02/06/2019 Marianne Moore - Wikipedia

Marianne Moore
Marianne Craig Moore (November 15, 1887 – February 5, 1972) was an
Marianne Moore
American modernist poet, critic, translator, and editor. Her poetry is noted
for formal innovation, precise diction, irony, and wit.

Contents
Early life
Poetic career
Poetic style
Involvement in the American suffrage movement
Selected works
References
External links

Photograph by Carl Van Vechten

Early life (1948)

Born November 15, 1887
Moore was born in Kirkwood, Missouri, in the manse of the Presbyterian Kirkwood, Missouri,
church where her maternal grandfather, John Riddle Warner, served as U.S.
pastor. Her father, John Milton Moore, a mechanical engineer and Died February 5, 1972
inventor, suffered a psychotic episode, as a consequence of which her (aged 84)
parents separated before she was born; Moore never met him. She and her New York City, New
elder brother, John Warner Moore, were reared by their mother, Mary York, U.S.
Warner Moore. The family wrote voluminous letters to one another Occupation Poet
throughout their lives, often addressing each other by playful nicknames Genre Poetry
and using a private language.
Literary Modernism
movement
Like her mother and her elder brother, Moore remained a devoted
Notable National Book Award,
Presbyterian, strongly influenced by her grandfather, approaching her awards Pulitzer Prize,
Christian faith as a lesson in strength vindicated through trials and Bollingen Prize,
temptations; her poems often deal with the themes of strength and National Medal for
adversity.[1] She thought "it was not possible to live without religious Literature
faith".[2] Moore lived in the St. Louis area until she was 16.[3] After her
grandfather died in 1894, the three stayed with relatives near Pittsburgh for two years, then moved to Carlisle,
Pennsylvania, where her mother found employment teaching English in a private girls school.

Moore entered Bryn Mawr College in 1905. She was graduated four years later with an A.B., having majored in history,
economics, and political science.[4] The poet H.D. was among her classmates during their freshman year. At Bryn
Mawr, Moore started writing short stories and poems for Tipyn O'Bob,[5] the campus literary magazine, and decided
to become a writer. After graduation, she worked briefly at Melvil Dewey's Lake Placid Club, then taught business
subjects at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School from 1911 to 1914.

Poetic career

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Moore's first professionally published poems appeared in The Egoist and Poetry in the spring of 1915. Harriet Monroe,
the editor of the latter, would describe them in her biography as possessing "an elliptically musical profundity".[6]

In 1916, Moore moved with her mother to Chatham, New Jersey, a community with commuting transportation to
Manhattan. Two years later, the two moved to New York City's Greenwich Village, where Moore socialized with many
avant-garde artists, especially those associated with Others magazine. The innovative poems she was writing at that
time received high praise from Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, H.D., T. S. Eliot, and later, Wallace Stevens.

Moore's first book, Poems, was published without her permission in 1921 by the Imagist poet H.D. and H.D.'s partner,
the British novelist Bryher.[4][7] Moore's later poetry shows some influence from the Imagists' principles.[8]

Her second book, Observations, won the Dial Award in 1924. She worked part-time as a librarian during these years;
then from 1925 to 1929, she edited The Dial magazine, a literary and cultural journal. This position in the literary and
arts community extended her influence as an arbiter of modernist taste; much later, she encouraged promising young
poets, including Elizabeth Bishop, Allen Ginsberg, John Ashbery, and James Merrill. When The Dial ceased
publication in 1929, she moved to 260 Cumberland Street[9] in the Fort Greene neighborhood of Brooklyn, where she
remained for thirty-six years. She continued to write while caring for her ailing mother, who died in 1947. For nine
years before and after her mother's death, Moore translated the Fables of LaFontaine.

In 1933, Moore was awarded the Helen Haire Levinson Prize by Poetry
magazine. In 1951, her Collected Poems won the National Book Award,[10]
the Pulitzer Prize, and the Bollingen Prize. In the book's introduction, T. S.
Eliot wrote, "My conviction has remained unchanged for the last 14 years
that Miss Moore's poems form part of the small body of durable poetry
written in our time."[3] After years of seclusion, she emerged as a celebrity,
speaking at college campuses across the country and appearing in
photographic essays in Life and Look magazines. Moore became a member
of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1955.[3] She was elected a
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1962.[11] Moore
continued to publish poems in various magazines, including, The Nation,
The New Republic, Partisan Review, and The New Yorker, as well as
publishing various books and collections of her poetry and criticism.

