Electric Power Research Distribution system simulation and analysis.
Institute (EPRI)
PowerFactory DIgSILENT GmbH Power system analysis tool for load flow and
harmonics in transmission, distribution, and industrial
networks.
PSCAD Manitoba HVDC Research Power system transient simulation, load flow
Center simulation.
PSS/E Siemens Power Technologies Load flow, dynamic analysis, and harmonic analysis of
International (Siemens PTI) utility and industrial networks.
38
Simulation Tools - Comparison
Study Power
Power Flow, Short Relay Arc Harmonic Transient Dynamic Quasi Steady-
Flow,
unbalanced Circuit Coordination Flash Analysis Analysis Analysis State Analysis
Tool balanced
EMTP-RV,
Simulink,
PSCAD
Aspen, Cape
DesignBase,
PowerFactory
PSLF, PSS/E
OpenDSS
GridLAB-D
Best choice
Can be done, but not preferred choice
Cannot be done
39
Case # 1:Protection Case Studies
(Mohamed El Khatib)
Renewable Based Microgrids
40
Case # 2: Rural Radial Community
(Arindam Maitra)
41
Case Study: Two Remote Rural Communities
3.25MW of Load
6.5MW of DG
42
One-line diagram of the 34.5-kV
R55 R173
Existing 34.5 KV Existing
Recloser Recloser 34.5 KV
Plant Load: 5MW

4.8 KV
Plant Load: 1MW
Plant Load: 1.8MW
Wind plant : 6.6 MW
Sync DG:
0.416 MW
Wind Turbine: Type 2 induction generator with rotor resistor control.

This type of turbine needs a stiff transmission grid and a strong synchronous source for stable
operation and can introduce oscillations if it remains connected during islanded operation.
They require external reactive support to maintain voltage, which is typically provided by static
or/and dynamic compensation
43
Case Study: Reliability Assessments In Rural Areas of
New York
Fault Exposure Scenario #1
 Electricity customers in rural areas Proposed

Existing 34.5 KV Proposed Existing
of NY have been experiencing Reclosure Reclosure Reclosure 34.5 KV Reclosure
power outages lasting 10 hours &

longer, which far exceeds the Plant Load: 5MW
Customer Average Interruption 4.8 KV

Proposed
Duration Index (CAIDI) targets Plant Load: 1MW

Proposed
PQ Meter
2 MWHR Energy
Storage
Plant Load: 1.8MW
Proposed
1 MWHR Energy
Storage Wind plant : 6.6 MW
 Average statewide CAIDI target is Sync DG:

0.416 MW
Microgrid 1
~ 2 hours
Fault Exposure Scenario #2
Proposed
34.5 KV Reclosure
Reclosure Reclosure Reclosure
 This problem is due, in part, to the

fact that many remote areas of Plant Load: 5MW
4.8 KV
New York State are fed radially Proposed
PQ Meter
Proposed
2 MWHR Energy
Plant Load: 1MW Storage
and have only a single Plant Load: 1.8MW
transmission or sub-transmission Proposed

1 MWHR Energy
supply line that feeds these areas
Sync DG:
Microgrid 2
0.416 MW
44
Design Study
 Rural electrification in areas with otherwise poor reliability is the key

driver to evaluate microgrid as a possible solution
– Many remote communities are situated in locations without a backup

transmission or sub-transmission connection
– Restoration time is quite high
– Microgrids can play a role in reducing fault investigation time, shorter

outage duration and lower costs for first responders
– Operating remote communities as a microgrid

