Carbohydratesccdzrssesrze

 Main substrates in cellular respirationexre

 Energy sources and food storage in animal and plants
 Building block in celullar components. Etc:cell wall, cell membrane

Class of carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharidesssse
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides1 Commented [1]:

Monosaccharides
 Simplest sugar with general formula (CH20)n, where n is the number of carbon atom

Classified based on:

1. Number of carbon skeleton (Number of atom C)
 Triose (3C)
 Pentose (5C)
 Hexose (6C)

2. Location of carbonyl group

 Aldose: Carbonyl group at the end of carbon skeleton
 Ketose: Carbonyl group in the middle of carbon skeleton

Two types of glucose:

 a-glucose
 B-glucose

Alpha: Hydroxyl group on carbon atom 1 project below ring

Beta: Hydroxyl group on carbon atom 1 project above ring Alpha: awal-ii sama

Properties of monosaccharides: Beta: berselang seli

1. Sweet tasting
2. Soluble in water
3. Can be crystallized
4. Reducing sugar- because they have free carbonyl group

1
DISACCHARIDES
 Consist two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage through condensation process
 Disaccharides also can be separates to its monosaccharides through hydrolysis process
 Example of disaccharides
Maltose Sucrose Lactose
Monomers a-glucose, a-glucose Glucose, Fructose Glucose, Galactose
Source Grains Sugar Cane Mamalian milk

 The process that show formation of maltose

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 The process show hydrolysis of maltose

Type of bond: a-1,4 glycosidic linkage

 All disaccharides is reducing sugar except sucrose. Sucrose not reducing sugar because
sucrose has no free reducing sugar.
 Properties of disaccharides
1. Sweet in tasting
2. Soluble in water
3. Can be crystallized
POLYSACCHARIDES
 Polymer that consist many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage through
condensation process
 Properties of polysaccharides
1. Large molecule
2. All are insoluble in water except for glycogen
3. All are easily hydrolysed except cellulose

Starch

 Two types of starch

1. Amylose
2. Amylopectin
 Monomers : a-glucose
 Function : major storage carbohydrates in plants
 Bond:
Amylose Amylopectin
a-1,4 glycosidic linkage a-1,4 glycosidic linkage
a-1,6 glycosidic linkage
Unbranched Branched
Glycogen

 Monomer: a-glucose
 Function: Major storage of carbohydrates in animal cells and fungi
 Bond:
1. a-1,4 glycosidic linkage
2. a-1,6 glycosidic linkage
 Highly branches

Why starch and glycogen is suitable for energy storage?

 Large and compact molecules/ high energy molecules

 Easily hydrolyzed
 Starch is insoluble in water and thus enables to be stored in large amount without affecting
water potential of cell (but glycogen is soluble in water)
Cellulose

 Monomer: B-glucose
 Function: Structure component for cell wall in plants, make cell wall very stable
 Bond: B-1,4 glycosidic linkage
 Unbranched

Why cellulose is suitable materials for cell wall?

 Because cellulose is rigid due to adjacent chains linked by hydrogen
 Give support and give shape to plant cell

 Cellulose cannot be digested by human

 Because human do not have microvibes that can produce cellulace to breakdown B-1,4
glycosidic linkage