She moved to 35 West Ninth Street in Manhattan in 1965. After she moved
Photograph by George Platt Lynes
back to Greenwich Village, she was widely recognized around town for her
(1935)
tricorn hat and black cape. She liked athletics and was a great admirer of
Muhammad Ali, for whose spoken-word album I Am the Greatest! she
wrote the liner notes. She became known as a baseball fan, first of the Brooklyn Dodgers and then of the New York
Yankees. She threw out the ball to open the season at Yankee Stadium in 1968.

Moore suffered a series of strokes in her last years. She died in 1972, and her ashes were interred with those of her
mother at the family's burial plot at the Evergreen Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.[12][13] By the time of her
death, she had received many honorary degrees and virtually every honor available to an American poet. The New
York Times printed a full-page obituary.[14] In 1996, she was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame.[15]

Moore corresponded with Ezra Pound from 1918, and visited him regularly during his incarceration at St. Elizabeth's.
She opposed Benito Mussolini and Fascism from the start, and objected to Pound's antisemitism. Moore was a
Republican and supported Herbert Hoover in 1928 and 1932.[16][17][18] She was a lifelong ally and friend of the
American poet Wallace Stevens, as demonstrated in her review of Stevens's first collection, Harmonium, and, in
particular, by her comment about the influence of Henri Rousseau on the poem "Floral Decorations for Bananas". She
also corresponded, from 1943 to 1961, with the reclusive collage artist Joseph Cornell, whose methods of collecting
and appropriation were much like her own.[19]

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In 1955, Moore was invited informally by David Wallace, manager of marketing research for Ford's "E-car" project,
and his co-worker Bob Young, to suggest a name for the car. Wallace's rationale was "Who better to understand the
nature of words than a poet?" On October 1955, Moore was approached to submit "inspirational names" for the E-car,
and on November 7, she offered her list of names, which included such notables as "Resilient Bullet", "Ford Silver
Sword", "Mongoose Civique", "Varsity Stroke", "Pastelogram", and "Andante con Moto". On December 8, she
submitted her last and most famous name, "Utopian Turtletop". The E-car was christened by Ford as the Edsel.[20]

Moore never married. Her living room has been preserved in its original layout in the collections of the Rosenbach
Museum and Library in Philadelphia.[21] Her entire library, knick-knacks (including a baseball signed by Mickey
Mantle), all of her correspondence, photographs, and poetry drafts are available for public viewing.

Like Robert Lowell, Moore revised many of her early poems in later life. Most of these revised works appeared in the
Complete Poems of 1967. Facsimile editions of the theretofore out-of-print 1924 Observations became available in
2002. Since that time, there has been no critical consensus about which versions are authoritative. As Moore wrote, as
a one-line epigraph to Complete Poems, which offered her well-known work "Poetry" cut down from twenty-nine lines
to three: "Omissions are not accidents."[22][23][24] In a foreword to A Marianne Moore Reader in 1961, Moore said her
favorite poem was the Book of Job.[25]

Moore's novel and an unfinished memoir have not been published.[25]

In her will, she established a fund for the support of the Camperdown
Elm in Brooklyn's Prospect Park, a rare and ancient tree that she had
celebrated in a poem.[26]

In 2012, she was inducted into the New York State Writers Hall of The Camperdown elm in Prospect Park,
Fame. which benefits from a fund established in
Moore's will

Poetic style
Moore's most famous poem is perhaps the one entitled, appropriately, "Poetry", in which she hopes for poets who can
produce "imaginary gardens with real toads in them". It also expressed her idea that meter, or anything else that
claims the exclusive title "poetry", is not so important as delight in language and precise, heartfelt expression in any
form. Moore's meter was radically separate from the English tradition; writing her syllabic poems after the advent of
free verse, she was encouraged thereby to try previously unusual meters.[27]

She credited the poetry of Edith Sitwell as "intensifying her interest in rhythm and encouraging her rhythmic
eccentricities".[1] In response to a biographical sketch in 1935, Moore indicated "a liking for unaccented rhyme, the
movement of the poem musically is more important than the conventional look of lines upon the page, and the stanza
as the unit of composition rather than the line".[2] Later in her Selected Poems of 1969, she also commented in regard
to her poetic form, that "in anything I have written, there have been lines in which the chief interest is borrowed, and I
have not yet been able to outgrow this hybrid method of composition".[28]

