FREE FALL  Symbol: d = m, km, m, inch, mm, cm, ft

(standard unit)
An object is in free fall if and only if its motion is limited
to the following conditions: VELOCITY

 Gravity is the only force that acting upon it.  Symbol: v

 It is moving up or down.
v = change in displacement = d
Acceleration due to gravity
change in time t
 How fast your speed changes as you fall
TIME
 9.8 m/s*

Air Resistance  Scalar

 Symbol: t = s, min, hr, day, weeks, month
 Is a force other than a gravity (standard unit)
3 factors that increases air influence ACCELERATION
 Smaller weight  Symbol: a = m/s* (standard unit)
 Larger surface area
 Longer fall time Acceleration = change in velocity = v

What goes up must come down (due to gravitational change in time t

pull) Summary
ORBITING  In a vaccum, all objects fall at the same speed.
 you move sideways  Heavier objects are faster than light objects,
due to air resistance
 direction of the object during free fall
EQUATIONS
TERMINAL VELOCITY
 d = vit + gt*\ vi: Initial velocity
 The moment the force exerted by
drag equals by force of gravity that 2 vf: Final velocity
object will stop accelerating and
maintain a constant of terminal  vf* = vi2 + 2gd d: distance
velocity  vf = vi + gt t: time

FACTORS WHY SPEED AND VELOCITY

ARE CONSTANT PROBLEMS
 Displacement (distance & direction) 1. The time a male bungee jumper is freely falling
 Time is 1.5s
To a skydiver’s speed as he is falling. (reach a terminal  What is the velocity of the jumper at the end of
velocity due to air resistance) 1.5s
 How far does he fall?
Object moving under the influence of gravity only!

Properties

DISPLACEMENT

 Distance and direction travelled

 Velour – with direction
 Scalar – without direction (ex: distance)
 PROJECTILE MOTION
2. A juggler toss three balls alternately vertically  an object moves along a curved path under
upward. Each ball has an initial velocity of 10
the influence of gravity.
m/s
 How high does each ball rise?
 How long each ball remains in the air?
 Two-dimensional motion of an object:
(independent of each other)

o Vertical

o Horizontal

 y – direction
velocities and time
in the air are
identical

Types of Projectile Motion:

3.Vincent drops a stone from the bridge 25 m above the
water Horizontal

 With what velocity does it hit the water?  Motion of a ball rolling
freely along a level
surface
 Horizontal velocity is
ALWAYS constant
(Gravity DOES NOT work
horizontally to increase
or decrease the
velocity.)
 x ; cos

4.A brick falls freely from a high scaffold and hits the Vertical
ground after 3.5s
 Motion of a freely falling object
 How high is the scaffold?
 Force due to gravity
 What is the velocity of the brick upon hitting
 Vertical component of velocity changes with
the ground?
time
 y ; sin
 Both the MAGNITUDE and DIRECTION change.
As the projectile moves up the MAGNITUDE
DECREASES and its direction is UPWARD. As it
moves down the MAGNITUDE INCREASES and
the direction is DOWNWARD.

Parabolic
  Path traced by an object accelerating only in the  Units: N.s
vertical direction while moving at constant
horizontal velocity PROBLEMS

What two factors would affect projectile motion? 1. Calculate the momentum of baseball that has a
mass of 2kg and is moving at a rate of 30 m/s to
o Angle the right?
o Initial velocity

 “ Mabilis kapag upward, while mabagal kapag 2. A car and a truck are both moving at a speed of
downward.” 20 m/s southward along EDSA. If a momentum
 If negative, it is because of the direction of the of this car is 30,000 kg m/s and the truck is 100,
projectile motion. 000 kg m/s, what is their masses?
 Upward +
 Downward –
 Height is lower, higher angle
 Lesser angle, higher range

IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM

 Inertia – tendency to resist motion 3. How much force acts on a car if its change in
 Mass – will affect momentum is 8s in 12,000 kg m/s?
 Law of Inertia – an object at rest will remain at
rest unless there’s a force acting upon it
 Greater the mass, greater the inertia
 Lesser the mass, lesser the inertia

