Escala BBCH

Etapas de desarrollo de las plantas
monocotiledóneas y dicotiledóneas
BBCH Monografia
Etapas de desarrollo de las plantas
monocotiledóneas y dicotiledóneas
BBCH
Monografia
editado por Uwe Meier
Instituto Julius Kühn (JKI, siglas en alemán)

Quedlinburg, 2018
DOI: 10.5073/20180906-075743
ISBN: 978-3-95547-069-2
Título gráfico: Vecteezy.com
Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons

Atribución 4.0 Internacional
Este trabajo es un extracto de:
Meier, Uwe: Growth stages of mono- and dicotyledonous plants = Entwicklungsstadien
mono- und dikotyler Pflanzen = Estadios de las plantas mono- y dicotiledóneas = Sta-
des phénologiques des mono- et dicotylédones cultivées. Berlin [u.a.] 1997. Blackwell.
El contenido científico es idéntico. Para un mejor manejo, la edicíón de 1976 fue

digitalizada, dividida en cuatro partes según el idioma respectivo y nuevamente
ensamblado. Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0
Internacional (CC BY 4.0).
Obras relacionadas:
Growth stages of mono- and dicotyledonous plants

DOI: 10.5073/20180906-074619
ISBN: 978-3-95547-071-5
Entwicklungsstadien mono- und dikotyler Pflanzen

DOI: 10.5073/20180906-075119
ISBN: 978-3-95547-070-8
Stades phénologiques des mono- et dicotylédones cultivées

DOI: 10.5073/20180906-075455
ISBN: 978-3-95547-072-2
Titular de derechos:
Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI)
Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen
Erwin-Baur-Straße 27
06485 Quedlinburg (Deutschland)
E-Mail:
bibliothek@julius-kuehn.de
3
Prefacio
Al igual que todas las disciplinas cientificas, tambien la fitologia agraria esta muy entrelazada con sus
disciplinas parciales, volviendose a la vez mas internacional. EI intercambio de ideas nuevas y el trabajo
cooperativo en proyectos cientificos internacionales supone que las personas vinculadas usen un
vocabulario cientifico comun. Uno de los vocabularios comunes necesarios, es la descripci6n uniforme de
los estadios de crecimiento de las plantas, basada en sus caracterfsticas fenol6gicas.
La agricultura, la meteorologia agraria y las aseguradoras agricolas usan estadios feno-16gicos de
plantas con objetivos diferentes. Tambien las ciencias botanicas aplicadas usan estadios de desarrollo
fenol6gicos.
La presente obra sobre la descripci6n de los estadios de desarrollo de plantas con su respectiva
codificaci6n, tiene como meta servir a los diferentes objetivos antes mencionados. De gran importancia es la
aparici6n de esta obra en cuatro idiomas, para asi contribuir a reducir las barreras de comunicaci6n
lingufsticas. De esta manera satisface en forma particular a la hoy presente interdependencia entre la
ciencia, el comercio, la producci6n y los servicios.
La obra es un trabajo en conjunto entre cientificos de diferentes autoridades agrfcolas estatales y
cientificos de compaflias quimicas con departamentos de investigaci6n y desarrollo agricola. Es de esperar,
que la fructifera cooperaci6n, en la cual todos los participantes incluyeron su larga experiencia cientffica,
sirva para mejorar las decisiones cientificas y practicas asi como para poder promover la cooperaci6n
internacional.
Prof. Dr. F. Klingauf
Presidente del Institute Federal Biol6gico para Agricultura y Silvicultura, Berlin y Braunschweig
4
Agradecimientos
La realizaci6n de la presente obra tue posible debido a la iniciativa comun de/ lnstituto para Horticultura y
Floricultura en Grossbeeren/ Erfurt, Alemania (IGZ), de/ lnstituto Federal de Variedades (BSA) de la Republica
Federal de Alemania, de las empresas Hoechst-Schering AgrEvo GmbH, Bayer AG, BASF AG, Novartis AG,
de /a Asociaci6n Alemana de Agroqufmicos (/VA) y del Centro Federal de /nvestigaciones Biol6gicas para
Agricultura y Silvicultura (BBA) de la Republica Federal de Alemania. Estas instituciones y empresas no solo
financiaron e/ projecto, sino que tambien delegaron personal cientffico y tecnico, que despues de varios arios
de trabajo en conjunto di6 origen al presente libro. Cientfficos y coautores de diferentes instituciones, con sus
conocimientos botanicos especializados, contribuyeron en forma importante a la descripci6n exacta de los
estadios tenol6gicos de las diferentes plantas cultivadas. Nuestros mas sinceros agradecimientos a estos
co/aboradores.
Una de las metas mas importantes de/ presente libro, es facilitar la comunicaci6n cientffica a nive/
internacional. Fue una fortuna encontrar traductores competentes. La traducci6n al espaiiol tue realizada por
los Sres. Enrique Gonzales Medina en Bogota/Colombia, Jose Antonio Guerra de la empresa Ciba, Barcelona/
Espaiia y Dr. Hermann Bleiholder de la empresa BASF AG, Limburgerhof/Alemania, quien no solo tradujo
partes de/ libro, sino que tambien trat6 de unificar la versi6n sudamericana con la espaiiola. La traducci6n al
frances tue realizada por la Sra. Sibyl Rometsch del Institute de Botanique Systematique et de Geobotanique
de la Universite de Lausanne, Suiza. La versi6n inglesa tue corregida por el Dr. P. D. Lancashire de la
empresa Bayer plc, Bury St Edmunds, lnglaterra.
Los esquemas graticos que ilustran los estadios tenol6gicos mas importantes, tueron realizados por el
dibujante Ernst Halwaß de Nossen/Alemania. Estos dibujos soportan las escalas verbales y visualizan los
estadios de crecimiento mas importantes de diferentes plantas cultivadas. Nuestros mas sinceros
agradecimientos al Sr. Ernst Ha/waß, por la realizaci6n de los dibujos de las especies horticolas, de los
frutales, de la remolacha, la patata (papa), el algodonero, el cacahuete (mani), el lupulo, la haba comun, el
girasol, el mafz, la soya y la vid. Gracias al senor Tottman y a la seiiora Broad por haber proporcionado las
ilustraciones graticas de los cereales.
Ademas agradecen los autores a todas aquellas personas que contribuyeron con mucha paciencia a /a
realizaci6n tecnica de/ libro.
La realizaci6n de la presente obra no podrfa haber sido posible sin apoyo financiero. En forma especial
queremos expresar nuestro agradecimiento a las siguientes empresas e instituciones por su apoyo
financiero: HoechstSchering AgrEvo GmbH, BASF AG, Bayer AG, Novartis AG, Dow Elanco, Du Pont de
Nemours, Rhöne-Poulenc Agro, Zeneca y a la Asociaci6n Alemana de Agroquimicos.
Uwe Meier
5
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8
Índice
3 La escala extendida BBCH.…………………………………………………… 11