 Complete transition from grid-connected operation to micro-grid operation
within 15 minutes following the loss of the supply line
 Supply at least 50% of the customers in the Wethersfield and 50%
customers in Orangeville area for at least (8) hrs
45
Case Study: Focus Areas
−Define the Modes of Operations – Based on a permanent fault location

on 34.5 kV supply line and system protection requirements, different microgrid
scenarios are identified. Additional equipment or changes in the circuit
configuration to facilitate stable operation of the microgrids is proposed
−System Protection Study – Identify the required enhancements to

protections system for the area under study during microgrid conditions.
− A high-level protection system design (relay types, communication needs, etc.) that
are needed to accommodate normal and microgrid operation
−Fault Location Study – Develop improved fault locating algorithms for a

utility-supplied distribution circuit
− Emphasis was on 34.5 kV line and underlying 4.8 kV system as well to evaluate the
possible local microgrid effects at the 4.8 kV side.
− Develop improved fault locating algorithms in PSCAD
46
Possible Microgrid Configurations
 Microgrid “OW”: both circuits

operate as a unified microgrid
 Microgrid “W”: Circuit operates as

a standalone microgrid
 Microgrid “O”: Circuit operates as

a standalone microgrid
47
Technical Limitations with Current Protection
Fault Condition # 1:
– Grid Connected Mode: Fault Exposure Scenario #1
 For a permanent fault between Existing 34.5 KV Proposed Existing

Proposed
Reclosure
Reclosure Reclosure Reclosure 34.5 KV
Attica and Orangeville, recloser
R55 will open. Since R55 is the
only upstream recloser both Plant Load: 5MW
4.8 KV
circuits with be out of service Proposed
PQ Meter
Proposed
2 MWHR Energy
Storage
Plant Load: 1MW
 Need for local generation

Plant Load: 1.8MW
Proposed
 Important to isolate the fault

1 MWHR Energy
Sync DG:
Microgrid 1
0.416 MW
– EPRI proposes a new recloser

at Exchange St Rd P122. This
will allow Orangeville and
Wethersfield to be served as
microgrid (“OW”) with energy
storage while the fault is being
cleared
48
Technical Limitations with Current Protection System
(cont.)
Fault Condition # 2: Fault Exposure Scenario #2
– Grid Connected Mode:

Proposed
34.5 KV Reclosure
Reclosure Reclosure Reclosure
 Permanent fault between

recloser R173 and Plant Load: 5MW
Wethersfield, recloser R173 4.8 KV

Proposed
will open to save Wetherfield Plant Load: 1MW
Proposed
PQ Meter
2 MWHR Energy
Storage
Plant Load: 1.8MW
 Isolate the 4.8KV system in Proposed

Wethersfield to prevent back 1 MWHR Energy
feed from Wind farm (& Microgrid W
Energy storage system Sync DG:
0.416 MW
proposed as part of the
microgrid mode)
 In this scenario, Orangeville
and Boxler plant remain
connected to the Attica
substation in “grid-tie” mode.
– EPRI proposes a new recloser
at J197/J199. Wethersfield will
operate as a standalone
microgrid (“W”)
49
Attica 34.5kV R122 (new)
Orangeville Tap
R55
1 3
1
Wind Farm
R173 (Form 6)
New relay
3 - set of 3 wye-gnd
2.5MVA
connected VTs
34.5kV:4.8kV
X 1 – single VT
Wethersfield
storage R199 (new)
1
battery 1
500kVA 3
Beckwith M-3410A Y
Boxler Farm storage
battery 2
50
Permanent fault occurs here
Orangeville Tap
X Wind Farm
R55 R122 R173
X
Wethersfield
R199
500kVA
open
closed
Y
in reclosing
cycle Boxler Farm
Scenario - permanent fault between R55 and R12
51
• X and Y opened by 34.5kV voltage protection before first reclose of R55
• R55 in reclosing cycle
Orangeville Tap
X Wind Farm
R55 R122 R173
X
Wethersfield
R199
500kVA
open
closed
Y
in reclosing Boxler Farm
cycle Scenario - permanent fault between R55 and R12
52
• R55 locks out
Orangeville Tap
X Wind Farm
R55 R122 R173
X
Wethersfield
R199
500kVA
open
closed
Y
53
• R122, R173, and R199 open
Orangeville Tap
X Wind Farm
R55 R122 R173
X
Wethersfield
R199
500kVA
open
closed
Y
54
• Both battery systems come back online and close X & Y
Orangeville Tap
X Wind Farm
R55 R122 R173
X
Wethersfield
R199
500kVA
open
closed
Y
55
• R199 will close using hot bus – dead line
Orangeville Tap
X Wind Farm
R55 R122 R173
X
Wethersfield
R199
500kVA
open
closed
Y
56
• R173 will close using sync-check
• Complete island established
Orangeville Tap
X Wind Farm
R55 R122 R173
X
Wethersfield
R199
500kVA
open
closed
Y
57
• Fault is removed and R55 manually closed
Orangeville Tap
R55 R122 R173 Wind Farm
X
Wethersfield
R199
500kVA
open
closed
Y
58
• R122 closes sync-check
• System normal
Orangeville Tap
R55 R122 R173 Wind Farm
X
Wethersfield
R199
500kVA
open
closed
Y
59
Recommendations - Protections
• 34.5kV protection and control of micro grid scheme is voltage based