MOMENTUM

 The motion of inertia

4. Peter hits a 0.05 kg golf ball giving it a speed of
 Variable: p 65 m/s. What is the impulse does he impart to
 momentum = mass x velocity the ball?
 p = mv
 Units: kg.m/s
 Objects which aren’t moving have no velocity,
and therefore have no momentum

After Collision:

 Both moving
 Momentum is constant
 Mass will affect the damage of collision 5. A car that slows down uniformly from 20 m/s to
5 m/s has an impulse of 30,000 kg m/s.
IMPULSE
Determine the mass of the car.
 The change in momentum of an object due to a
force that is applied during a period of time
 Variable: J
 impulse = force x time
 J = Ft
IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM THEOREM

 Impulse is equal to a change in momentum

 J = Dp
 OR
 Ft = D(mv)

Impulses are greater when the object bounces (It takes

additional impulse to stop an object and send it back in
the opposite direction)
ENERGY TRANSFORMATION
TYPES OF COLLISIONS
Forms of Energy:
COLLISION Kinetic Energy
 Whenever an object in motion comes into  Is a type of energy possessed by an object by
contact with another object virtue of its motion
 In any collision, linear momentum is  Motion Energy, Heat Energy, Radiant Energy,
conserved Sound Energy and Electrical Energy
 m 1 + v2 = m2 + v2 Potential Energy
ELASTIC COLLISION  Is a type of energy possessed by an object
because of its position.
 The objects involved remain separate
 Gravitational Energy, Chemical Energy, Nuclear
 Total kinetic energy and momentum are Energy and Mechanical Energy
conserved
CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL
INELASTIC COLLISION
ENERGY
 Object stick together an usually become
 Greater Height, Greater Potential Energy
distorted and generate heat
(energy at rest)
PERFECTLY INELASTIC COLLISION  PE = mgh – (m) / kgm x m/s*
 KE = ½ mv2
 The objects become one mass
 Depends on mass and velocity MECHANICAL ENERGY
 “stick together”
 Sum of potential and kinetic energy
 p 1 + p2 = ptotal
 ME = PE + KE
 m1 + v1 + m2 + v2 =(m1 + m2) vf
 PE = KE
 Total momentum is conserved
 At highest point, PE is maximum
 Kinetic energy is not conserved
 At lowest point, KE is maximum
m 1 x m2 + m2 x v2 = mtotal vcommon  To overcome gravity, greater height

No stick type of collision WORK

Stick type of collision  is a product of displacement and force
 “gumagawa ng work (-)”
 “nagrereceive (+)”

THERMODYNAMICS
  study of Law of Energy  D = distance in water
 Unit = J (joule)
FIRST LAW

 energy is not created or destroyed

 Endo – heat is being absorbed THERMODYNAMICS
 Exo – heat is being released
 Generation
Entropy = disorder  Transmission and Distribution
 Consumption
SECOND LAW
Ex
 The entropy of the universe is always
increasing  Hydroelectric plant
 Lower entropy – solid  Geothermal Plant
 Greater entropy – liquid
Water and Wind (renewable)
THIRD LAW
 Non Renewable (limited supply)
 A perfectly crystalline solid at an absolute  Renewable
zero has an entropy of zero
Flow
Internal Energy (v)
1. Generating plant (steam of the earth)
Heat (Q) 2. Transmission Lines
3. Substations
Work (w)
Transformers – it controls the voltage
HEAT
4. Distribution Lines
 is the energy transferred from one object to
another due to their temperature Delivering electricity to consumers
difference 5. Consumption
 conduction
Factors that affect electricity
Where
 Outdated
 Q = heat in joule, calorie
Greater heat, greater pressure
 M = mass in grams
 C = specific heat capacity, J/g - C Geothermal Plant
 T = change in temperature
1. Renewable
 1 cal = 4. 184 joule
2. Clean
WORK 3. Sustainable

 The energy transferred when an object is National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP)
moved against force
 W=FxD
Where

 W = work in joule
 F = force in newton