3.1 Los Principios básicos y organozación de la escala BBCH..………………. 11
3.2 La escala extendida BBCH, escala general.………………………………… 14
3.3 La escala extendida BBCH, parte especial………………………………….. 19
3.3.1 Cereales...………………………………………………………………………. 19
3.3.2 Arroz..…………………………………………………………………………… 24
3.3.3 Maíz……………………………………………………………………………… 29
3.3.4 Colza / nabo...…………………………………………………………………... 33
3.3.5 Haba común…………………………………………………………………….. 38
3.3.6 Girasol / Maravilla….…………………………………………………………… 43
3.3.7 Remolacha……………………………………………………………………… 47
3.3.8 Patata / papa……………………………………………………………………. 52
3.3.9 Soja……...………………………………………………………………………. 59
3.3.10 Algodón…………………………………………………………………………. 64
3.3.11 Maní / Cacahuete………………………………………………………………. 69
3.3.12 Frutales de pepita.……………………………………………………………… 74
3.3.13 Frutales de hueso ……………………………………………………………… 78
3.3.14 Agrios..………………………………………………………………………….. 82
3.3.15 Grosellero……………………………………………………………………….. 86
3.3.16 Fresa…..………………………………………………………………………… 90
3.3.17 Vid……...………………………………………………………………………... 94
3.3.18 Lúpulo………………………………………………………………………….... 98
3.3.19 Hortalizas de plantas bulbosas..……………………………………………… 103
3.3.20 Hortalizas de raíz y tubérculo...……………………………………………….. 108
3.3.21 Verduras que forman cabeza.………………………………………………… 112
3.3.22 Verduras que no forman cabeza..…………………………………………….. 116
3.3.23 Otras hortalizas………………………………………………………………… 121
3.3.24 Cucurbitáceas….………………………………………………………………. 126
3.3.25 Solanáceas……………..………………………………………………………. 130
3.3.26 Guisante o arveja…...………………………………………………………….. 134
3.3.27 Frijol / judía / poroto.………………………………………………………….... 138
3.3.28 Malas hierbas……….………………………………………………………….. 142
Bibliografía citada.……………………………………………………………… 147
Bibliografía adicional…. ………………………………………………………. 148
Gráficas…………………………………………………………………………. 153
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Etapas de desarrollo de las plantas

Instituto Julius Kühn (JKI, siglas en alemán)

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Prof. Dr. F. Klingauf

3 La escala extendida BBCH.…………………………………………………… 11

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