• Voltage protection disconnects energy storage batteries prior to entering
microgrid operation
• Voltage protection detects and clears 34.5kV faults that occur during microgrid
operation
• Ferroresonance suppression is prudent for 34.5kV wye-grounded VTs

as well as using VTs with high saturation knee point (e.g. 2.0 per unit)
• Low voltage current based protection (e.g. 4.8kV feeders) will have to be
evaluated based on energy storage devices capability to source fault current
or alternative protection should be investigated – not addressed in this section
• Setting and reclosing setting changes needed on R55 and R173 as well as the
additional protection & control described in this section for microgrid operation
60
Proposed Protection, Monitoring, & Control
Modifications
WNY Wind
Corp. 6.6 MW
Attica Attica Prison Orangeville STA. 19

STA. 12 STA. 34.5 kV
R55 R122 R173
34.5 kV 1.12 mi 6.3 mi 0.2 mi 6.1 mi Vestas TAP
34.5 kV
0.1 mi
J192
Attica Prison
Wethersfield STA. 23
Thevenin equivalent 34.5 kV
source for Orangeville STA. 19
R199
Attica substation 4.8 kV
Orangeville 4.8-kV
PQ48V Wethersfield STA. 23
circuit and load
4.0 mi 4.8 kV
PQ48B
Boxler Farm Wethersfield 4.8-kV
480V, 416 kW Boxler DG circuit and load
4.8 kV
61
Proposed System Level Modifications – Energy Storage
System
Proposed
34.5 KV recloser
recloser recloser recloser
Plant Load: 5MW

4.8 KV
Proposed
Proposed 2 MWHR Energy
Plant Load: 1MW PQ Meter Storage
Plant Load: 1.8MW
Proposed
1 MWHR Energy
Sync DG:
Microgrid OW –
0.416 MW Orangeville & Wethersfield
• 2 Separate ES systems proposed.

− Closer to the Loads at Orangville and Wethersfield
− Valid for independent operations of Orangville and
Wethersfield
62
Fault Location Analysis
WNY Wind
Corp. 6.6 MW
Cooper Form
SEL PG10 Type 6
R55 R122 R173
34.5 kV
0.1 mi
J192
Attica Prison
R199
Orangeville 4.8-kV
circuit and load
4.8 kV
4.0 mi
PQ48B
480V, 416 kW circuit and load
Number of Monitor Samples/cycle Voltage level Actual Fault Circuit Data useful for
events location model fault location
12 R55 4 34.5 kV Unknown ASPEN Yes

OneLiner
10 R173 16 Limited
63
Line Exposed to Faults in Grid Connected Mode
 Scenario G1: Multiple single line-to-ground faults applied in Line Section 1, between reclosers R55 and R122
 Scenario G2: Multiple single line-to-ground faults applied in Line Section 2, between reclosers R173 and R199
 Scenario G3: Multiple line-to-line faults applied in Line Section 3, between PQ48V and PQ48B
WNY Wind
Corp. 6.6 MW