Moore often composed her poetry in syllabics, she used stanzas with a predetermined number of syllables as her "unit
of sense", with indentation underlining the parallels, the shape of the stanza indicating the syllabic disposition, and
her reading voice conveying the syntactical line.[29] These syllabic lines from "Poetry" illustrate her position: poetry is
a matter of skill and honesty in any form whatsoever, while anything written poorly, although in perfect form, cannot
be poetry:

nor is it valid
to discriminate against "business documents and
school-books": all these phenomena are important. One must make a distinction
however: when dragged into prominence by half poets, the result is not poetry

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Involvement in the American suffrage movement

Moore was involved in the American suffrage movement starting in her university years at Bryn Mawr, from 1905-
1909.[13] During this time in the American suffrage movement, Anna Howard Shaw had just taken over as President of
the National American Woman Suffrage Association, Harriet Stanton Blatch forms the Equality League of Self
Supporting Women, which started the practice of suffrage parades, and soon in 1910 women in Washington state were
granted the right to vote.[30] Moore’s combined major in History, Politics, and Economics and the suffrage
involvement of professors and other students at Bryn Mawr exposed her to the women’s suffrage movement especially
because it was a “unique period in the history of women’s college, as the values of progressivism, women’s education,
and the ideology of separate spheres came together in a kind of perfect storm that created a climate for cultural
change.”[31] Moore was involved in a “suffrage society”[32], a chapter of the National College Equal Suffrage League,
and she was present at most of their events. Notably, Moore wrote in her personal letters to her family that she
attended lectures at Bryn Mawr from well-known feminist Jane Addams, and British suffragette Anne Cobden-
Sanderson. Of American suffragist Anna Howard Shaw, she wrote that: “Miss Shaw spoke last night on the Modern
Democratic ideal. I couldn’t say how she delighted me. No decent, half-kind, creature could possible think of fighting
suffrage if he or it had heard her arguments.”[33] Moore went on a trip to New York City in 1909 with another Bryn
Mawr student, where she heard a lecture from Colorado suffragist Judge Ben Lindsey, went to a suffrage mass
meeting, and saw J. M. Barrie’s classic suffragist themed play What Every Woman Knows.[32] There is speculation
that Moore also participated in the women’s suffrage parade of 1913 in Washington D.C., one day before Woodrow
Wilson’s Presidential inauguration.[32] Although in her personal letters[33] she told her brother, Warner, she did not
participate in the parade after he cautioned her about the possible dangers she would face from the opponents of the
parade, “[h]er scrapbook includes programs and newspaper clippings about the march,” and she later told poet
Elizabeth Bishop that she ‘paraded with the suffragettes, led by Inez Milholland on her white horse.’[13] Moore was
never as public about her involvement in the suffrage movement after that parade in 1913, because after this she began
participating anonymously, mostly through writing, using a pseudonym.[32] During her stay in Carlisle, Pennsylvania,
she admitted years later, she “wrote suffrage pieces for the Carlisle newspaper”[34] which at the time appeared to be
authored anonymously. Dr. Mary Chapman (University of British Columbia) argues that Moore’s was the writer of
suffragist writings of the time in Carlisle news publications and can be analyzed by examining her specific writing style
alongside suffragist prose and poetry that were published in the Carlisle Evening Herald in 1915: “Many of the
prosuffrage articles that appeared in the Heraldexhibit Moore’s characteristic reliance on quotation.”[32] Additionally,
a letter appealing for the women’s suffrage movement in the Carlisle Evening Sentinel is signed Miss M.M., which
scholars believe could stand for Marianne Moore because of “the absence of any other documented unmarried female
suffragists in the Carlisle area with the initials M.M. make it likely that the Sentinel reader who coyly constructs a
letter to the editor almost entirely from quotation is Marianne Moore.”[32] Moore’s poem “Silence” (1924) also
resembles the writing style that was seen in the Sentinel letter.[32] Moore established herself on the surface as a
modernist poet, and the common practice within the modernist circle of poets was to not engage with the politics of
the time but her writings displayed a “sophisticated political subtext.”[32]

Selected works
Poems, 1921 (Published in London by H.D. and Bryher. Moore disapproved of the timing, editing, selections, and
format of this collection. See The Selected Letters of Marianne Moore, ed. Bonnie Costello et al. (New York:
Knopf, 1997), p. 164. In a letter to Bryher, Moore notes, "I wouldn't have the poems appear now if I could help it
and would not have some of them ever appear and would make certain changes.")
Observations, 1924
Selected Poems, 1935 (introduction by T. S. Eliot)
The Pangolin and Other Verse, 1936
What Are Years, 1941
Nevertheless, 1944
A Face, 1949

