Chapter 8

�Chemical bond - whenever two atoms or ions are strongly attached to each other

Types of chemical bonds

�Ionic bond - electrostatic forces that exist between ions of opposite charge.
� result from interaction of metals and non metals
(See ionization energy and electron affinity w/c tend to lose or gain electron)
lattice energy- energy required to completely separate a mole of a solid ionic compound into
its gaseous ions
✏ lattice energy increases as the charges on the ions increase and as their radii decrease
in transition metals, they lose the valence shell s electron first then as many d electrons as are
reqd to reach the charge of ion
E.g. Magnesium oxide, Potassium dichromate, Nickel (II) oxide
�Covalent bond - results fro sharing of electrons between two atoms
� non metallic elements with each other
E.g. Sulfur, Bromine, Sucrose
�Metallic bonds - found in metals
� bonding electrons are free to move throughout the 3D structure of metal
� high electrical conductivity and luster
E.g. Gold, Copper, Magnesium

�Lewis Symbols
� valence electrons - electrons involved in chemical bonding; mostly those residing in the
outermost occupied shell of an atom
✏Lewis electron-dot symbols/ lewis symbol - consists of chemical symbol for element plus a
dot for each valence electron

� Octet Rule - Atoms tend to gain or lose electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence
electrons
Exceptions occurs when:
1. Molecule has an odd number of electrons
2. It is not possible to complete an octet around an atom without forcing an unfavorable
distribution of electrons
3. Large atom is surrounded by sufficiently Large number of small electronegative atoms that has
more than an octet of electrons around it.

�bond length - distance between the nuclei of the atoms

�bond polarity - sharing of electrons between atoms
� nonpolar covalent bond - electrons are shared equally between two atoms
✏ when electronegativity of atoms are equal
� polar covalent bond - one atom exerts a greater attraction for bonding electrons than the other
✏ the greater the difference in electronegativity between two atoms, the more polar their bond
�Electronegativity - ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself.

�dipole - produced when a distance separates two electrical charges of equal magnitude but
opposite sign.
Dipole moment - quantitative measure of a dipole, reported as debyes (D)

� Drawing lewis structure

1. Sum the valence electrons from all atoms
2. Write symbols of the atom and connect them with a single bond
3. Complete octets
4. Place any left over to the central atom
5. If there are not enough, try !multiple bonds

�Formal charge - charge the atom would have if all the atoms have the same electronegativity
�calculatwed by subtracting the number of electrons assigned to the atom from the number of
valence electrons in the isolated atom
� equals the charge of overall change on the ion
� they to not represent charges of the atom

�Resonance structures - placement of atom in alternative

� bond enthalpy- enthalpy change to break the bond in one mole of particular gas
� Always positive; the greater the value the stronger the bond

☝ as the number of bonds between two atoms increases, the bond grows shorter and stronger

✏ atomization - methane is decomposed to its five atoms