R55 R122 R173
Line Section 1 Line Section 2 34.5 kV
0.1 mi
J192
Attica Prison
R199
Orangeville 4.8-kV
circuit and load
4.8 kV
Section 3
Line
4.0 mi
PQ48B
480V, 416 kW Boxler DG circuit and load
4.8 kV
64
Line Exposed to Faults in Microgrid Operation
 Scenario OW1: Multiple line-to-line faults applied in Line Section 2, between reclosers R173 and R199 (in
Microgrid OW operation)
 Scenario OW2: Multiple line-to-line faults applied in Line Section 3, between PQ48V and PQ48B (in Microgrid
OW operation)
 Scenario O1: Multiple line-to-line faults applied in Line Section 3, between PQ48V and PQ48B (in Microgrid O
operation)
Orangeville STA. 19
34.5 kV
R122 R173
0.2 mi 6.1 mi Vestas TAP
Line Section 2 34.5 kV Orangeville STA. 19
0.1 mi 4.8 kV
J192
Orangeville 4.8-kV
Line Section 3
Wethersfield STA. 23 circuit and load PQ48V
Orangeville STA. 19 34.5 kV Orangeville
4.0 mi
4.8 kV Energy Storage
R199
Orangeville 4.8-kV
Line Section 3
circuit and load PQ48V

Orangeville 4.8 kV
4.0 mi
Energy Storage
PQ48B
Boxler Farm
PQ48B 480V, 416 kW Boxler DG
Boxler Farm Wethersfield 4.8-kV 4.8 kV
480V, 416 kW Boxler DG circuit and load Wethersfield
4.8 kV Energy Storage
“Microgrid OW” “Microgrid O”

65
Fault Location Algorithms Applied in “Grid Connected” Mode
WNY Wind
Corp. 6.6 MW

R55 R122 R173
34.5 kV
Line Section 1 Line Section 2
0.1 mi
J192
Attica Prison
R199
Orangeville 4.8-kV
circuit and load
Line Section 3
4.8 kV
4.0 mi
PQ48B
480V, 416 kW circuit and load
Scenario Algorithms to be Applied during SLG Faults
One-ended methods (R55) Simple reactance, Takagi, Novosel et al.

Line Section 1
Two-ended method (R55, R122) Two-terminal negative-sequence
Line Section 2 One-ended methods (R173) Simple reactance, Takagi, Novosel et al.
One-ended methods (PQ48B) Simple reactance, Takagi, Eriksson

Line Section 3
Two-ended methods (PQ48B, PQ48V) Two-terminal negative-sequence
66
Case # 3: Secondary Network
(Arindam Maitra)
67
Case Study #3: Secondary Network
 Models developed in
OpenDSS, EMTP-RV, &
Power Factory
 Microgeneration types: CHP

behind inverter and PV
 Scenario tested: Small-scale

Distributed CHP units (small
synchronous machine
behind an inverter) + small
scale PV
68
One Line Diagram
69
Scenarios
1. Small-scale Distributed CHP units

(small synchronous machine behind
an inverter) + small scale PV 0.3 MVA
BLDG 7
0.05 MVA 0.3 MVA
BLDG 6
0.05 MVA 0.3 MVA
BLDG 5 0.05 MVA
(5917.44X_10384) (5877.44X_M1048) (5829.44X_10385)
kVA = 314.794 kVA = 222.239 kVA = 182.114
2. Small-scale Distributed CHP units
(small synchronous machine behind Inverter Inverter Inverter Inverter Inverter Inverter
an inverter) + small scale PV +
small scale distributed storage M1049 10385
(44X_10384)
(44X_M1048)
(44X_M1049) (44X_10385)
10384
M1048
3. Large-scale Central CHP unit (large M1047
(44X_M1047)
synchronous machine) + small