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Collected Poems, 1951

Fables of La Fontaine, 1954 (verse translations of La Fontaine's fables)
Predilections: Literary Essays, 1955
Like a Bulwark, 1956
Idiosyncrasy and Technique, 1958
O to Be a Dragon, 1959
The Marianne Moore Reader, 1961
Eight Poems, 1962, with illustrations by Robert Andrew Parker
The Absentee: A Comedy in Four Acts, 1962 (dramatization of Maria Edgeworth's novel)
Puss in Boots, The Sleeping Beauty and Cinderella, 1963 (adaptations from Perrault)
Dress and Kindred Subjects, 1965
Poetry and Criticism, 1965
Tell Me, Tell Me: Granite, Steel and Other Topics, 1966
The Complete Poems of Marianne Moore, 1967
The Accented Syllable, 1969
Selected Poems, 1969 (selected by Marianne Moore, published by Faber & Faber, London )
Homage to Henry James, 1971 (essays by Moore, Edmund Wilson, et al.)
The Complete Poems, 1982
The Complete Prose, 1986, edited by Patricia C. Willis
Complete Poems, 1994
The Selected Letters of Marianne Moore, edited by Bonnie Costello, Celeste Goodridge, and Cristanne Miller,
1997
Becoming Marianne Moore: The Early Poems, 1907–1924, edited by Robin G. Schulze, 2002. ISBN 978-
0520221390.
Poems of Marianne Moore, edited by Grace Schulman, 2003

References
1. Molesworth, Charles. Introduction. Marianne Moore: A Literary Life. New York: Macmillan, 1990.
ISBN 0689118155
2. Letter to Miss Gray (November 5, 1935), reproduced in Molesworth, Charles, Marianne Moore: A Literary Life.
New York: Macmillan, 1990. ISBN 0689118155
3. Literary St. Louis (https://archive.org/details/LiterarySt.Louis). St. Louis, Missouri: Associates of St. Louis
University Libraries, Inc. and Landmarks Association of St. Louis, Inc. 1969.
4. Leavell, Linda. Holding On Upside Down: The Life and Work of Marianne Moore. New York: Farrar Straus and
Giroux, 2014. ISBN 9780374534943
5. https://archive.org/stream/lantern1619stud#page/n251/mode/2up/search/marianne+moore |Tipyn O'Bob at
Internet Archive
6. Monroe, Harriet. A Poets's Life. New York: Macmillan, 1938.
7. Pinsky, Robert. Singing School: Learning to Write (and Read) Poetry by Studying with the Masters. New York: W.
W. Norton, 2014. ISBN 9780393050684
8. Pratt, William. Introduction. The Imagist Poem: Modern Poetry in Miniature. New York: Dutton, 1963.
ISBN 9780972814386
9. Page, Chester. Memoirs of a Charmed Life in New York. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, 2007.
10. "National Book Awards – 1952" (https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1952).
National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
(With acceptance speech by Moore and essay by Lee Felice Pinkas from the Awards' 60-year anniversary blog.)
11. "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter M" (http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterM.pdf)
(PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
12. "Evergreen Cemetery Part 11" (http://www.gettysburgdaily.com/evergreen-cemetery-part-11-with-licensed-battlefie
ld-guide-deb-novotny/). Gettysburg Daily. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
13. Linda Leavell (5 November 2013). Holding On Upside Down: The Life and Work of Marianne Moore (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=ZetmAgAAQBAJ). Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-30183-6.

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14. "Brooklyn Rites for Marianne Moore" (https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/02/09/91320463.pdf)

