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IT-604: Internet Architecture & Protocols

Dr. Ihsan Ullah

Department of Computer Science & IT


University of Balochistan, Quetta
Pakistan
Email: ihsan.ullah.cs@gmail.com

October 24, 2016

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Internet Architecture & Protocols

Reference Material

1 “Internet Architecture: An Introduction to IP Protocols ” by


Uyless D. Black, Prentice Hall; 1st Edition (2000).
2 “TCP/IP Protocol Suite”, 4th edition,by Behrouz A. Forouzan
(MCGRAW-HILL, 2010)

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Outline

1 Introduction

2 Internet

3 Network layers

4 Addressing

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Outline

1 Introduction

2 Internet

3 Network layers

4 Addressing

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Computer networks

A computer network is a group of computing devices


connected together to share information and resources
Networked computing devices pass data to each other along
data connections (network links)

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Internetwork

Interconnection of networks also called network of networks or


internet
Devices from different standards to communicate
Involves routers to interconnect different networks
Largest internetwork: The Internet

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Outline

1 Introduction

2 Internet

3 Network layers

4 Addressing

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Main components of Internet

Network edge
hosts: clients and servers
servers often in data
centers
Access networks, physical
media
connect end systems to
the network core: wired,
wireless communication
links
network switches
Network core
mesh of interconnected
routers
routing and forwarding
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Main components of Internet

Network edge
hosts: clients and servers
servers often in data
centers
Access networks, physical
media
connect end systems to
the network core: wired,
wireless communication
links
network switches
Network core
mesh of interconnected
routers
routing and forwarding
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Packet switching

End systems exchange messages with each other in a network


application
Messages can contain anything (data, JPEG, MP3, . . . ) the
application designer wants
The source breaks long messages into smaller chunks of data
known as packets to send a message from a source end
system to a destination end system
Each packet travels from source to destination through
communication link and the packet switches (routers and
switches)
Packets are transmitted over each communication link at a
rate equal to the full transmission rate of the link

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Outline

1 Introduction

2 Internet

3 Network layers

4 Addressing

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Network protocols

A protocol defines the format and the order of messages


exchanged between two or more communicating entities, as
well as the actions taken on the transmission and/or receipt of
a message or other event
Numerous protocols are running on the Internet
Mastering the field of computer networking is equivalent to
understanding the what, why, and how of networking protocols

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Network layers

Dealing with complex systems:


explicit structure allows identification, relationship of complex
system’s pieces
–layered reference model for discussion
modularization eases maintenance, updating of system
– change of implementation of layer’s service transparent to
rest of system
Duplication of services may occur

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Internet protocol stack

Application: supporting network applications


– FTP, SMTP, HTTP
transport: process-process data transfer
– TCP, UDP
network: routing of datagrams from source to destination
– IP, routing protocols
link: data transfer between neighboring network elements
– Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi), PPP
physical: bits on the wire

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Outline

1 Introduction

2 Internet

3 Network layers

4 Addressing

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Addressing

Four levels of addresses


Physical address
Logical address
Port address
Application-specific
address

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Physical addresses

Also known as the link address, is the address of a node as


defined by its LAN or WAN
It is included in the frame used by the data link layer
The lowest level address and has authority over the link
The size and format of these addresses vary depending on the
network
Ethernet uses a 6-byte (48-bit) physical address that is
imprinted on the network interface card (NIC)
LocalTalk (Apple) has a 1-byte dynamic address that changes
each time the station comes up

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Logical addresses

Necessary for universal communications that are independent


of underlying physical networks
Uniquely identifies each host on a network regardless of the
underlying physical network
IP version 4 defines 32-bit address that can assign a unique
identifier to a host connected to the Internet
No two publicly addressed and visible hosts on the Internet
can have the same IP address

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Port addresses

A logical address is responsible for the arrival of packet at the


destination host
But each end-host runs multiple processes at the same time
In the TCP/IP architecture, the address assigned to a process
is called a port address
Port address identifies a porcess inside a host
A port address/number in TCP/IP is 16 bits in length
The physical addresses change from hop to hop, but the
logical and port addresses usually remain the same

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Application-specific addresses

Some applications have user-friendly addresses designed for


that specific application
Example: E-Mail address and the Universal Resource Locator
(URL)
These addresses need to be converted into corresponding port
and logical addresses for communication to occur

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