scale PV VS8360
(44X_VS8360)
BC3998
4. Large-scale Central CHP unit (large 0.025 MVA
(44X_BC3998)
0.025 MVA
Inverter
Inverter
synchronous machine) + small
scale PV + Large-scale central VS4007
(44X_VS4007)
VS3998
(44X_VS3998)
0.15 MVA 0.15 MVA
storage
Inverter
Inverter
303 Vernon Ave 303 Vernon Ave
(5766.44X_BC3998) (5916.44X_BC3998)
5. 100% Large CHP unit (large kVA = 140.5 kVA = 310.728
synchronous machine)
6. 100% Large CHP unit (large
synchronous machine behind an
inverter)
70
Assumptions
 The LV system is solidly grounded via a dedicated ground link at:

– Distribution supply transformer LV (transformers are Delta-Wye, directly
connected to ground on the secondary side)
– Each LV generator (generators are Y connected to ground)
– LV network protection vaults
 System impedance to ground is maintained at less than 5 ohms

as specified by Client
 The DERs are assumed:

– 3-phase YN connected and the neutral is solidly grounded
– Provide up to 1.8 per unit fault current
– Can sustainably provide fault current, including earth fault current until
fault is cleared or isolated
71
General philosophy used
 Determine the required level of selectivity for different fault scenarios. Generally, this
can be determined by considering the impact to the customers for different grid faults.
 Group parallel cables connecting common LV nodes together into single ’branches’
 Split the Microgrid into separate regions/zones which with appropriate protection
grading will achieve the desired selectivity.
 Ensure LV grid relays protecting branches directly connected to customers trip first to
remove the fault from the remaining healthy grid as quickly as possible
 Ensure some time delay between tripping of customer branches and any
interconnector circuits connecting together main LV nodes
 Ensure customer relays trip last to ensure healthy generation remains in service post
fault
72
High selectivity protection zones
73
Grid Connected Mode – Summer Peak Steady
State Branch Currents and Bus Voltages
From Current Loading
Line ID To Bus
Bus (A) (%)
sec_6643_1 143 17%
sec_6643_2 143 17%
10385 M1047
sec_6644_1 159 20%
sec_6644_2 159 20% Phase A Phase B Phase C
Bus ID
sec_6645_1 129 16% (pu) (pu) (pu)
sec_6645_2 129 16% M1048 0.98 0.98 0.98
sec_6646_1 M1047 M1048 115 14% 10384 0.96 0.96 0.96
sec_6646_2 115 14% 10385 0.97 0.97 0.97
sec_6646_3 115 14% BC3998 0.99 0.99 0.99
sec_6649_1 213 25% M1049 0.96 0.96 0.96
sec_6649_2 M1048 10384 213 25% M1047 0.97 0.97 0.97
sec_6650_1 239 29% VS8360 0.98 0.98 0.98
sec_6651_1 M1049 10384 0 0% VS4007 0.99 0.99 0.99
sec_6751_1 249 29% VS3998 0.99 0.99 0.99
sec_6751_2 BC399 249 29%
M1048
sec_6751_3 8 249 29%
sec_6751_4 249 29%
sec_6754_1 244 29%
sec_6754_2 244 29%
VS8360 M1048
sec_6754_3 244 29%
74
sec_6754_4 244
© 2015 Electric Power29%
Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 74
Summer Peak Steady State and Fault Induced Bus Voltages –
Grid Connected & Islanded
Summer Load Fault @ 10384 Fault @ BC3998 Fault @ M1048
Bus ID Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phas Phas
A B C A B C A B C A eB eC
M1048 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.00 0.00 0.00
10384 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.47 0.47 0.47
In grid connected
10385 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.35 0.35 0.35
mode the0.98
BC3998 bus 0.98 0.98 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.32 0.32
M1047 0.99
voltages of un- 0.99 0.99 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.17 0.17 0.17
VS8360 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.14 0.14 0.14
faulted
VS4007
buses
0.99
are
0.99 0.99 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.55 0.55 0.55
non-zero
VS3998 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.35 0.35 0.35
Summer Load Fault @ 10384 Fault @ BC3998 Fault @ M1048