(PDF).
15. St. Louis Walk of Fame. "St. Louis Walk of Fame Inductees" (https://www.webcitation.org/6E7tA66dm?url=http://w
ww.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/?view=achievement). stlouiswalkoffame.org. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/?view=achievement) on 2013-02-02. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
16. Carson, Luke (September 2002). "Republicanism and Leisure in Marianne Moore's Depression" (http://muse.jhu.e
du/login?uri=/journals/modern_language_quarterly/v063/63.3carson.html). Modern Language Quarterly. 63: 315–
342. doi:10.1215/00267929-63-3-315 (https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00267929-63-3-315). Retrieved 2010-05-16.
17. Burt, Stephen (November 11, 2003). "Paper Trail: The true legacy of Marianne Moore, modernist monument" (htt
p://fray.slate.com/id/2091081/). Slate. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
18. Hall, Donald (October 26, 1997). "The Post Modernist Marianne Moore's Letters Add to our Appreciation of a
Great Poet's Overflowing Life"
(http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/books/books97/marianne_moore.htm). The Boston Globe. Retrieved
2010-05-16.
19. "Acts of Containment: Marianne Moore, Joseph Cornell, and the Poetics of Enclosure" (http://connection.ebscoho
st.com/c/articles/22665359/acts-containment-marianne-moore-joseph-cornell-poetics-enclosure).
20. Her experience was memorably recounted in her epistolic article for The New Yorker of April 13, 1957, titled
"Correspondence with David Wallace". It is anthologized in Mordechai Richler's The Best of Modern Humour,
Knopf, 1983, pp 66-73. She notes in her preface, "[These letters] should correct the impression persistent among
inquirers, that I succeeded in finding for the new products division ... a name for the new car I had been recruited
to name; whereas I did not give the car the name it now has." See also: Edsel.com (http://www.edsel.com/pages/ti
meline.htm)
21. "Marianne Moore Archive" (http://www.rosenbach.org/learn/collections/marianne-moore-collection). Rosenbach
Museum & Library. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
22. "Marianne Moore (https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/marianne-moore)". Poetry Foundation.
23. McCabe, Susan. Cinematic Modernism: Modernist Poetry and Film. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2005. p. 259.
24. Schulze, Robin G., ed. Becoming Marianne Moore: The Early Poems, 1907-1924. Berkeley: University of
California Press, 2002.
25. Molesworth, Charles, Marianne Moore - A Literary Life, New York: Macmillan, 1990. ISBN 0689118155
26. http://brooklynbased.com/blog/2012/10/16/brooklyn-history-the-singularly-curious-weeping-elm/%7C Moore and
the Camperdown Elm
27. Hartman, Charles. Free Verse: An Essay on Prosody. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980.
ISBN 9780810113169
28. Moore, Marianne. Note to Selected Poems. London: Faber & Faber, 1969. ISBN 978-0-571-08856-0
29. Schmidt, Michael. Lives of the Poets. London: Orion Press, 1998. ISBN 9780753807453
30. Weatherford, Doris (1998). A History of the American Suffragist Movement. ABC-Clio.
31. Hicok, Bethany (2008). Degrees of Freedom American Women Poets and the Women's College. NJ: Rosemont
Publishing & Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8387-5693-5.
32. Chapman, Mary (2014). Making Noise, Making News, Suffrage Print Culture and U.S. Modernism. Oxford
University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-998829-7.
33. Moore, Marianne (1997). The Selected Letters of Marianne Moore. Random House. pp. 63–66. ISBN 0-679-
43909-9.
34. Miller, Cristanne (1995). Marianne Moore Questions of Authority. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-54862-0.

External links
Marianne Moore reading her poem "Bird-Witted" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?gl=GB&=en&client=mv-vfvf-uk
&v=GEuEkW-1oPk)
Yale College Lecture on Marianne Moore (http://oyc.yale.edu/english/engl-310/lecture-17) audio, video and full
transcripts from Open Yale Courses
"Marianne Moore" (http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/96). Academy of American Poets. http://poets.org
website: biography, 6 poems, prose, and criticism.
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Donald Hall (Summer–Fall 1961). "Marianne Moore, The Art of Poetry No. 4" (http://www.theparisreview.org/interv
iews/4637/the-art-of-poetry-no-4-marianne-moore). The Paris Review.
St. Louis Walk of Fame (http://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/marianne-moore.html)
Modern American Poetry: Marianne Moore (http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/moore/moore.htm)
Works by or about Marianne Moore (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Moore%2C%
20Marianne%20Craig%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Moore%2C%20Marianne%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subje
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e%3A%22M%2E%20C%2E%20Moore%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Marianne%20Moore%22%20OR%20descrip
tion%3A%22Marianne%20Craig%20Moore%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Marianne%20C%2E%20Moore%
22%20OR%20description%3A%22M%2E%20C%2E%20Moore%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Moore%2
C%20Marianne%20Craig%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Moore%2C%20Marianne%20C%2E%22%20OR%
20description%3A%22Marianne%20Moore%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Moore%2C%20Marianne%22%2
9%20OR%20%28%221887-1972%22%20AND%20Moore%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at
Internet Archive
Marianne Moore (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/738) at Find a Grave
Works by Marianne Moore (https://librivox.org/author/4699) at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

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