Bus ID Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase
A B C A B C A B C A B C
M1048 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00
10384 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.05
When
10385
islanded
1.01 1.01 1.01 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.03
the bus voltages
BC3998 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02
are
M1047close1.00
to zero1.00 1.00 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.01
and inadequate
VS8360 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00
for fault location
VS4007 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02
determination
VS3998
75 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02
© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 75
Changes from Grid Connected Mode to Islanded Mode in
Summer Peak Steady State and Fault Induced Phase A Branch
Currents
Summer Fault @
Line ID From Bus To Bus Fault @ 10384 Fault @ M1048
Load BC3998
sec_6643_1 78% -75% -87% -92%
sec_6643_2
When islanded 78% -75% -87% -92%
10385 M1047
sec_6644_1 78% -75% -87% -92%
fault currents
sec_6644_2 78% -75% -87% -92%
decrease
sec_6645_1
for all 78% -75% -87% -92%
3-phase faults
sec_6645_2 78% -75% -87% -92%
When islanded
sec_6646_1 M1047 M1048 78% -75% -87% -92%
sec_6646_2
line loading 78% -75% -87% -92%
sec_6646_3 78% -75% -87% -92%
increases for
sec_6649_1 -31% -82% -85% -90%
most
sec_6649_2
line
M1048 10384 -31% -82% -85% -90%
sections
sec_6650_1 -31% -82% -85% -90%
sec_6751_1 279% -86% -88% -95%
sec_6751_2 279% -86% -88% -95%
M1048 BC3998
sec_6751_3 279% -86% -88% -95%
sec_6751_4 279% -86% -88% -95%
Total Fault Current at the Fault Location (%) -89% -93% -93%
76
Modeling Existing Protection
Typical TCC for a

current-limiting fuse
Used representative curves Curve in power factory
77
Findings and recommendations: Current-Limiting Protection
 Normally the Current limiter (CL) fuse will “melt” when the
current in the fuse element exceeds the current specified by
the fuse’s melt characteristic.
 No enough fault currents from the inverter based gens;

hence there is no compliance to protection standards and
performance metrics during island mode
 Clearly, this type of protection in utilizing current limiters isn’t

sufficient
 Another set of protection strategies need to be adopted

78
Small-scale Distributed CHP units (small
synchronous machine behind an inverter) + small
scale PV
Circuit breakers
Directional-
Overcurrent
• The overcurrent modules and circuit breakers tip-times

depend on the fault-current amplitude
• The appropriate directional modules were set to trip
slightly after the overcurrent models
79
3 Phase Fault @ 10384
80
1
1. D/O module between 10384 and
M1048 trips on overcurrent
2. Circuit breaker at 10384 PCC trips
on overcurrent
81
Isolated
Loads and generators at bus 10384 are

isolated
82
After fault is cleared bus voltages

recover to normal values
83
84
1
on overcurrent
85
Isolated

isolated
86

87
1 Phase Fault (46.6 mΩ) @ 10384
88
1 Phase Fault (46.6 mΩ) @ 10384
1
on overcurrent
89
1 Phase Fault (46.6 mΩ) @ 10384
Isolated

isolated
90
1 Phase Fault (46.6 mΩ) @ 10384

91
Phase-Phase Fault @ 10384
92
1
on overcurrent
93
Isolated

isolated
94

95
Phase-Phase-Ground Fault @ 10384
96
1
on overcurrent
97
Isolated

isolated
98

99
3 Phase Fault @ M1048
100
1 3
1. D/O module between 10384 and M1048 trips on

directional
2
2. D/O module between BC3998 and M1048 trips on
directional
3. D/O module between M1047 and M1048 trips on
overcurrent
4. Circuit breaker at M1048 PCC trips on overcurrent
101
Isolated Isolated Isolated
Loads and generators at all buses are

isolated
Isolated
102
After fault is cleared bus voltages:

1. at 10385 and M1048 are elevated
2. at BC3998 are bellow normal
values
3. at 10384 recover to normal values
103
3 Phase Fault @ BC3998
104
1. D/O module between BC3998 and M1048 trips on

overcurrent
2 2. Circuit breaker at BC3998 PCC trips on
overcurrent
105
Loads and generators at bus BC3998

are isolated
Isolated
106

1. at 10384, 10385 and M1048 are
elevated
2. at BC3998 are bellow normal
values
107
108
1. D/O module between 10385 and M1048 trips on

directional
2. Circuit breaker at 10384 PCC trips on overcurrent
109
Isolated

isolated
110

1. at 10385 are elevated
2. at 10384, M1048, and BC3998 are
bellow normal values
111
Summary
“Microgrids” brings many technical needs: Good PSA tools available
• Network  Grid requirements
• Objective  Controllability
• Scenarios  Monitoring
• Modeling  Reliability
No one-size fits all protection scheme works for all microgrids
Best protection scheme depends on microgrid objective
Continue testing various protection schemes

Action plan
Level of dynamic studies details depends on so many
factors i.e. gen types, operation philosophy etc.
112
Together…Shaping the Future of Electricity
113

8a Maitra Microgrid Design Consideration

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Microgrid Design

Dr. Arindam Maitra, EPRI

 Optimization of microgrid design is challenging and

Customer Utility Assets

 Community/City/Utility and Network Microgrids: Improve reliability of critical

 Public Institutional Microgrids: Improve reliability and lower energy consumptions at

 Rural Microgrid Communities: Remote microgrid communities are typically connected

“Islanded” campus area

DG trip settings for DG coordinated to allow

House 1 House 2 House 3

Utility System 50 KVA House 4 House 5 House 6

Serves as Isolation Point

Dormitory A Dormitory B Administrative

Utility System To Other 75 kVA

Heat Recovered Heat Distribution

Urban Rural Non-Utility Remote /

 Physical length of circuits and types Commercial /

 Voltage levels to be used Load Support

 Feeder configuration (looped, Improved Reliability;

 Types of distributed energy

 Heat-recovery options Grid- Primary Mode of

 Controllers Approaching Storms

Need a microgrid controller

Plan, design, operate, control, monitor and optimize seamlessly

Microgrid Project Objectives

Design Basis and Rationale

DER & Microgrid Controller

 Standby Power Loss

 Not enough short-circuit current in Microgrid mode for

Keeping protection scheme simple translates into improved

8.0 kWmax 10.7 kWmax

44% Load factor 33%

14.8 kWmax 26.2 kWmax

Instant Islanding to mitigate campus

The inverter must stop

 Inrush current during the energizing could be much higher than

The short-circuit strength of the circuit determines the

In differential equation: 𝜕l(𝑖, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑖(𝑡)

In a strong system, 𝑍𝑠 is small. The inrush current 𝑖 𝑡 will be larger.

DER Sizing & Design Microgrid Controller

Load Only time 

Distribution System Modeling, • Fault Current

o Network models o Scenarios o Steady state o Model validation

• Is the micro grid gen(s) is enough to support the islanded load?

• Is existing protection adequate?

Microseconds Milliseconds Seconds Minutes Hours Days

Can be done, but not preferred choice

Renewable Based Microgrids

Plant Load: 5MW

Plant Load: 1MW

Plant Load: 1.8MW

Wind plant : 6.6 MW

Wind Turbine: Type 2 induction generator with rotor resistor control.

 Electricity customers in rural areas Proposed

power outages lasting 10 hours &

Customer Average Interruption 4.8 KV

Duration Index (CAIDI) targets Plant Load: 1MW

 Average statewide CAIDI target is Sync DG:

 This problem is due, in part, to the

transmission or sub-transmission Proposed

 Rural electrification in areas with otherwise poor reliability is the key

– Many remote communities are situated in locations without a backup

– Restoration time is quite high

– Microgrids can play a role in reducing fault investigation time, shorter